Rock Roadway Research Articles

Research on Deformation Monitoring of Roadway Surrounding Rock Based on Mobile 3D Laser Scanning Technology

Aiming at the problems of low data acquisition efficiency, unintuitive data form, low relative accuracy, and inability to continuously monitor the whole cross-section in traditional roadway rock deformation monitoring methods, a roadway rock deformation monitoring method based on mobile 3D laser scanning technology is proposed. Firstly, the mobile 3D laser scanning technology is used to obtain the real 3D point cloud data of the roadway surrounding rock; secondly, the multi-scale dimensional features are used to classify the 3D point cloud data, filter the invalid point cloud data, and form the accurate point cloud data of the roadway surrounding rock surface; then the 3D laser scanning is carried out on a regular basis for the deformation-prone areas of the roadway, and the Iterative Closest Point Algorithm (ICP algorithm) is used to align the overlapping part of the point cloud to achieve the point cloud splicing and point cloud stitching of the two scans. The point cloud splicing and point cloud overlapping of the two scans are achieved; finally, the multi-scale model-to-model point cloud comparison algorithm (M3C2 algorithm) is used to compare the point cloud data of the two periods of the roadway, and the appropriate parameters are selected to indicate the displacement change of the surface of the roadway rock with the size of the color value, so as to realize the monitoring of the deformation of the roadway rock in the three-dimensional full cross-section of the roadway. The method is applied to the deformation monitoring of the surrounding rock in the return roadway of 21407 working face in a coal mine, and the results show that: the mobile laser scanning technology can be used to obtain the complete point cloud data of the roadway, and the deformation area of the surrounding rock is successfully identified after the classification of the scanned point clouds in different time periods, the alignment of the point clouds, and the comparison of the point clouds, and the deformation condition of the surrounding rock of the roadway is visually reflected in the three-dimensional full-section deformation condition of the surrounding rock of the roadway. This method is suitable for monitoring the overall de-formation of the surrounding rock of the roadway under complex environmental conditions, and the de-formation of the surrounding rock is identified by different color areas.

Coupling support technique for coal roadway under double gobs in close coal seams

AbstractIn the process of lower coal roadway support under double gobs in close coal seams, there are problems such as the whole destruction of the lower coal seam and the intermediate strata, the thin roof of the lower coal roadway with the smaller support space, the upper rock of the lower coal roadway without anchor bearing layer, the roof falling, the anchor cable offing, and so on. On the basis of the engineering background of No. 11103 haulage roadway in Fenxi coal mine, the research methods of theoretical modeling analysis, numerical simulation analysis and field engineering test are comprehensively adopted. In this paper, the layout of the roadway with floor insertion in the lower coal seam, the distribution characteristics of surrounding rock deviatoric stress, the control principle of broken surrounding rock and the coupling support method of shed–cable–prop are systematically studied. The study shows that many measures are needed to ensure the stability of the surrounding rock in the strong mining roadway of the lower coal seam. The lower coal seam roadway section was modified from the original rectangular section to adopt an arched section to counteract the broken roof. The staggered position of the lower coal seam roadway layout was modified from the original coal roadway position to a coal–rock roadway, so as to avoid the area of high deviatoric stress in the coal pillar and the area of crushed coal body, and to leave an effective support space for the roof. The support scheme of the lower coal seam roadway was improved to use anchor cable and single prop to support the weak section of U‐type steel shed with local coupling, and realize unequal force coupling by adjusting the size of the force at different coupling points. In the field monitoring the deformation of the roadway is small, and the support effect is good.

Performance of metal circular tube under different loading amplitudes and dynamic resistance-yielding mechanism

As coal mining depth increases, the characteristics of “high ground stress, high ground temperature, high osmotic pressure, and mining disturbance” become increasingly pronounced, posing new challenges to the stability of the surrounding rock roadway. Amplitude is a key parameter affecting disturbance strength. A cyclic loading and unloading experiment was conducted under different amplitudes to explore the effect of metal circular tubes, used as energy-absorbing components, on the protection performance of anchor bolt tails. This experiment further revealed the competitive protection mechanism of the metal circular tube, termed “resistance - yielding”. The research results indicate that the metal tube incurs damage and accumulates it with the increase of loading amplitude in the pre-peak stage, leading to a decrease in its peak load. The metal tube absorbs external energy robustly through its elastic-plastic deformation. In the platform stage, a high amplitude load causes the peak load displacement to increase and its stable energy-absorbing stroke to decrease. Plastic energy dominates the main position of energy absorption, and the metal circular tube forms a dynamic competitive relationship of “resistance-yielding” with external stresses. Throughout the entire energy absorption process, the total energy absorption decreases with the increase of amplitude. The research results investigate the effect of amplitude on the performance of metal circular tubes and demonstrate the feasibility of applying metal circular tubes as energy-absorbing members at the end of anchor rods, which can provide theoretical guidance for the prevention of disaster accidents in mines caused by disturbances.

Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation analysis of energy distribution characteristics of surrounding rocks of roadways

Energy is the driving force for the failure of rock materials, and the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock of the roadway is the result of energy accumulation, dissipation and release. Based on the theory of elastic-plastic mechanics and the law of energy conservation, the total energy, elastic strain energy, dissipation energy and release energy of the surrounding rock of the roadway are deduced and analyzed, and the relationship between the energy of all the components is revealed. The energy model is developed based on the Fish language embedded in FLAC3D, and the rationality and accuracy of the energy model are verified through elastic and elastic-plastic theoretical analysis; Through the practical engineering application of the energy model, the similarities and differences in the energy calculation results of the surrounding rock of the roadway through the Mohr Coulomb and Mohr-Coulomb strain softening constitutive models are revealed, and it is pointed out that it is more in line with engineering practices to consider the post-peak deterioration of the mechanical parameters of rock. The energy evolution model of the roadway is established, revealing the space-time effect of energy distribution of the surrounding rock of the roadway under different excavation speeds and conditions, and proposing the time lag of energy evolution and the peak circle effect of the elastic strain energy related to rock burst disaster. The research results can provide references for the research of disasters such as impact ground pressure and large deformation of soft rock, and provide some theoretical guidance for the supporting design of the roadway with large deformation of the surrounding rock and impact danger.

Study on the Influence of Mining Stress on the Sustainable Utilization of Floor Roadway in Qinan Coal Mine

Aiming at the problem of large deformations and difficult maintenance of cross-mining floor roadways, taking the track transportation roadway of the cross-mining east wing floor in Qinan Coal Mine as the engineering background, the stress field distribution of mining stress in floor strata and surrounding rock of floor roadway during the cross-mining process of the working face is studied by combining theoretical analysis with numerical simulation. The results show that the influence of mining stress on the vertical stress of floor strata is reflected in the stress-increasing area in front of the coal wall and the stress-decreasing area in the rear of the coal wall. With the increase in the depth of the floor strata, the peak value of the vertical stress gradually decreases, and the distance from the peak value of the vertical stress to the coal wall and the influence range of the vertical stress gradually increases. When the width of the coal pillar is greater than the influence range of advance abutment pressure of the working face, the development speed of the plastic zone is slow. When the roadway is located in the influence range of advance abutment pressure, the plastic zone of the roadway’s surrounding rock develops rapidly. When the working face crosses the floor roadway more than 10 m, the depth of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock of the roadway is no longer increased; the siltstone above the roadway is the key layer of fracturing, and the deformation of the roadway has been effectively improved after hydraulic fracturing. Through the analysis of numerical simulation results, the fracturing scheme has a significant effect on the stability control of the surrounding rock of the cross-mining floor roadway. This study has certain guiding significance for the maintenance and sustainable utilization of floor roadways in the cross-mining process, which is conducive to ensuring the sustainable mining of underground coal and the safety of personnel and equipment and is of great significance to the sustainable development of the coal mining industry.

Mechanism of bolt breakage in deep mining roadway under dynamic load and advanced strengthening support technology

To reveal the problem of local instability caused by bolt breakage and failure in deep mining roadway under impact dynamic loads, and explore strengthening support technologies that can reduce bolt breakage and improve the stability of roadway support bodies. This article adopts theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and on-site industrial experiments to conduct research, investigate and obtain the fracture failure characteristics of bolt in deep mining roadway, quantitatively characterize the deformation pressure of roadway surrounding rock and dynamic load of overburden fracture, establish the mechanical criterion of bolt fracture, and analyze the influence law of different anchoring factors on bolt force under static load and dynamic and static load combination. The results show that when the anchor angle is different, the range under dynamic load increases by 169.3 % compared with static load, when the anchor length is different, the range increases by 863.3 % relatively, and the influence is significant; while the anchor support resistance increases by 11.6 % at different times, and the range decreases by 41.5 % at different pre-tightening torque. Then, based on this criterion, the influence law of bolt failure on the stability of surrounding rock is analyzed, and the optimal support scheme is obtained by simulation research, that is, bolt cable +U steel support scheme. After adopting this scheme for support, the deformation of surrounding rock is reduced by about 60 %, and the maximum concentrated stress of surrounding rock of roadway is reduced by 15.0 %. Based on this, the support parameters of the on-site roadway were optimized and a strengthening support scheme was determined, which includes “roof bolt surface support reinforcement + anchor cable combined with U-shaped steel deep reinforcement, and two strong bolts advanced reinforcement”. The on-site strengthening support practice showed that the bolt fracture rate was reduced by 87.3 %, the deformation of the surrounding rock was effectively controlled, and the stability was significantly improved.

Roadway rock burst prediction based on catastrophe theory

In order to quantitatively calculate the critical depth and critical load of mines affected by rock burst, and to achieve effective prevention and control of rock burst in coal mines, this paper proposes a mechanical model for predicting the occurrence of rock burst in coal mine roadways based on catastrophe theory. Additionally, a theoretical calculation formula for initiating rock burst is derived. The first step was to establish a mechanical analysis model, which directly correlated with the in-situ stress, physical and mechanical characteristics of the coal-rock mass, and engineering structural parameters. Following this, a mechanical instability criterion was derived for the key load-bearing circle within the surrounding rock of the roadway. In the final step, the critical depth and load for rock burst initiation were verified for 25 distinct coal mines in China that were prone to rock burst hazards. The research results demonstrate that the discrepancy between the theoretically calculated critical depth and the actual measured statistical values was less than 35%. In addition, the difference between the theoretically determined critical depth and the value calculated by Pan Yishan was less than 32%. Notably, the ratio of the theoretically calculated critical load to the uniaxial compressive strength of the coal-rock mass ranged from 0.38 to 1.93. This aligns with empirical data on rock burst occurrences, as set out in the engineering classification standards for rock masses. These research outcomes substantiated the practical utility of the proposed theory, thereby laying a robust theoretical groundwork for the quantitative control of rock burst.

Dynamic and Energy Consumption Characteristics of Sandstone Ring Specimens under Dry and Wet Cycling

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of sandstone ring specimens with different inner diameters on dynamic compression mechanical characteristics after dry and wet circulation. To carry out our study, we subjected a sandstone ring specimen with a 50 mm outer diameter and a 0~25 mm inner diameter to 10 cycles of dry and wet circulation. Afterward, we recorded the specimen’s basic physical parameters and used a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test device to perform an impact compression test. Following dry and wet circulation, our results showed that the mass loss rate increased and the volume expansion rates and density decreased with the increase in the inner diameter of the sandstone ring sample. Simultaneously, with the increase in the inner diameter of the specimen ring, the dynamic compressive strength of the specimen presented an exponential negative correlation, the dynamic elastic modulus presented a quadratic negative correlation, and the dynamic peak strain presented a quadratic positive correlation. Concurrently, the average particle size of the specimen decreased, and the degree of breakage increased with the increase in the sandstone sample’s inner diameter. Regarding the energy analysis performed in this study, the sandstone ring sample’s energy dissipation increased, and its kinetic performance evidently weakened with the increase in the ring sample’s inner diameter. The results of this study have certain reference values for the construction and maintenance of natural cavity rock and underground hard rock roadways.

Study on stress distribution law of surrounding rock of roadway under the goaf and mechanism of pressure relief and impact reduction

To safely extract residual coal from a mine affected by rock bursts, the concept of “roadways under goafs” has been proposed as an effective layout. The pressure relief and shock reduction mechanism of roadways under goafs is elucidated through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and engineering verification. The stress model for goafs is established based on elastoplastic mechanics, followed by the construction of a force model for coal beneath the goafs. The stress composition of roof, floor and two sides of roadway under a goaf are analyzed. Using the FLAC-PFC coupling simulation method, the excavation process from top coal mining to bottom coal mining roadways of a No. 17 coal mine in Heilongjiang Province was simulated. The simulation results validate the spatiotemporal evolution of the stress and displacement in the surrounding rock mass of the roadway situated beneath goafs and determine the precise location of the roadway and length of its bottom coal face. A large diameter borehole of the roadway and presplitting blasting of the coal face roof are used to solve the local high stress danger area. Moreover, the roadway support mode of the “steel shed + spray arch support + monomer + π steel beam” is proposed. Finally, through the data of the field micro-seismic and stress monitoring system, the effectiveness of the pressure relief and shock reduction of roadways under goafs, the high efficiency of local danger relief of the roadways and working faces, and the practicability of the “steel shed + spray arch support + monomer + π steel beam” support of the roadways broken by surrounding rock are verified. A good basis for choosing a reasonable location for roadways and surrounding rock control methods for residual bottom coal mining and rock burst mining can be found in the research results.

Excavation compensation and bolt support for a deep mine drift

To overcome large deformation of deep phosphate rock roadways and pillar damage, a new type of constant-resistance large-deformation negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) bolt that can withstand a high pre-stress of at least 130 KN was developed. In the conducted tests, the amount of deformation was 200–2000 mm, the breaking force reached 350 KN, and a high constant-resistance pre-stress was maintained during the deformation process. A stress compensation theory of phosphate rock excavation based on NPR bolts is proposed together with a balance system for bolt compensation of the time-space effect and high NPR pre-stress. Traditional split-set rock bolts are unable to maintain the stability of roadway roofs and pillars. To verify the support effect of the proposed bolt, field tests were conducted using both the proposed NPR bolts and split-set rock bolts as support systems on the same mining face. In addition, the stress compensation mechanism of roadway mining was simulated using the particle flow code in three dimensions (PFC3D)-fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC3D) particle-flow coupling numerical model. On-site monitoring and numerical simulations showed that the NPR excavation compensation support scheme effectively improves the stress state of the bolts and reduces the deformation of the surrounding rock. Compared to the original support scheme, the final deformation of the surrounding rock was reduced by approximately 70%. These results significantly contribute to domestic and foreign research on phosphate-rock NPR compensation support technology, theoretical systems, and engineering practices, and further promote technological innovation in the phosphate rock mining industry.

Model test on failure mechanisms of deep high-stress soft rock roadways based on excavation compensation method

Traditional support (TS) is not sufficient to address the issue of large deformations in deep soft rock roadways with high stress. Based on model tests, this study considered the superposition effects of the evolution of tangential stress σ1 and radial stress σ3 on the crack propagation of excavated rock mass. Moreover, it explored the response characteristics and failure mechanisms of surrounding rock under different support modes. The results showed that, compared with the TS, the compensation support (CS) reduces the surrounding rock deformation, fracture and expansion area, and crack length by 73.7, 86.5, and 37.7%, respectively, while the roadway cross-sectional area increases by 36.8%. At 0.5R, σ3 of the shallow surrounding rock increases by 68.3%, and the peak value of σ1 at this location drops by 18.2%. The excavation effect causes σ3 and σ1 of the surrounding rock to decrease and increase, respectively. The decrease in σ3 leads to initiation of microcracks in the shallow surrounding rock, whereas the increase in σ1 causes the cracks to further open and propagate deeper. Finally, the dislocation, slippage and overturning of the fractured rock blocks along the structural planes result in bulking deformation of the shallow surrounding rock. The occurrence of microcracks in the deep surrounding rock leads to dilatation deformation. The CS strongly compensates for the stress of surrounding rock through negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) cables, giving full play to the triaxial strength of the surrounding rock and mobilising the self-bearing capacity of the deep rock mass, thereby inhibiting the propagation and penetration of cracks. In contrast, the TS cables have a low prestress and weak excavation compensation effect, which makes it difficult to inhibit the evolution and coalescence of cracks, leading to large deformations in the surrounding rock.

Dimensionless Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Coupling Characteristics of the Surrounding Rock Temperature Field in High Geothermal Roadway Realized by Gauss–Newton Iteration Method

Understanding the time–space coupling characteristics of the surrounding rock temperature field in high geothermal roadways is essential for controlling heat damage in mines. However, current research primarily focuses on individually analyzing the temperature changes in the surrounding rock of roadways, either over time or space. Therefore, the Gauss–Newton iteration method is employed to model the coupling relationship between temperature, time, and space. The results demonstrate that the dual coupling function describing the temperature field of the surrounding rock in both time and space provides a more comprehensive characterization of the temperature variations. Over time, as ventilation duration increases, the fitting degree of the characteristic curve steadily rises, and the characteristic curve descends overall. In the spatial dimension, the fitting degree of the characteristic curve gradually decreases with the rise of the dimensionless radius, and the characteristic curve ascends overall. Additionally, as thermal conductivity increases, the fitting degree of the characteristic curve steadily rises.

Research and development of fully enclosed wire-shell support structure technology for deep soft rock roadway based on TRIZ theory

The TRIZ theory was used to accurately discover the problems to be solved in the design of roadway surrounding rock control technology. This paper tried to solve the complex issue of surrounding rock control in deep roadways from a new perspective. Based on the functional component analysis and causal axis analysis of the problem’s primary reason, simultaneously, the surrounding rock control technology was optimized through technical contradiction analysis, physical contradiction analysis, and substance and field model analysis. As a result, a fully enclosed wire-shell support technology was proposed. Finally, taking the typical soft rock roadway engineering of Pansan Coal Mine in Huainan Mining Area, Anhui Province, China, as the engineering background, the engineering application and effect evaluation were completed. This paper provides a reference for controlling the instability of deep soft rock roadways in coal mines. A new idea of optimizing roadway support engineering based on TRIZ theory was proposed.

Hydraulic fracturing method for relieving stress concentration in remaining coal pillar in overlying goaf

AbstractThe stress concentration caused by the presence of the remaining coal pillar in the overlying goaf can easily cause large deformation of the roadway in the lower seam and other problems. To solve this problem, the reasons for stress concentration caused by the remaining coal pillar in the overlying goaf were analyzed. A hydraulic fracturing method for relieving stress concentration has been proposed. By using hydraulic fracturing technology to remove the hanging roof on both sides of the coal pillar and weaken the coal pillar system, high stress is transferred to the goaf. The degree of stress concentration in coal pillars and surrounding rock of roadway can be reduced by 47% and 26%, respectively. This method can also solve the stress concentration problem of the remaining ore pillar in the overlying goaf of the metal ore. This method has been applied in the coal mine. The deformation of the surrounding rock of the test roadway after hydraulic fracturing has been reduced by more than 60%.

Instability mechanism and control technology of soft rock roadways affected by mining in karst mountain area

The deformation and damage of soft rock roadways in karst mountainous area is serious, which greatly restricts the safe and efficient mining of coal resources. To explore the instability mechanism of soft rock roadway under the influence of mining, the 226 rail cross-cut of Shanjiaoshu Coal Mine in China was taken as an engineering background. The methods of field monitoring and drilling imaging were adopted to analyze the roadway failure characteristics. In addition, the distributions of the plastic zone, surface displacement, and fracture fractal evolution characteristics of the surrounding rock for different stress wave peak and stress wave frequency are compared and analyzed using UDEC software. Then, the combined support scheme of “secondary strong bolting and grouting” is proposed to control the severe deformation of the roadway. The primary support mainly adopts short hollow grouting anchor cable to strengthen the shallow broken surrounding rock within 0–3 m. The secondary reinforced support adopts long hollow grouting anchor cable or constant resistance large deformation anchor cable to fully mobilize the bearing capacity of deep surrounding rock and to ensure the long-term stability of the roadway. On-site monitoring showed that the scheme could effectively control the severe deformation of the roadway, which also provided a reference for other similar roadway support.

Study on failure mechanism and control of surrounding rock of inclined strata crossing roadway in deep coal mine

China’s coal mines are mainly underground mines, and a large number of roadways have to be excavated underground. It is of great significance for coal mine production to adopt safe and reasonable roadway support methods. In the process of roadway excavation, the rock stratum is inclined and the roadway pass through the layer. Since the surrounding rock conditions of the roadway passing through the layer are more complicated, it is easy to cause deformation of surrounding rock, failure and floor heave, which makes the support work difficult. In order to solve this problem, the mechanical properties of roadway surrounding rock were tested and the failure of roadway surrounding rock was analyzed using the +260 horizontal centralized transportation roadway in Changcheng No.2 mine. The surrounding rock of the roadway was divided into 8 regions, and the stress analysis of the surrounding rock in different regions was carried out. It is found that the left shoulder pit, the right side and the floor of the roadway are prone to damage. The influence of the lateral pressure coefficient, the rock dip angle and the lithology on the failure of the roadway surrounding rock was analyzed by Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, and the specific failure range of the roadway surrounding rock was obtained. The support optimization design of the roadway was carried out, and the weak area of the surrounding rock was reinforced. The deformation monitoring of roadway surrounding rock after support optimization was carried out. The field monitoring results show that after the optimized support, the displacement of the roof and floor of the roadway section and the two sides are reduced by 43.6% and 40.8% respectively compared with the original scheme, and the deformation of the surrounding rock also shows a trend of gradual stability, and the surrounding rock of the roadway is effectively controlled. The research can provide a new way for the stress and failure analysis of the surrounding rock of the inclined rock roadway.

Application research on composite support technology of concrete-filled steel tube support in high stress and large deformation soft rock roadway: A case study

Aiming at the surrounding rock control problem of high stress and large deformation soft rock roadway. This article takes the 141712 coal haulage uphill as the engineering background in Guizhou Panjiang Mining Area. Through field investigation, theoretical calculation, numerical simulation, and industrial tests, the deformation characteristics of surrounding rock and the mechanism of roadway instability and failure were revealed. And a composite support scheme of "bolt (cable) + grouting + concrete-filled steel tube support" was designed. A strengthening support mechanical model of “Three-arch” based on the concrete-filled steel tube support technology was established. The ultimate bearing capacity of the design scheme above is calculated, which meets the support load and can maintain the stability of the soft rock roadway. Through numerical simulation analysis, the distribution characteristics of the plastic zone, stress field and displacement field of the design scheme are obtained, and the rationality of the scheme is verified. The industrial tests were successfully applied and the field monitoring results show that the deformation is within the controllable range, effectively controls the deformation of the 141712 roadway. The research results can provide a reference case for the control of soft rock roadway with high stress and large deformation under similar complex conditions.

Asymmetrical Deformation Mechanisms in Layered Inclined Surrounding Rock of Roadways

Asymmetrical Deformation Mechanisms in Layered Inclined Surrounding Rock of Roadways

Study on the Upper Limit of Roof Failure in Soft Rock Roadway

This study addresses the issue of large deformation in soft rock roadways, using the 50213 tailgate of Guantun Coal Mine as a case study. Field investigations were conducted to assess the condition of roadway bolts, anchor cables, and the internal damage characteristics of the surrounding rock. The upper bound method of limit analysis in plastic mechanics was utilized to construct a failure model for the surrounding rock and derive the upper limit solution of roof failure by integrating the principle of virtual work and variational extremum theorem. Physical similarity simulations were employed to investigate the fracture distribution and evolution law of the surrounding rock. Based on the deformation and instability mechanism of the roadway, optimized support parameters for soft rock roadways were proposed and verified through numerical simulation. The results indicate that the surrounding rock of the sharp corner of the roadway is initially destroyed and develops upward with increasing stress. The interconnected horizontal separation cracks at the anchorage end of the anchor cable and shear fracture zones at the two corners ultimately lead to the overall instability of the anchorage arch. Furthermore, the theoretical calculation boundary exhibited significant similarity with the failure evolution law and distribution pattern. Following the adoption of the optimized support scheme, roof subsidence decreased by 46.7% compared to the original scheme, and the amount of movement on both sides decreased by 36.2%. The control effect of the surrounding rock was favorable, and its internal stability was significantly improved, thereby effectively resolving the issue of large deformation in soft rock roadways.

Energy Evolution Law of Sandstone Material during Post-Peak Cyclic Loading and Unloading under Hydraulic Coupling

The sustainability of rock engineering is an emerging trend in future development, as society increasingly recognizes the importance of environmental conservation and responsible resource utilization. In this context, the field of rock engineering is undergoing a paradigm shift toward more sustainable practices. A significant aspect of this shift is the investigation of energy evolution laws specific to rocks, which assumes paramount importance in ensuring the sustainable utilization of damaged rock roadways. To investigate the impact of confining pressure and pore pressure on the energy evolution characteristics of rock beyond the peak, post-peak cyclic loading and unloading tests were conducted on sandstone specimens under hydraulic coupling conditions using the MTS815 rock mechanical test system. The study encompassed three sets of confining pressures, namely, 10 MPa, 20 MPa, and 30 MPa. Different levels of pore pressure were applied within each confining pressure group. For the 10 MPa confining pressure, the pore pressure values were set at 2 MPa, 4 MPa, 6 MPa, and 8 MPa. Similarly, for the 20 MPa and 30 MPa confining pressures, the corresponding pore pressure values were 2 MPa, 6 MPa, 10 MPa, 14 MPa, 18 MPa, and 22 MPa. The experimental findings indicate that as the confining pressure increases, both the maximum and residual elastic energy densities of the rock gradually increase. The rise in confining pressure impedes the release of elastic energy. Moreover, with increasing confining pressure, the rate of increase in the maximum dissipated energy density diminishes, highlighting the inhibitory effect of confining pressure on energy dissipation and release within the rock. Pore pressure, on the other hand, disrupts the load-bearing structure of the rock and reduces its energy storage capacity. Under a constant confining pressure, for a fixed number of cycles (axial strain), the total input energy density, elastic energy density, and dissipation energy density exhibit a negative correlation with pore pressure. With an increase in the number of cycles (axial strain), the proportion of elastic energy initially rises but subsequently declines, while the proportion of dissipated energy follows the opposite trend. Furthermore, as the confining pressure increases, the peak proportion of elastic energy also tends to increase. This indicates that higher confining pressures promote energy accumulation after rock failure, enhancing the rock’s ability to store elastic energy.