Road Area Research Articles

Investigation into the Mechanism of the Impact of Sunlight Exposure Area of Urban Artificial Structures and Human Activities on Land Surface Temperature Based on Point of Interest Data

With rapid urbanization, the urban heat island (UHI) effect has intensified, posing challenges to human health and ecosystems. This study explores the impact of sunlight exposure areas of artificial structures and human activities on land surface temperature (LST) in Hefei and Xuzhou, using Landsat 9 data, Google imagery, nighttime light data, and Point of Interest (POI) data. Building shadow distributions and urban road surface areas were derived, and geospatial analysis methods were applied to assess their impact on LST. The results indicate that the sunlight exposure areas of roofs and roads are the primary factors affecting LST, with a more pronounced effect in Xuzhou, while anthropogenic heat plays a more prominent role in Hefei. The influence of sunlight exposure on building facades is relatively weak, and population density shows a limited impact on LST. The geographical detector model reveals that interactions between roof and road sunlight exposure and anthropogenic heat are key drivers of LST increases. Based on these findings, urban planning should focus on optimizing building layouts and heights, enhancing greening on roofs and roads, and reducing the sunlight exposure areas of artificial structures. Additionally, strategically utilizing building shadows and minimizing anthropogenic heat emissions can help lower local temperatures and improve the urban thermal environment.

Assessing Flood Risks in Coastal Plain Cities of Zhejiang Province, Southeastern China

Constructing a precise and effective evaluation index system is crucial to flood disaster prevention and management in coastal areas. This study takes Lucheng District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, southeastern China, as a case study and constructs an evaluation index system comprising three criterion levels: disaster-causing factors, disaster-gestation environments, and disaster-bearing bodies. The weights of each evaluation index are determined by combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the entropy method. The fuzzy matter-element model is utilized to assess the flood disaster risk in Lucheng District quantitatively. By calculating the correlation degree of each evaluation index, the comprehensive index of flood disaster risk for each street area is obtained, and the flood disaster risk of each street area is classified according to the risk level classification criteria. Furthermore, the distribution of flood disaster risks in Lucheng District under different daily precipitation conditions is analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) the study area falls into the medium-risk category, with relatively low flood risks; (2) varying precipitation conditions will affect the flood resilience of each street in Lucheng District, Wenzhou City. The flood disaster evaluation index system and calculation framework constructed in this study provide significant guidance for flood risk assessment in coastal plain cities.

Development of Highway Construction Route Selection Based on Ecological Sensitivity Evaluation and Intervention Optimization Strategy Research

Ecological sensitivity is an essential indicator for measuring the degree of ecological fragility of a region, and traditional highway routing ignores the ecological benefits of regional nature, which causes irreversible impacts on the natural environment. Based on the AHP method, this paper carries out a comprehensive assessment of the ecological sensitivity of the K0+000~K56+438 section of the Guanzhuang Tourist Highway in the Zhangjiajie Wuling Mountain Area from 2000 to 2020, and it utilizes the spatial autocorrelation analysis method to reveal the pattern of its spatial and temporal changes in ecological sensitivity. The following results were obtained. (1) The ecological condition of the study area is gradually improving, and the areas with higher sensitivity are mainly distributed in the northeast and southwest of the study area. (2) The ecological sensitivity of the study area has strong spatial autocorrelation, but the autocorrelation has been reduced in recent years, and the distribution of the ecological sensitivity has been gradually discretized. (3) There are problems of high ecological risk and construction difficulty in the traditional highway route selection scheme of the A line. The optimized route selection scheme, the K line, can effectively avoid highly sensitive areas by adjusting the route and bridge settings. Finally, the article proposes engineering construction suitability and ecological restoration strategies for different road sections regarding vegetation cover, landscape risk, and geological hazards. This study establishes a set of comprehensive technical chains for tourism highway routing in ecologically fragile areas based on the spatial and temporal evolution of sensitivity, which provides new ideas for traditional highway routing and is of great significance for maintaining the balance and stability of ecosystems within the road area.

Possibility of Integrated Planning for Parks, Greenbelts and Street Space in South Korea

Background and objective: Planning for parks and greenbelts is crucial in public housing district plans. This study was conducted to explore the possibility of expanding parks and greenbelts by adjusting street space according to legal bases and suggest a model for expanding parks and greenbelts by reducing the area of roads in new town planning.Methods: The research site, Public Housing District ‘Wangsuk 2’ near Seoul City, is part of the 3rd Phase New Towns. It is being developed according to the government’s policy to expand the housing supply in the Seoul metropolitan area. The legal possibilities related to land, housing, and roads were reviewed, the site was analyzed through the land use plan of Wangsuk 2, and an integration model was developed, applied, and evaluated.Results: An integrated street park model was designed, which integrates sidewalks, bicycle lanes, and planting strips planned as part of road facilities with adjacent parks or greenbelts. The road sections of the site that require the improvement of street space were selected for the model application. As a result of the simulation, the total length of the integrated street parks was about 4 km, the area of parks and greenbelts expanded by 15,901 m², increasing the ratio of park and greenbelt area by 0.7%, and the ratio of road area decreased from 17.1% to 16.4%.Conclusion: Integrated street parks expand green space in new town development while providing a safe and comfortable passage for visitors, pedestrians, bicycle/PM users, and drivers. This study is significant in that it presents an alternative to expanding green space that can improve street space and urban environment, which residents can experience daily.

Annual soil erosion characteristics of unpaved roads in the Loess Plateau hilly and gully region, China

The problem of unpaved road erosion is prominent in the Loess Plateau hilly and gully region. Unpaved roads contribute substantially to watershed sediment due to their high soil bulk density, low infiltration rates and extensive network. In this study, a field investigation was conducted on typical unpaved roads within a typical watershed in this region, focusing on assessing the damage state, annual soil loss and the factors influencing erosion in a comparatively wet year. The results showed that the soil erosion from unpaved roads was very severe, with an annual erosion intensity of 470 t hm−2, following three heavy rain events and two rainstorm events in the summer of 2022. The main unpaved roads (MUR) suffered the most severe road erosion, with 22.2 % of road segments experiencing severe erosion with classical gullies. The erosion gullies on the road had an average depth of 16.1 cm and an average width of 36.5 cm, with the widest being 146.0 cm and the deepest being 174.0 cm. The road erosion intensity was significantly related to drainage area, road area, road length and coverage. Road erosion reduced significantly when the land use in the drainage areas of the road was covered with shrub or grass, or road surface was covered with grass or gravel. Our findings offer valuable insights for road construction and erosion prevention in similar terrains.

Research on the Application of Slant Hole Grouting Process in the Undermining Hollow Area of Urban Main Road

China has a huge number of underground goaf, when the new city main road crosses the goaf, a large number of non-migratable buildings may be left on the ground due to economic problems, resulting in the goaf does not have the condition of vertical drilling and grouting, so the slant hole grouting technology is of great significance in research. In this paper, we take a city main road under construction in Changchun City as an example to study the application of slant hole drilling grouting in the hollow area, and hope that it can provide reference examples for similar projects.

Research Note: Multi-Algorithm-Based urban tree information extraction and Its applications in urban planning

Urban trees provide several vital social and environmental services. Within the field of urban planning, tree information is currently usually obtained through expensive and time-consuming fieldwork. This research presents a multi-algorithm methodology that extracts urban tree information, including tree location, absolute height, crown perimeter, and species (group) from airborne laser scanning (ALS) datasets and high-resolution aerial images. We first determine the location of trees from the ALS dataset. After a filtration step removing the erroneous tree locations, we simulate each location’s canopy based on aerial imagery. Finally, we utilize the extracted canopy images to perform tree species classification with deep learning. The validation assessment showed overall good credibility (>70 %) in urban areas and better performance (90 %) in street areas. Compared to other methods that require additional information collection, our methodology uses common data in city databases, enabling cities to collect and update large-scale tree information in a fast manner and supporting decision-makers with important information on understanding the value of urban green under the context of ecosystem services, urban heat islands, and CO2 mitigations.

Estimation of population exposed to road traffic noise in Kosovo highway using GIS modelling and roadside measurements

New highways have been introduced into Kosovo landscape in recent years. The trajectory of the highways crosses through the fields and in the middle of some previously remote rural settlements. This has changed the environment for these areas and the environmental noise is a major concern. This study aims to estimate the population exposed to high traffic noise levels around the highway routes in Kosovo. GIS has been used to model the highway lines, the terrain and the buildings on site. Roadside traffic noise measurements as well as traffic flow measurements have been conducted to approximate the noise sources. An approximate noise map has been generated for the studied area. The population exposed to daytime and nighttime road traffic noise were estimated. The results show the need for road traffic noise reduction measures and areas where they are most needed.

Diet and isotopic niche variation of mammals associated with road zones in Uruguay

AbstractThe understanding of the resource use and partitioning of medium and large terrestrial mammals in anthropogenic environments such as road areas is crucial for comprehending ecosystem dynamics and reveals how species coexist and adapt to environmental changes. The aim of this work was to characterize trophic aspects of medium and large terrestrial mammals, including the quantification of resource use, variation in isotopic trophic niche breadth and overlap among sympatric species within a road zone influence in Uruguay. To this end, stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were examined in hair samples collected from 57 individuals from road‐killed animals including 9 medium and large mammals species, as well as potential resources. The isotopic results reflected a community that contains four trophic levels, with Galictis cuja as a predator while the species Dasypus hybridus and Subulo gouazoubira were in the primary consumer levels. Furthermore, the results showed varying degrees of isotopic trophic niche breadth, suggesting different feeding strategies and degrees of dietary specialization. Additionally, a high degree of overlap in resource use was observed among these sympatric species with the exception of Galictis cuja, suggesting that spatial and temporal differentiation in resource use could help to explain the coexistence patterns. Diet composition estimated using Bayesian stable isotope mixing models revealed that in most species, the basal food source was represented by a combination of natural grasslands of types C3 and C4. This trophic behaviour with the incorporation of diverse and variable food items helps to explain the occurrence of these species within this complex environment.

Analyzing the spatial scale effects of urban elements on urban flooding based on multiscale geographically weighted regression

In the context of rapid urbanization and the frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall in cities, the risk of flooding in the future will further increase, and the problem of urban flooding cannot be ignored. Urban elements exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity, which largely determines the spatial distribution differences in urban flooding. Therefore, it is important to clarify the scale of influence of different urban elements and explore their scale effects on urban flooding to accurately assess the risk of urban flooding. Taking Zhengzhou City, China, as the study area, this study analyzed the urban elements associated with urban flooding, quantified the scale of the influence of urban elements on flooding using multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR), and further explored the spatial scale effects of urban elements on urban flooding. The results showed that MGWR can better fit the spatially non-uniform distribution of urban flooding and that the scale of the influence of urban elements on urban flooding can be reflected by the bandwidth of MGWR. The results of MGWR indicated that the bandwidths of elevation, number of drainage outfalls (NDO1Abbreviations: RRP, Rainfall return period; DDR, Distance to river; NDO, Number of drainage outfalls; ILMFCP, Input level of materials for flood control projects; PRL, Proportion of residential land; PCL, Proportion of commercial land; PIL, Proportion of industrial land; PPSL, Proportion of public service land; PRA, Proportion of road area; PGL, Proportion of green land; PD, Population density; MI, Manpower input; GDP, Gross domestic product; ILER, Investment level in education and research.1), distance to river (DR), Gross domestic product (GDP), proportion of residential land (PRL), and proportion of commercial land (PCL) were small, and their influence scales were localized. In contrast, the influence of rainfall return period (RRP), slope, proportion of industrial land (PIL), proportion of public service land (PPSL), proportion of road area (PRA), proportion of green land (PGL), input level of materials for flood control projects (ILMFCP), population density (PD), manpower input (MI), and investment level in education and research (ILER) were at global scales. The most influential factors for urban flooding were RRP, PD, and MI. Slope, DR, and PRA had less influence on urban flooding. This study helps improve the effectiveness of urban flood prevention and mitigation efforts.

KAJIAN ESTETIKA PENERANGAN JALAN UMUM DI KAWASAN JALAN SENOPATI, JALAN SURYO, JALAN WOLTER MONGINSIDI, DAN JALAN GUNAWARMAN, JAKARTA SELATAN

Street Lighting is a public facility that is used to improve road safety by lighting the road at night and helping road users to see the road they are on more clearly at night. The areas around Jalan Senopati, South Jakarta, are residential and commercial areas where people are busy carrying out their daily activities. These three road areas are equipped with pedestrians and supporting facilities in the form of revitalized street lighting. The objects of this research are street lighting located in the areas of Jalan Senopati, Jalan Suryo, Jalan Wolter Monginsidi, and Jalan Gunawarman, South Jakarta. The focus of the research problem is the various forms and aesthetic elements of street lighting in the areas of Jalan Senopati, Jalan Suryo, Jalan Wolter Monginsidi, and Jalan Gunawarman, South Jakarta, and how aesthetics are applied to street lighting ornaments in these areas. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, to identify and describe the application of aesthetics to street lighting ornaments in the areas of Jalan Senopati, Jalan Suryo, Jalan Wolter Monginsidi, and Jalan Gunawarman, South Jakarta. The results of this research are that there is a diversity of aesthetic elements used in street lighting, namely in the form of the development of geometric shapes, local wisdom cultural ornaments, and forms of narrative depiction of urban activities in the area. Application of ornamental aesthetics to areas and empty spaces that does not interfere with the functional purpose and benefits of the product as street lighting in the area.

DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR THE URBAN INTERPRETATION OF COURTYARD SPACES IN HISTORIC CITIES: DESIGN AND SOCIAL ASPECTS

The shift in the urban paradigm during the 20th century led to a significant reconsideration of the living space of city residents. The principles of the modernist worldview, which acquired the nature of a universal urban design strategy in the Athens Charter of 1931, initiated a negative attitude towards the block development that had prevailed before. The courtyard spaces inherent in it started to be perceived as insufficient, and their original concept as places of recreation and social interaction was redefined. As a result, the internal environments of blocks were spontaneously used by residents for various purposes, leading to their degradation and chaos. This was particularly relevant to Ukrainian cities, where the population of historic centres was densifying, with an increased impact on all types of spaces. The crisis of modernist urban design and the expansion of postmodern values have returned attention to historical heritage as an auxiliary source of shaping and removed the intensity of the confrontation between the ‘contemporary’ modernist worldview and the ‘historical’ one. Subsequently, urban concepts have absorbed many ideas related to the environmental discourse, inclusiveness, barrier-free accessibility, pedestrian accessibility, and density. All of this has significantly changed the understanding of approaches and principles of interpretation of historic urban spaces, including residential courtyards. The article considers promising urban design strategies that can be used for the contemporary interpretation of courtyard environments, primarily focused on design and social aspects. This is due to the methodological structure, which is based on a dual understanding of the priorities of this process. On the one hand, courtyard spaces are perceived as places of recreation and greening, and on the other hand, as environments for socialising and community bonding. In this regard, four urban design strategies have been identified that may form the basis of certain areas of urban design in the future: a) functional universalisation; b) spatial diversification; c) communicative adaptability; d) variable accessibility. The first strategy refers to the integration of courtyard spaces into measures to introduce walkability and optimal density. In this case, we are dealing with introducing a number of functions into courtyard spaces that were typical of external street areas, but aimed at the nearest residents. The second strategy is aimed at returning to the ideology of green oases and recreational areas, with further expansion of spatial elements through vertical development. The strategy of communicative adaptability is related to the development of courtyards as places of gathering and solidarity of the resident’s community. The last strategy is related to the proposal to provide access to the courtyards to external visitors at certain times.

Effect of urban morphology on microclimate and building cluster energy consumption in cold regions of China

Building energy consumption (BEC) is influenced by the combination of urban morphology and microclimate. This study investigated the influence of urban neighborhood morphology on microclimate and building energy consumption through sixty representative street blocks in cold regions of China. The following conclusions were drawn from the multiple regression analysis, and random forest (RF) in this research: 1) The impact of urban morphology on microclimate and vice versa on energy use intensity (EUI) varies according to the season. 2) Annual temperature (TEMP.), solar radiation (SR), building site cover (BSC), average building height (BH), road area ratio (RAR), and block orientation (BO) were significantly positively correlated with EUI, and the floor area ratio (FAR) was negatively correlated. 3) The FAR is positively correlated with BEC and has a significant negative correlation with relative humidity (RH) which contribution rates are 82.3 % and 7.3 %, respectively. Based on the analysis, the research proposed feasible recommendations to optimize the layout of blocks. The results of this study can be used to predict the energy consumption of new and existing street blocks in cold-climate cities quickly and accurately. Additionally, it provides quantitative strategies for energy-saving and emission reduction in urban planning.

National Park visitors perceive benefits for themselves and wildlife under blended red-white outdoor lighting

Visitors to Colter Bay Village in Grand Teton National Park were surveyed to elicit their evaluations of experimental outdoor lighting conditions. Luminaires capable of dimming and switching between two LED modules (white, blended red-white) were installed in street and parking areas. The blended red-white lamps consisted of 30 narrowband LED with a peak wavelength 623 nm and two 3000 K white LEDs. Similar “red” lamps were previously shown to reduce impacts to bats and insects. The white and red lamps were closely matched for luminance. Measured horizontal illuminance at survey locations had an interquartile range from 0.63 to 3.82 lx. The red lamps produced lower perceived brightness (VB2(λ)), even after reflection off asphalt, yet survey participants expressed higher ratings for visual comfort and safety under red lighting. Surveys conducted earlier in the evening, with higher levels of predicted solar and measured horizontal illuminance, rated higher on visual comfort and safety, though these correlations were not as strong as the effect of lamp color. Streetlight ratings and support for lighting that protected natural resources were not contingent upon age or gender. Survey participants assessed red lighting as more protective of the environment. These results demonstrate that outdoor lighting designed to reduce ecological impacts can yield superior nocturnal experience for pedestrians.

Design of urban low-carbon green transportation demonstration area in the context of "dual carbon" --Taking Wuhua District of Kunming City (Zhengyi Road and Sanshi Street area) as an example

In the context of "dual-carbon", by reconstructing the relationship between people and vehicles, optimizing spatial quality, and taking street space renovation as a starting point, we can continuously improve the travel experience of human-centered neighborhoods, build a higher-quality living environment, and guide green travel. Under this context, this study takes Wuhua District, Kunming, Zhengyi Road and Sanshi Street as a case to explore the design of urban low-carbon green transportation demonstration area under the background of "dual-carbon". By analyzing the "dual-carbon" strategy and related policies, and taking into account the current transportation situation in Wuhua District, Kunming, it is found that there are problems such as traffic congestion, chaotic parking, and poor bus routes in this area. To address these challenges, this study proposes a series of optimization measures based on successful cases at home and abroad, including improving the transportation network, strengthening non-motorized parking management, introducing intelligent traffic management systems, and optimizing the connection between bus routes and rail transit. These measures will help improve transportation efficiency, reduce congestion, promote green travel, and provide useful lessons and references for the construction of low-carbon transportation demonstration zones in other cities.

Contemporary Demands of Scenes in Urban Historic Conservation Areas: A Case Study of Subjective Evaluations from Foshan, China

A historic area situated within contemporary urban space must adapt to modern lifestyles and aesthetic sensibilities to sustain its vitality and facilitate effective heritage transmission. A key criterion for evaluating adaptation is its ability to fulfill people’s ‘demands’ for it. This paper focuses on people’s demands as its core, employing the post-occupancy evaluation theory and the scene theory to develop a subjective evaluation framework for scenes within urban historic conservation areas. An application case study uses the typical historical area of Foshan, China, as an evaluation framework. The discussion encompasses spatial vitality, extraction of scene elements, construction of an indicator set, satisfaction evaluation, and differences in evaluations across areas and individual indicators. The research findings reveal several key points: (1) People’s attention and demands regarding scene elements in urban historic conservation areas are multifaceted. (2) There is a high degree of tolerance among people towards urban historic conservation areas, with varying preferences for different areas. (3) The approach to area protection and development needs diversification. (4) People’s overall perception of an area is influenced by various elements within the scenes. The application of this evaluation framework can aid in understanding people’s “demands” and their underlying reasons while also providing assistance for future optimization efforts related to urban historic conservation areas. Furthermore, the subjective evaluation framework has potential applicability for research into other historical cultural street areas.

Patterns of change, driving forces and future simulation of LULC in the Fuxian Lake Basin based on the IM-RF-Markov-PLUS framework

Studying land use and land cover (LULC) patterns, identifying driving forces, and simulating future scenarios are vital for grasping the complex connection between human actions and the environment. This helps in shaping sustainable land management strategies and preparing for the impacts of climate change. However, there is a necessity for a comprehensive system modeling framework that can accurately capture spatial and temporal changes in LULC, analyze driving mechanisms, and provide an integrated analysis of future simulations. In this paper, a comprehensive IM-RF-Markov-PLUS analysis framework is developed, focusing on the Fuxian Lake Basin (FLB) as a study area. The study aims to achieve accurate prediction of LULC by combining the microscopic LULC change trend and the contribution of macroscopic driving forces. The results show that: (1) The IM-RF-Markov-PLUS framework can explore the change patterns and driving mechanisms of LULC in the FLB, and accurately predict the LULC in the FLB. Compared with the PLUS model, its accuracy is improved by 2 %. (2) IM analysis reveals that LULC transformation in the FLB is both general and specific. Although the area of grassland, buildings, roads and structures converted to desert and bare land is minimal, it shows relatively tendentious and specific change characteristics. (3) Different land types are significantly affected by driving factors, with the expansion of LULCs is constrained by major factors. The distance to the lake has the most significant impact on the distribution of garden land, while the primary road has the greatest impact on the distribution of forestland. (4) Under different scenarios, the spatial heterogeneity of LULC patterns is obvious. In 2035, under baseline and economic development scenarios, cultivated land will decrease, while other LULC types will increase. Under the cultivated land protection scenario, cultivated land is protected, with an increase of 5.85 %. Under the ecological protection scenario, there is an increase in ecological land. The largest increase is in forestland, which increases by a total of 3.46 %. The ecological protection scenario presents a viable approach for ensuring the sustainable development of the FLB. The results of this paper may serve as a reliable foundation for implementing LULC strategies in the FLB and offer guidance for crafting sustainable development regulations at the regional level.

Uranium Mine Proposed Experimental Design for Natural Background Gross Gamma Exposure Rates, Post Remediation Final Status Survey Sampling Density, and Radiological Water Quality Modeling for a Worst-case Catastrophic Failure, Coles Hill, Virginia.

Completely randomized experimental design statistical modeling techniques were employed to analyze exposure rate measurements for evaluating hypothetical natural background post uranium mill operations at Coles Hill, Virginia uranium milling processes. The proposed Coles Hill Uranium Mine is situated upstream of the Banister River. This River is nearly homogenous throughout the reach length used in analysis and feeds into the mouth of Kerr Reservoir, Lake Gaston, which serves as the main drinking water source for cities in the Hampton Roads area including Norfolk, Virginia Beach, and Chesapeake. A critical scan value (=DCGLscan) was developed to flag anomalies of surface contamination during simulated post remediation final status surveys. The natural background was critical for meeting the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual guidance for post remediation final status surveys. The overarching null hypothesis suggested that the selected mean natural background is equal to the survey unit's mean natural background. Using SAS Procedures Shapiro-Wilk Test, ANOVA, and CR, it was decided the exposure rate data was normal, had no extreme outliers, and no collinearity between the number of samples (=treatment) and the areas (=block). Using the q-hyper (hypergeometric) distribution, the soil sampling density was decided for a final status survey unit. The most likely worst-case catastrophic failure analysis, 500-year event, such as the1969 Hurricane Camille of 69 centimeters of rain in Nelson County, Virginia was included in the model. The model showed impact was minimal at most to the Banister River's drinking water and likely less than the Virginia's Drinking Water Standards for gross alpha, 226Ra and 228Ra, and total uranium.

Habitat fragmentation differentially affects invasive and native plant diversity in a human-dominated wetland island system

Managing invasive species requires identifying the factors that determine alien species invasion success. This study investigates how anthropogenic and biogeographical factors influence alien plant invasion in the Sanyang Wetlands, a human-dominated island system in Wenzhou City, China. Specifically, we analyzed whether human activities (e.g., habitat heterogeneity, proportion of road area, and cultivation) and island characteristics (e.g., island area, isolation) affect the diversity of native and invasive plant species similarly. We also assessed the applicability of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography to invasive plant species diversity and examined how these factors affect invasive plant species with different dispersal syndromes (anemochore, zoochore, and autochore). We found that both invasive and native species richness positively correlate with island area, habitat heterogeneity, and proportion of road area. However, although native species richness was negatively correlated with isolation, invasive species richness was not. The diversity and composition of invasive species with different dispersal syndromes were determined by different variables; for example, the composition and diversity of zoochores was increased by habitat heterogeneity, while anemochore species richness was increased by the proportion of road area, whereas anemochore species composition was influenced by distance to the nearest island. We conclude that habitat fragmentation differentially affects invasive and native plant diversity, aligning with the predictions of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography only for native species but not for invasive species. Our findings indicate that tailoring habitat attributes and regulating human activities could be effective strategies for mitigating the spread of invasive species in fragmented landscapes.

Rotor unmanned aerial vehicle localization in the building sheltered area based on millimetre‐wave frequency‐modulated continuous wave radar

AbstractRotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play an important role in both military and civilian fields nowadays. The safety risks associated with the UAVs increase the urgent need for detecting UAVs in urban environments as well. Moreover, UAVs are easily located in the non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) building sheltered area relative to the radar, making it very challenging to detect and localise. A novel algorithm for localising the rotor UAV in the common L‐shaped street building sheltered area is proposed. First, the authors establish a multipath signal model for a rotor UAV hovering over an L‐shaped street scene, leveraging the frequency‐modulated continuous wave signal. Then, the multipath information of the UAV is extracted by identifying the rotating periodicity of the blade embedded in the time‐frequency spectrum of the received signal. The back projection imaging is then conducted on the UAV‐related multipath. After extracting multipath ghosts in the image, the street area, where the UAV locates, can be determined, and the UAV is further localised using the path reflection characteristics of this area. Simulations and practical experiments based on millimetre waves indicate that the proposed method can enable high‐accuracy estimation of rotor UAV in the NLOS building sheltered area.