Road Area Research Articles

Impact of economic development on soil trace metal(loid)s pollution: A case study of China

Recently, intensive anthropogenic activities, while promoting economic growth, have also exacerbated soil trace metal(loid) (TM) pollution. To explore the impact of economic development on soil TM pollution, a time-weighted method was introduced to calculate the average concentrations of eight TMs in Chinese topsoil from 2001 to 2020, and panel data on TMs and economic factors of 31 provinces were used for regression analysis. The results revealed that the average concentrations of soil TMs all exceeded their respective soil background values. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of soil TMs was characterized by obvious regional heterogeneity, with economically developed areas being heavily polluted and having high ecological risks. In addition, the results derived from panel data models showed that the relationship between soil TM pollution and economic development in China presented a continuous growth curve, but with an N-shaped pattern in eastern China, a U-shaped pattern in central China, and a positive linearity in western China. Four control variables were also introduced to evaluate their impact on TM pollution, and the results indicated that the proportion of secondary industry and the road area per capita were the major influencing factors. Ultimately, the inflection point estimation results suggested that the soil TM pollution level will increase in eastern China, central China and western China with ongoing economic growth. Our findings contribute to the current understanding of the relationship between soil TM pollution and anthropogenic activities, and provide a scientific basis for adjusting and planning industrial development and layout according to the characteristics of soil TM pollution.

Comprehensive evaluation of urban talent ecological environment and diagnosis of barrier factors: An analysis of 16 cities in Shandong Province

Based on the personal-environment matching theory and urban comfort theory, the paper constructs an evaluation index system for urban talent ecological environment. The entropy-weighted-TOPSIS method was used to measure the urban talent ecological environment in Shandong Province from 2018 to 2021, the Gini coefficient was used to explore regional differences in the urban talent ecological environment, and the obstacle factor model was used to determine the obstacle factors affecting the urban talent ecological environment. The results show that the talent ecological environment of cities in Shandong Province can be divided into 4 tiers. Qingdao city is in the leading tier, Jinan city is in the challenging tier, Yantai city and other 4 cities are in the catching up tier, and Dezhou city and other 10 cities are in the improving tier. The urban talent ecological environment shows the spatial distribution of “ East Shandong > Central Shandong > Southwest Shandong > Northwest Shandong ”. Per capita gross regional product, foreign direct investment, general public budget income, per capita urban road area, number of patent applications granted, number of research and experimental development personnel, education expenditure, housing expenditure and other indicators are the main obstacles factors affecting urban talent ecological environment.

Comprehensive Safety Index for Road Safety Management System

A safety-index-based road safety management system (RSMS) is a tool to help identify locations where safety intervention is needed. To date, various safety indices have been developed and utilized, but it is rare to consider the plan–do–check–act structure in an RSMS when studying the decision-making methodology. In this study, 36 indicators and a system of evaluation indicators were selected based on the major classifications of performance, effect, and improvement. Performance was categorized by safety system components and effect was reflected in the safety status, such as the number of injuries. The indicators were validated, and a classification methodology for safety groups was proposed through cluster analysis. It was found that there was no correlation between the indicators and the population, budget, or road area by administrative district. It was also found that no particular indicators had a significant impact on the overall result in the major category or the overall index. It was determined that the developed indicators were suitable for administrative district-specific safety monitoring. It is expected that these indicators will be continuously utilized and enhanced in the national evaluation of road traffic safety.

Assessment of Drainage System in Bangetayu Kulon Village, Genuk District, Semarang City

The drainage system is infrastructure related to urban spatial planning and must be considered. This planning was carried out in Bangetayu Kulon Village, Genuk District, Semarang City, which consists of residential, commercial and other areas. Bangetayu Kulon sub-district has inundation problems at several points due to a lack of channel capacity caused by high sedimentation at the bottom of the channel, vegetation, rubbish and changes in land use. In evaluating the drainage system, a 5 year return period hydrological analysis will be carried out using EPA SWMM 5.1 software. Apart from that, a hydraulic analysis will also be carried out which begins with an analysis of existing conditions, then applies SUDS and continues with evaluation through channel normalization in the form of sediment burrowing and changes in channel dimensions. The concept of implementing SUDS in the Bangetayu Kulon Village drainage system is the application of Permeable Pavement on road areas that do not yet have paving pavement of 30,877 m2 and a Retention Pool with a storage capacity of 10,560 m3. This plan succeeded in reducing flooding by 52.06% from initially 147.82 x 106 L to 70.84 x 106 L.

Development of land use regression model to estimate particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in Peninsular Malaysia

Nowadays, exposure modelling has become the preferred method for assessing human air pollution exposure due to its capability to predict air pollution under various conditions. The land use regression model (LUR) is a widely conducted model utilized to estimate air pollutants especially in unmonitored locations. However, the application of the model is still lacking in developing countries, especially in the Southeast Asia region. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop the LUR model to estimate PM10 and NO2 concentrations in Peninsular Malaysia. Multiple linear regression with a supervised forward stepwise was used to develop the models, and the models were validated using the leave-out-one cross-validation (LOOCV) approach. Results showed that the LUR model of PM10 explained 58.5% variation, while the NO2 LUR model described 86.8% variation. The difference value of PM10 model R2 and LOOCV R2 were between 0.1% and 1.2 %, and the NO2 models were between 0.01% and 0.08% depicting the robust stability of the models. Both models indicated that increased road and industrial areas significantly influence PM10 and NO2 concentrations. Nevertheless, more studies on the LUR model should be conducted in developing countries to assess the model's applicability in the region.

Comprehensive Land Use and Land Cover Classification in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar City, Maharashtra, India, Using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning Techniques

Abstract: In This research presents an extensive analysis of land use and land cover (LULC) classification in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar City, a rapidly expanding urban centerin Maharashtra, India, highly susceptible to climate change. Using remote sensing and GIS techniques, the research evaluates the impact of LULC on ecosystem service values (ESV) over a nine- year period (2013-2021). Satellite-based data were utilized to quantify LULC changes, encompassing Green Area, Buildup Area, Road Area, WaterBodies, and Barren Land. The research employs five distinct classification methods and investigates the effectiveness of pre-processing techniques in improving classification accuracy during selected years (2013, 2016, 2019, and 2021). The performance of Mahalanobis Distance, Maximum Likelihood, Parallelepiped, and Support Vector Machine methods is assessed under both preprocessed and non-preprocessed conditions, using overall accuracy and Kappa accuracy as evaluation metrics. The results reveal consistent enhancements in overall accuracy, with Mahalanobis Distance, Maximum Likelihood, and Support Vector Machine methods demonstrating percentage improvements ranging from 0.43% to 5.08% after preprocessing. Particularly noteworthy are the substantial percentage increases in Parallelepiped Classification, ranging from 23.74% to 53.34%, highlighting the transformative impact of preprocessing on its accuracy. These findings emphasize the necessity for customized preprocessing strategies to refine the precision of LULC classification models, offering valuable contributions to the realms of remote sensing and geospatial analysis. Moreover, the insights gleaned from this research provide crucial guidance for urban growth management and climate resilience strategies in rapidly developing urban areas, making it a valuable resource for sustainable urban planning

Evaluation and Implementation of Landscape Aesthetics Based on Cloud and Edge Computing

People’s aesthetic requirements for landscape environment are improving, and we can also see very beautiful as well as characteristic urban parks, street side green areas and scenic spots with certain aesthetic value around us, and we can find that people’s demand for the living environment they live in regarding beauty is also strengthening. The synergistic development of edge computing and cloud computing is an important development trend in the future, and integrating them into landscape design is an inevitable choice and requirement for developing gardens and building a beautiful China. Based on this, this study first proposes a methodological framework based on machine learning to model and predict GSS, and then proposes a data-driven multi-style terrain synthesis method. The experimental results prove that the optimized landscape perception model optimizes the landscape path aesthetics according to the relevant theories and actual cases of landscape planning and construction.

COMPREHENSIVE POTHOLE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND STEREO VISION

This paper introduces a systematic approach to pothole detection, emphasizing its significance in road maintenance and safety. The proposed system is comprised of meticulously designed modules that collectively contribute to achieving accurate and effective results. Commencing with data collection through cameras capturing road areas of interest, the images undergo manual cropping and resizing for standardization. The core principle of the system revolves around image enhancement, involving grayscale conversion, application of blurring techniques, and adjustments to brightness and contrast. Automatic thresholding extracts essential information encoded within pixels, paving the way for precise edge detection refined through morphological operations. The focus then shifts to pothole detection, incorporating a stereo camera setup to calculate depth and disparity of road surfaces. Critical steps, including image rectification, correspondence matching, and disparity calculations, contribute to the accurate identification and delineation of potholes using depth thresholds. Subsequent modules employ K-Means clustering to segregate regions of interest from the image background, and post-processing steps, including filtering, masking, and refinement, fine-tune the images. Utilizing the HSV color space for grayscale image refinement and the connected component method to isolate white pixel objects further enhance the system's capability. The final step involves the addition of bounding boxes around identified potholes, streamlining their identification process. This comprehensive methodology ensures effective image processing, precise pothole detection, and contributes significantly to road safety and maintenance efforts.

Study of water channels and gates to improve water wheel performance

Glintung Water Street (GWS) in Malang City harnesses water flow in its canal to drive water wheels for electricity generation. However, the discharge of water has not been optimized, necessitating the design of the canal and sluice gate to maximize discharge while mitigating flooding risks. This research aims to determine the optimal design and operational system of the sluice gate to minimize backwater impact. Data collection involved observational techniques and literature review, including hydrology, map, and hydraulic data. Results indicated that the required discharge for the micro-hydro power plant (PLTMH) in the Glintung Water Street (GWS) area was 88 liters or approximately 0.088m3/s. The primary channel's flow rate was measured at 0.104 m3/s, with planned channel inflow at 0.088 m3/s. The sluice gate effectively prevented backwater impact, as water levels did not surpass the sluice height. Planning involved a sluice gate made of mild steel plate (100 cm x 100 cm) with a door height of 200 cm and a thickness of 0.18 cm, operated by a handlebar with a diameter of 2 cm. In conclusion, the backwater effect on the primary channel's water level was minimal, affirming the efficacy of the designed sluice gate.

Polarization adaptation to improve cell border area bitrates and system capacity in small cells

The target of this paper is to show the impact of polarization adaptation on the received signal quality in an outdoor small-cell deployment scenario. The signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is the key factor in defining the achievable data rate, and the capacity of the cell. At the cell border area, the SIR value is typically low and causes a significant decrease in the system capacity and achievable data rates. These bad SIR areas at the cell border can be improved by using orthogonal polarizations in the neighboring cells rather than using all polarizations over the whole cell coverage area. For the research work of this paper, a series of measurements were carried out to measure a received signal power and a cross polarization discrimination (XPD) ratio while the signal is transmitted and received with a different set of polarizations. In the measurements, we have considered horizontal, vertical, +/− 45° slanted polarizations, and two different environments, urban street and open space, and three frequency bands, 970−1030 MHz, 2000−2030 MHz and 3364−3400 MHz. The measurement results revealed that at a different distance from the transmitter, for horizontal/vertical polarization, the average XPD is around 24.7 dB and 31.7 dB in the urban street and open area environments, respectively. For +/− 45° slanted polarization, the average XPD is around 11.5 dB and 12.1 dB in the urban street and open area environments, respectively. This paper goes on to propose polarization adaptation in each cell, where the primary polarization is valid for the whole service area of the cell, and secondary polarization is only used in close proximity of the base station antenna. Considering the results, it is emphasized that system capacity can be significantly improved by having only one channel with good SIR values compared to multiple channels with bad SIR values. However, MIMO channels with orthogonal polarizations or with spatial multiplexing can be utilized in the closed vicinity of the base station, i.e., in an area with good SIR values. It is shown that the overall cell capacity can be increased by almost 35% by utilizing polarization adaptation compared to MIMO 2 × 2.

Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Penggunaan Pedestrian Sebagai Ruang Publik (Studi Kasus : Area Pedestrian Jalan Pelabuhan Ulee Lheue)

Abstract. Public open space is a place that can fulfill a need that is functional. Public open space in the Ulee Lheue considered still lacks that this area requires special attention to well ordered. Researchers conducted research in the Ulee Lheue because this region is particularly at the area of pedestrian roads Ulee Lheue port there are still many obstacles. An area used as a pedestrian has been used for a trade for small street vendors located in that area. Researchers collected perception of the community for getting data on pedestrian Ulee Lheue in the area. This study in a qualitative approach case study and use the data collection techniques in a searching manner a literature review, observation, interview and documentation. This study also uses the data analysis descriptive heading for described the data obtained through research. The result showed that the pedestrian Ulee Lheue were succesful with proper facilities mand infrastructure. Ulee Lheue public space in an area used quite well. Many visitors do activities in the area of pedestrian street vendors. The use of the pedestrian by street vendors can interfere with the activity of the community especially the riding a motorcycle, so in the region every day deadlocked result of traders who use the pedestrian and the roads as a trading.

Power Relations in Utilizing Public Space as a Parking Place in the Tunjungan Street, Surabaya

Urban areas are areas with the largest population due to urbanization. As a result, problems arise. The problem that often occurs is the problem of using public space. As the population increases, the number of vehicles increases, so many parking spaces are used in public spaces due to the density that occurs in public space areas. So the context of power is often ignored in this case. The aim of the research is to find out how power relations and social capital are used by parking attendants in the Tunjungan street area. The method used is qualitative descriptive based on primary data. Primary data comes from documentation, observations and interviews with parking attendants. The selection of informants was carried out using a purposive sampling technique with a total of 5 parking attendants. The location chosen was in the area of Tunjungan street. Data collection was carried out in three stages, namely the reduction stage, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results obtained are the power relations that are formed here, which are meant when there is social capital in the form of social networks owned by individual actors or groups in relation to other parties who have power. The relationship that exists between parking attendants and the government is based on a cooperation contract. Meanwhile, the causal relationship that is formed between parking attendants in determining areas is due to the power factor in the form of kinship.

Measuring and Evaluating Physical Resilience against Earthquakes in Informal Settlements in District 20 of Tehran

INTRODUCTION: In order to increase the capacity to deal with earthquake hazards, increasing urban resilience has become a basic priority for most governments. Based on this, the current research was written with the aim of measuring the physical resilience of the peripheral part of the 20th district of Tehran against earthquakes. METHODS: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature, which was used to analyze information using the AHP technique in Expert Choice software and the opinion of 25 experts. FINDINGS: The findings showed that district 20 of Tehran city will face a serious crisis due to having many worn-out and marginalized structures, short-term residential units, old buildings, high population density, small area of residential land and narrow roads. CONCLUSION: According to the obtained results, about 47% of the fabric of district 20 is highly vulnerable to the earthquake crisis. Therefore, appropriate policymaking to manage earthquake crisis, especially in strengthening buildings and land use planning in this area, is an inevitable necessity.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Contamination in Vehari Region (Pakistan)

Present studies were conducted to evaluate the quality of ground drinking water in Vehari city of Punjab, Pakistan. Water samples were subjected to physicochemical characterization for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphatic compounds, oils and fats. The observed ranges of pH (7.3-7.7), phosphatic compounds (0.001-0.006 mg/L), oils and fats (<1) were found within the WHO limits. The values of electrical conductivity(896-1875μS), total dissolved solids (400-8000 mg/L), and total suspended solid (1200-2800mg/L) were exceeded by WHO limits in Muslim Town, TBZ Colony, Vehari Zoo, D- block, Stadium Road, 9-11 WB, Sharqi Colony, and Danewal areas of Vehari. The investigated groundwater of Tehsil Vehari was found to be unfit for human consumption, and a dire need was felt for removing pollutants from this water before its consumption for drinking purposes in Tehsil Vehari.

Research on the Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Crowd Activities in Commercial Streets and Their Relationship with Formats—A Case Study of Lao Men Dong Commercial Street in Nanjing

Crowd activity is an important indicator of commercial streets’ attractiveness and developmental potential. The development of positioning technologies such as GPS and mobile signal tracking has provided a large amount of trajectory data for studying crowd activities on commercial streets. These data can not only be used for the statistics, extraction, and visualization of crowd information, but they also facilitate the exploration of deeper insights into dynamic behaviors, choices, trajectories, and other details of crowd activities. Based on this, this article proposes a new framework for analyzing crowd activities to explore the spatial activity patterns of crowds and understand the dynamic spatial needs of people by analyzing their correlations with local formats. Specifically, we analyze the spatial activity characteristics of a crowd in the Lao Men Dong Commercial Street area by identifying the stay points and trajectory clusters of the crowd, and we establish a regression analysis model by selecting commercial street format variables to evaluate their impact on crowd activities. Through case analysis of the Lao Men Dong Commercial Street, this study confirms that our method is feasible and suitable for spatial research at different scales, thereby providing relevant ideas for format location selection, spatial layout, and other planning types, and for promoting the sustainable development of urban spaces.

Changing Livelihood, and Culture in Pattharkatta (Kushbadiya) Community of Nepal

Pattharkatta (Kusbadiya), one of the endangered communities of Nepal, have been using multiple livelihood strategies from carving grinding stone to wage labour. In course of selling and carving grinding stones, they still practice semi-nomadic characteristics like tribal peoples’ routine of periodically moving from one place to another. Due to the lack of their own registered land, they were compelled to many livelihood strategies because the traditional occupation was replaced by new technology. The decline of their traditional occupation and landlessness generate questions about the traditional livelihood and culture strategies of the community. What are the current livelihood practices of the Pattharkatta? How do they negotiate to change livelihood and culture? What are socio-cultural changes they experienced? Nowadays, they have settled in some public places near the road, rivers, and slum areas of the municipality. Some of them temporally migrated to the near market and road where they make and sell grinding stones. Some of them migrated to Kathmandu and temporally settled along the ring road at Balaju Bus Park, Kalanki, Chahabil, Basundhara, and Koteswor.
 By employing a mixed method design, the researcher collected information through observations and interviews with the selected informants in Kapilbastu and Kathmandu. Descriptive and narrative analysis of the data explored that they were temporarily settled in a public land by making temporary huts in public lands or lands allocated by the local bodies. Few of them continued in traditional occupations- making grinding stones, making brooms and ropes using jute fibers and rest of them changed their livelihood strategies and culture.

Research on the Renewal of Urban Old Industrial Lots Based on Big Data —— Take the Dongfeng Street Area of Daqing City as an Example

Research on the Renewal of Urban Old Industrial Lots Based on Big Data —— Take the Dongfeng Street Area of Daqing City as an Example

Passable area segmentation for open-pit mine road from vehicle perspective

Recognition of passable areas of mine roads based on vehicle perspective is crucial for autonomous vehicles to drive in unmanned open-pit mine scenes. In the past few years, deep learning-based passable area recognition methods have been proven feasible. However, these works have mainly focused on structured urban road environments. Few works designed for mine road region detection due to dataset scarcity. In this article, we propose the mine road scapes segmentation dataset, which is collected from open-pit mine road environments. The dataset is collected from different mine areas, covers different daytime and dusk periods, and annotates the road and non-road areas in detail. Besides, a novel transformer-based road segmentation network is proposed, which is designed for the mine road characteristics of texture and distribution. The segmentation network is composed of an improved transformer feature extraction backbone, which can simultaneously aggregate global context and local detail information, and realize pixel-level recognition. We solve the problem of mine road segmentation benchmark under vehicle perspective. Moreover, by comparing the results of current mainstream methods on the mine road dataset, our method obtains state-of-the-art performance.

A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH USING VERY-HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION GAOFEN-2 IMAGES TO SUPPORT THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATOR 11.7.1 ASSESSMENT

Abstract. Since the proposal of the "2030 Agenda", the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal indicator 11.7.1 aims to calculate the accessibility and quality of urban open spaces(UOS). An accurate and rapid assessment framework of UOS is of great significance for urban sustainable development. Previous research on UOS has mainly focused on the evolution patterns of UOS, with little research on assessments of their accessibility for different population structures (i.e., men vs. women, young vs. older). In this study, a U-Net deep learning network was used for training from 3072 annotated samples of urban green spaces(UGS) which was created based on Gaofen-2 remote sensing images. The trained model was used to identify UGS within five districts of Beijing at sub-meter level, incorporated with Open Street Map and area of interest data. A spatial analysis was conducted for accessibility of UOS, finding that most of the UOS in the central urban area of Beijing can be reached within 10 minutes, but access to the eastern and western edges is poorer (more than 30 minutes). Finally, using Worldpop data, the accessibility of UOS was statistically analyzed for different ages and genders. The results show that UOS accessibility rate for the elderly and children reaches over 90% (10 minutes accessibility).

Revitalisasi Kawasan Alun-Alun Kota Tegal Tahun 2019

ABSTRACT
 The town square area is one of the public spaces that can be utilized by the entire community as a place for various activities, such as religious activities, memorial ceremonies, festivals, sport activities, or just a place for recreation. The city government revitalized the square area and the pancasila street area. The condition was due to the fact that situation in the area was less organized and looked rundown. This study aims to examine and analyze the effects on informal workers in the square and surrounding areas after the revitalization project. This research uses historical research methods. Data collection conducted in this research is through searching for written sources, conducting field observations, documentation and conducting interviews with related parties. The results of this study indicate that the revitalization project in the alun-alun area and the Pancasila Street area which functions as a public space has been carried out quite well, but not maximally. This is reflected in (1) The planning of the revitalization project launched by the city government in the square area has not been maximized, this is considering the function of Tegal City square over time (2) There are some informal workers who get unfavorable influences such as a drastic decrease in income after the revitalization project (3) There are also some informal workers who suffer from the loss of income.
 Keywords: Revitalization, Town Square, Tegal City