River Route Research Articles

신라 당항성의 ‘한강설’에 대한 몇 가지 논의

Danghangseong(党項城) was the Tang diplomatic and maritime military base of Silla. Danghangseong is generally regarded as Dangseong(唐城) located in Namyang Bay(南陽灣), Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do. However, it is noteworthy that the opinion that Danghangseong is assumed to be Samjeondo(三⽥渡) of the Han River, not the Dangseong of Nam yang Bay. The ‘Han river(漢江) theory’ of Danghangseong pays attention to the name Danghangjin(党項津) and defines it as Samjeondo along the Han River. Based on this, it insists on Silla's use of the Han River route at the time of the collapse of Baekje. It also claims that Silla failed to take control of southwestern Gyeonggi Province. However, at this stage, the ‘Han River theory’ lacks evidence. In particular, it is difficult to establish due to poor literary and archaeological evidence.

From small beginnings... population explosions of migrant Belenois aurota (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Türkiye, with rare observations in Syria and a first record for Cyprus

Incursions of Belenois aurota (Fabricius, 1793), a vigorous, tropical migrant pierid, have become more common in recent years in countries of the southern Levant, with rare appearances in south-eastern Türkiye. Here, we report on the species presence in other Levant countries of the eastern Mediterranean, including Mediterranean Syria and, for the first time, in Cyprus, on which island B. aurota was discovered in 2023. We also report on experiences in south-eastern Türkiye, where, during the same autumn period, extensive breeding resulted in at least three local broods leading to significant population irruptions and dispersal. Likely migration routes via the Jordan Rift Valley System into countries of the Levant are discussed, and we introduce an additional migratory route east of the Lebanon, Anti-Lebanon and Silsilat al-Jib āl as-Sāhilīyah (Latakia) mountain ranges, not previously recognized to our knowledge. The value of the Tigris River as a conduit for migrant butterflies from the Middle East into the provinces of south-eastern Türkiye had previously been documented and is again well illustrated by numerous observations in south-eastern Türkiye along the river's route south from its origins in the mountains of eastern Türkiye. Although B. aurota is recognized as an obligate migrant, it is considered that 2023 weather systems assisted the arrival of the species into the northern Levant and south-eastern Türkiye.

The Significance of Annalistic Ulyches in the Early Medieval History of Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to study the habitat of the Ulych tribe on the territory of modern Ukraine, the specifics of their interaction with non-Slavic peoples, and the reasons for their confrontation with the princes of Rus. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods with the problem-chronological principle and the principles of scientificity, historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness and integrity scientificity. The scientific novelty of the work is that, for the first time, historical information about Ulyches in different regions of our country is correlated and analyzed, and their civilizational influence on the population of Ukraine during the Middle Ages is established. Conclusions. The historical information about the habitation of the Ulyches in the Middle Podniprovya, Southern Pobuzhzhia, Podnistrovya, and the Danube region is confirmed by the results of archaeological research. Separate local zones of Ulyches’ settlement were Southern Podniprovya, Southern Kyiv Region, Southern Volyn, and Dnister Canyon. The Ulyches possessed developed for their time agricultural technologies, which were based on agriculture and homestead cattle breeding. The metallurgy, metalworking and jewelry were among the main crafts. The production of millstones from volcanic tuff was a unique technology . The main Ulyches’attractions are numerous hillforts, which were above all things a military camp and a shelter for the population. The ability to build and improve these objects quickly testifies to the presence of developed clan relations, authoritative administration and nobility. The Ulyches and the Tyvertsi were particularly close tribes and had a common area of residence in Podnistrovya. Both tribes together participated in the development of the right bank lands of the Danube mouth in the 10th-11th centuries. Counting the number of known hillforts and analyzing the Ulyches’ settlement area allows us to call them one of the most numerous tribes of Ukraine in the 9th–11th centuries. The long period of wars of the 9th–10th centuries. between the princes of Rus and the Ulyches was caused by the struggle for supremacy in the Dnipro region and possession of the Dnipro river route to the Black Sea.The Ulyches had a special relationship with nomadic peoples, that distinguishes them from other Slavic tribes. The representatives of the southern branch of the Saltiv culture were their neighbour and constant partner in interaction during the VIII–XI centuries.

Reliability of Emergency Water Supply for a Reservoir and Enhancement through Floating Photovoltaics in a Long-Distance Water Diversion Project

An emergency water supply is occasionally necessary for a reservoir; its reliability should be investigated. The operation schemes of reservoirs mainly consider the long-term normal water supply; the emergency water supply has been less studied. Floating photovoltaics (FPVs) can be set on the open canals of water diversion projects (WDPs) to decrease evaporation loss and save water for the emergency water supply for connected reservoirs, the effects of which must be quantified. Thus, a framework of reliability for the emergency water supply of a reservoir (REWS) is proposed in this study, including stochastic simulation of reservoir operation schemes, a set of objectives for an emergency water supply, and quantification of the REWS. The Danjiangkou reservoir (DR) is considered as a case study; it is the water source of the Han River and middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRSNWDP). The effects of FPV coverage above the MRSNWDP on water evaporation and the REWS have been reported. The results show that the REWSs are 37.6%, 45.5%, and 56.5%, respectively, for the average, 75% probability, and 95% probability water diversion schemes of the MRSNWDP. After setting the FPV system, the annual evaporation of the MRSNWDP was reduced to 1.15×107 m3 (−74.7%), increasing the REWS to 49.6% (+12.0%), 53.4% (+7.9%), and 61.3% (+4.8%) for the average, 75% probability, and 95% probability water diversion schemes of the MRSNWDP, respectively. The REWS framework is useful for reservoir operation and water resource planning. FPV coverage is suggested for WDPs with open canals.

"The Crafty Contrivance of the Illinois": Indigenous Informants, French Manet8a , and the Myth of the Missouri River

Abstract: This article examines early relations between the Illinois nations and French explorers, traders, and missionaries in the late seventeenth century. Following their encounter in the Pays des Illinois (Illinois Country), French newcomers came to believe that the Missouri River possessed an abundance of flora, fauna, fertile soil, and easily cut through the heart of North America to the Pacific Ocean. This was no accident. The Illinois deliberately withheld, emphasized, manipulated, and conveyed details concerning their western geography to French missionaries and fur traders, whose novel technologies, trade goods, and spiritual power they sought to secure for themselves. By articulating a carefully crafted "myth of the Missouri," the Illinois sought to direct French commerce and proselytization toward themselves and their allies up the Missouri River, like the Osage and Missouria, rather than to see French manet8a (other-than-human power) in the form of trade goods and Christian prayer fall into the hands of their enemies on the lower Mississippi. The Illinois strategy to attract French alliance, commerce, and spiritual power ( manet8a ) may have contributed to the century-long European and Euro-American belief in an expedient Missouri River route from the American Midwest to the Pacific Ocean. By arguing that the Illinois confederacy shaped European newcomers' understanding and perceptions of North America to further their own economic, political, and spiritual goals, this article contributes to the historiography regarding the role played by rumors, falsehoods, and fabrications in early colonial encounters as well as in the European and later Euro-American misunderstanding of the American Midwest's geography.

New Cities in the State of Baghdad, the Late Ottoman Period, Fallujah, as a Model

The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed the administrational organization of the state with the issuance of the Ottoman states law during the reign of Sultan Abdul Aziz Khan (1861-1876) in 1864 and this law was applied in Iraq during the reign of the Governor of Baghdad, Medhat Pasha (1869 - 1872) and new cities were developed such as Nasiriya and Ramadi to form administrative centers, and after Ramadi became a district under the name of the Dulaim district, Fallujah belonged to it. Fallujah has an important strategic location, for this reason a number of human settlements appeared before Islam and they were mentioned in a number of historical documents in the Islamic ages and also during the Ottoman rule and indicated by travelers in the modern era starting from the sixteenth century being the last place on the Euphrates river route Birjik. Fallujah. It seems that this village ceased to exist in the eighteenth century because of the transform the transportation routes, but it returned in the nineteenth century after erecting a moving bridge across the Euphrates and taking it as a rural headquarters for a number of prominent Ottoman figures in Baghdad, such as the Governor of Baghdad, Suleiman Pasha Abu Leila (1749 - 1762) and the lieutenant general Kazem Pasha, leader of the Cavalry group. The research also examines the administrative situation in the city and its transformation to Nahyia in 1899, its military importance, tribal movements, its economic conditions, the importance of the boat bridge in the transportation line between Baghdad, Damascus and Aleppo, and the extension of the telegraph lines,

Incidences and Trend of Marine Accident Fatalities in Various River Routes Connecting the Major Sea Ports of Nigeria

The study investigated the incidences and trends of marine accident fatalities in various river routes connecting the major sea ports in Nigeria. This was necessitated by the various cases of deaths, drop in government revenue and presence of wrecks from abandoned boats and ships in the coastal waters. The cross-sectional survey research design was adopted relying on both primary, secondary data and the use hypothesis to draw conclusions. Primary data was got through acquisition from satellite imageries from the loading and exit point of various river routes and designed questionnaires distributed while secondary data such as accident and disaster occurrence was collected several marine sector regulatory agencies in charge of the marine sector for a period of thirty (30) years (1989 to 2018). The study showed that river route incidence is dependent primarily on the population of the destination route and its frequency of usage. Although, other factors such as poor visibility, channel width and sharp bends, inaccurate meanders and over speeding increased its probability of occurrences. Study also found that areas without alternative transport route experienced high incidences of boat accidents compared to areas with road transport exits that suffer exorbitant fair and proximity challenges. There was no statistically significant relationship between the length of the water route and the frequency of incidence (r=0.006; p>0.05). Hence study recommends that Security agencies in charge of maritime routes should be equipped with modern surveillance gadgets, combatant firearm, and warships to enhance maritime security and other response operations.

Рязанские владения в верховьях Дона «въ верхъ Дону Дубокъ» и Донской путь XIV–XV вв.

The article is devoted to the insufficiently studied issue of the significance and place of the river route along the Don River in the political and economic history of Rus’ in the 14th — 16th centuries. After the 1237–1240 Mongol invasion the traditional river route that connected the lands of Rus’ with the Black Sea region and Byzantium along the Dnieper River fell into decay and was replaced by the Don route. At the mouth of the Don, the Venetian Tana, one of the largest centers of international trade in Eastern Europe, functioned. Navigation along the Don began in the southern lands bordering the steppe of the Grand Duchy of Ryazan. Written sources have preserved the description of two routes through the lands of Ryazan to the Don, one of them is almost entirely riverine, through the upper reaches of the right tributaries of the Oka River to the upper reaches of the left tributary of the Don, the Voronezh River. It is described in the documents of Russia’s foreign relations with Turkey at the beginning of the 16th century. The second route involved overcoming the 140-kilometer distance from the Oka to the upper reaches of the Don by land, and Metropolitan Pimen used it to travel to Constantinople in 1389 A numerous church delegation and an armed detachment were accompanied by heavy ships put on wheels, lowered into the Don at the confluence of the Mokraya Tabola River. At the mouth of the latter there are two large complexes of settlements of the 13th — 14th centuries, which belonged to the Ryazan principality. Apparently, this is the city «to the top of the Don Dubok» belonging to Ryazan, a transshipment point for trade along the Don, known from written sources.

Siberian Transport Communications in the Second Half of the 19th Century: Geopolitical Economy

The article covers the attempts to create a Trans-Siberian waterway, which were made by the government and individual persons in the second half of the 19th century. The ideas on the possibility of connecting Siberian river systems were suggested back in the middle of the 18th century, but due to a number of circumstances these attempts failed to be realized, despite the evident government interest in this issue. Local Siberian merchants came up with an initiative to improve river traffic on Siberian rivers in the middle of the 19th century, but the government did not see a pressing need for it and did not consider it expedient to participate in financing of this and other similar projects that came later. The issue of possible creation of a river route through the whole of Siberia is considered in the article from the perspective of geopolitical economy, which makes it possible to include in the analysis the topic of state authorities’ interest formation in the Siberian river communications. Such an approach is useful for discovering the reasons that prompted the state in the second half of the 19th century to pay attention to the urgency of pulling the space of Siberia and Russia into a single whole, using the Siberian rivers for this purpose. Despite the main disadvantage of these transport arteries - the seasonality, the freight transportation along them could be started rather quickly at minimal cost (compared to the construction of railways or overland tracts). The purpose of this article is to identify the cause-and-effect relationship between the decision of the state on the need for urgent transport development of Siberia and the Far East and the complication of the geopolitical situation in Asia, related to the activity of the main political actors in this region.

Medieval Fortresses of the Margaritovka Basin in Eastern Primorye

Introduction. Studies of ancient fortifications in the Eastern Primorye of Russia in the Margaritovka River basin are conducted for the first time by complex methods: mapping, geophysical characteristics, classification by shape, size, functional purpose.Results. Four fortification sites have been identified: Shcherbakovskoye settlement, Senokosnoe-1 fortification, Margaritovo fortress, Margaritovskaya stone defensive wall. Shcherbakovskoye settlement belongs to the mountain type. It is characterized by a closed configuration of shafts, corner and wall towers, stone-throwing platforms, an inner city, residential estates. Shcherbakovskoye settlement is a gift of the 13 th century period of the state of Eastern Xia. The Senokosnoe-1 fortification belongs to the cape type. It is protected by earthen ramparts and a moat. The fortification is comparable in archaeological material with the Polzevskaya culture of the early Middle Ages. The Margaritovo fortress belongs to the cape type and dates from the post-Bohai period. The Margaritovskaya stone wall is located on the Sikhote-Alin mountain spur. It is equipped with a watchtower. It was built in the Middle Ages. Conclusion. The location of the fortifications and the stone rampart indicate the functioning of a land and river route in the Margaritovka River basin. The road began on the mountain Perevalnaya. The final point of the road was the bay of the Morayak-Ribolov of the Sea of Japan. The entrance to the bay and the mouth of the Margaritovka River was protected by a stone wall with signal towers.

삼국-신라후기 한강 항로의 운용

This study examines the management of the Han River route during Three Kingdoms and Late Silla. When Baekje set out diplomacy with China in full-scale, Baekje went out to the western sea by using the Han River which was adjacent to its capital. And when it transferred the capital to Ungjin, they also used the route to dispatch an envoy. It shows Baekje possessed the south region of the Han River after Hanseong was collapsed.<BR> In the 6th century, Silla succeeded to possess the Han River region and it used the same route in the diplomacy with China. To contact with troops of Tang(唐) which anchored Deokmuldo(德物島) for attack to Baekje in 660, King Muyeol went to Namcheonjeong(南川停) to use the Han River route for furnishing supplies.<BR> To manage the western sea route, several Jin(鎭) units were established in Late Silla. Among these, Hyulgujin(穴口鎭) which was situated at Ganghwa island was a gateway to enter Silla from the western sea and it was connected to the Han River route. That was geopolitically similar with Cheonghaejin(淸海鎭).<BR> Beommoon(梵文) who rose up in rebellion in Yeoju attacked Hansanju(漢山州), which was because he tried to go to Pyeonyang through the Han River and western sea. At that time, it is imposible to use the overland route.<BR> In Late Three Kingdoms period, Gungye occupied villages adjacent to the Han River one after one to retain the Han River route.

Morphological response of the Pussur River, Bangladesh to modern-day dredging: Implications for navigability

Mongla Port is the second gateway of Bangladesh, situated at the bank of the Pussur River some 131 km upstream from the Bay of Bengal. In this study, the available hydrographic survey charts of Pussur River were collected from Mongla Port Authority (MPA) and analyzed to assess the trends of morphological changes at the potential sites. The causes of navigation problems, previous interventions of MPA, dredging history of the river, and effectiveness of dredging was analyzed. It is found that in the upstream portion of the navigation route at the MPA jetty area and its approaches was slightly scour-prone from 2010 to 2013; however, after capital dredging in 2014, the channel was found highly siltation-prone, having a rate of 0.1–0.6 m/year between 2015 and 2017. Before dredging the channel, the Inner bar area (downstream of Mongla Port) did not show any significant change in the bed topography between 2010 and 2013, however, a high backfilling rate (up to 1.5 m/year) was observed after the capital dredging. The channel was sufficiently deep and quite stable from Joymonirgol to Hiron point. The current navigational channel at the outer bar (at the mouth of the river) is silted by 0.1–0.25 m/year. Reduction of upstream flow, numerous shipwrecks at different positions, and human disturbances were identified as the causes behind the navigational problems in the river route.

ТРАНСПОРТНАЯ СЕТЬ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН КАК ОСНОВА ДЛЯ СОЗДАНИЯ КАРБОНОВЫХ ПОЛИГОНОВ С ЦЕЛЬЮ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ

This study presents the prerequisites for the development of artificial hydrocarbons on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The reduction of proven oil reserves, the high cost of hydrocarbons in the market, as well as climate change contribute to the development of renewable energy sources. Thus, in the world, biodiesel production in the United States occupies a leading position after Europe. However, insufficient attention is paid to this production in the Russian Federation. The polarization of petrochemical and oil refining enterprises, especially the fuel sector, may face a short supply of traditional hydrocarbon raw materials – oil in the future, which may lead to a socio-economic decline in the life of the population of this territory. Such territories of the Russian Federation include the Republic of Bashkortostan. At the same time, a developed logistics transport network can contribute to the development of renewable energy sources, which contributes not only to the continuation of the life cycle of petrochemical and oil refining enterprises, but also to the activation of regions' economic growth points. The article provides a detailed analysis of motor transport and railway routes in the region, which shows that the uniformity of the growth of socio-economic development directly depends on the infrastructure, primarily cargo transportation along transport routes. In the article, the author suggests that for the rapid socio-economic development of the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, it is necessary to fully use not only roads and railways, but also the water transport system of the region. So, if examples of creating experimental polygons for the production of artificial hydrocarbons in Buraevsky, Mishkinsky, Baltachevsky, Tatyshlinsky, Yanaulsky, Kaltasinsky regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan were chosen, then the river route can be considered as an effective way for transporting finished products. In addition, in the Askinsky district of the republic, the operation of the oil processing plant of the Oleokemix company was successfully introduced, the goal of which is to become a leader in the republic in terms of crops, a high degree of sharpness of rapeseed oil in Russia. Therefore, the development of a transport network, experimental sites for the production of artificial hydrocarbons in the northwestern direction of the Republic of Bashkortostan, intensive development of industrial energy sources, including biofuels.

Noël Coypel’s educational journey to Rome at the end of 1672 and the beginning of 1673

The aim of this article is to present the circumstances of Noël Coypel’s appointment as rector of the French Academy in Rome and to trace the route of his didactic journey from Paris to Rome with the Prix de Rome scholars entrusted to him. The paper is an attempt to answer the following questions: why a more difficult route through the Alps was chosen (and not, for example, a river and sea route), in what way was the journey educational, and what role did the documents given to Coypel play in securing the expedition.&#x0D; The article is based on an analysis of administrative records during the reign of Louis XIV, lists of superintendents and directors of the French Academy in Rome, accounts of royal buildings, and minutes of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris. The paper uses the analytical method, the comparative method, the synthetic method, source criticism, argumentum ex silentio inference, and the geographical method when discussing the itinerary.&#x0D; Although the trip was purposeful and related to Coypel’s new position, he designed it in such a way as to not so much get to the destination quickly, but to show his students as much as possible. Coypel introduced the royal scholars to masterpieces of painting and sculpture at centers along a route through Dijon, Lyon, Chambéry, the Mont Cenis Pass, Turin, Milan, Bologna and Florence. The crossing of the Alps, though dangerous, was most often chosen because of the artistic reputation of the cities there. The trip was educational at the expense of comfort or safety. Coypel, as a guide and teacher (paidagōgós – παιδαγωγός) led his charges by overseeing their learning during and through the journey. Wandering to the Eternal City was part of a painter’s education (paideía – παιδεία) in the seventeenth century and was part of Coypel’s didactic work allowing young people to be inspired by direct exposure to masterpieces. The journey had an eminently didactic and artistic character, but also an initiatory one, as it gradually initiated and prepared the students for the experience of Rome, the center of artistic life at that time.

How a New Paradigm Explains Topographic Map Drainage System and Erosional Landform Evidence in the Fremont County Royal Gorge Area, Colorado, USA

A new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm (new paradigm) describes massive and prolonged continental ice sheet meltwater floods that eroded the Colorado Royal Gorge area and surrounding regions and which were diverted in east, northeast, and even north directions as uplift of a thick ice sheet created deep &amp;ldquo;hole&amp;rdquo; rim gradually occurred (the thick ice sheet was located where North American ice sheets are usually recognized to have existed). A deep &amp;ldquo;hole&amp;rdquo; rim segment followed what is now the northern and central Colorado east-west continental divide southward to the Arkansas River headwaters area and then continued south along the Sangre de Cristo Mountains crestline to at least the Purgatoire River-Canadian River drainage divide and may have continued east from that point along a less well-defined zone beginning with what is now the Purgatoire River-Canadian River drainage divide. Diverging and converging valley complexes, barbed tributaries, and Arkansas River and other drainage route direction changes (easily seen on United States Geological Survey detailed topographic maps) are interpreted to have developed as the south-oriented floodwaters first flowed across the rising deep &amp;ldquo;hole&amp;rdquo; rim to reach the south- and southeast-oriented Rio Grande River drainage basin and were subsequently blocked by deep &amp;ldquo;hole&amp;rdquo; rim uplift and diverted to flow in east, northeast, and north directions. The accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm) has to date been unable to satisfactorily explain the detailed topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence and the new and accepted paradigms are incommensurable and lead to quite different Cenozoic geologic and glacial histories.

Major reorganization of the Snake River modulated by passage of the Yellowstone Hotspot

ABSTRACT The details and mechanisms for Neogene river reorganization in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains have been debated for over a century with key implications for how tectonic and volcanic systems modulate topographic development. To evaluate paleo-drainage networks, we produced an expansive data set and provenance analysis of detrital zircon U-Pb ages from Miocene to Pleistocene fluvial strata along proposed proto-Snake and Columbia River pathways. Statistical comparisons of Miocene-Pliocene detrital zircon spectra do not support previously hypothesized drainage routes of the Snake River. We use detrital zircon unmixing models to test prior Snake River routes against a newly hypothesized route, in which the Snake River circumnavigated the northern Rocky Mountains and entered the Columbia Basin from the northeast prior to incision of Hells Canyon. Our proposed ancestral Snake River route best matches detrital zircon age spectra throughout the region. Furthermore, this northerly Snake River route satisfies and provides context for shifts in the sedimentology and fish faunal assemblages of the western Snake River Plain and Columbia Basin through Miocene–Pliocene time. We posit that eastward migration of the Yellowstone Hotspot and its effect on thermally induced buoyancy and topographic uplift, coupled with volcanic densification of the eastern Snake River Plain lithosphere, are the primary mechanisms for drainage reorganization and that the eastern and western Snake River Plain were isolated from one another until the early Pliocene. Following this basin integration, the substantial increase in drainage area to the western Snake River Plain likely overtopped a bedrock threshold that previously contained Lake Idaho, which led to incision of Hells Canyon and establishment of the modern Snake and Columbia River drainage network.

Re-distributing the field outlets for irrigation networks within the new growth cities: The Central District of Kerbala city as example

Generally, the rivers in both the natural and lined form use the open-section system to carry water, either for distribution or conveyance purposes. With time and depreciation effect, this system needs to be change or modify to become more indirectly suitable with growth of cities, and specially with transformation of land use from agricultural to residential. The present paper aims to reach a proper decision to re-distribute the field outlets for a part of AliHneidiyah river in Karbala city, Republic of Iraq, for the distance between stations (0+000) and (4+000), to choose between keeping up the current number of outlets or reduce them to a certain, actually used one. For this study, the cadastral maps were used as a reference to determine the agricultural areas served by the river during its route within the study area, and geographic information system to monitor the change in the nature of these areas represented by gradual transformation from agricultural to residential purpose, by using of satellite images for four different years, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016. The results of this study showed a great reduction in the agricultural areas on both sides of the chosen length of river route by a percentage of 88%, which leads to change location and specifications of the remain, actually used outlets. In addition, use the whole section for conveyance purposes to protect the water quality. This study showed that the geographic information system is a good and helpful technique for evaluation and make decisions of water related subjects.

RESEARCH OF THE CHRONICLE SETTLEMENT OF CHERNOBYL IN 2004—2020. RESUME, RESULTS AND PROSPECTS

Chernobyl was mentioned in Ipatievsky Chronicle in the 1193 for the first time. In 2003 the location of the chronicles Chernobyl was identified by archaeological research. During 2004—2020 the area of 360 m2 was excavated, another 30 m2 was partly explored and inhibited. As a result of the works the cultural layer since the late Stone Age till the modern times has been found. The cultural layer of the pre-chronicle period of Old Rus Chernobyl from the end of the tenth century is fixed. More than 300 archaeological objects, many artifacts and fauna remains were found. There the considerable number of artifacts of the «city» type is represented: martial arrowheads, locks and keys, the elements of horse harness, pieces of window-sill, stylus, a huge number of decorations of glass and metal. About 50 % of osteological remains belong to the wild animals such as taurus, bear, deer. Such findings make it possible to consider Chernobyl confidently the border fortress with an urban lifestyle, founded not later the late tenth century by the end of the eleventh century. It became the important and probably the main fortified outpost of the Northern Kyiv region which controlled the river route to Kyiv from the North.&#x0D; In the last years of the excavations of settlement the task was to find fortifications and study them. As a result, in 2017 at the most likely location of Old Rus defensive structures, the double moat of the XI—XII centuries was recorded.&#x0D; As a result of exploration on the territory of modern Chernobyl and in its outskirts in 2016—2020 two settlements of the XI—XII centuries and four localities of Old Rus ceramics were found. In 2020 during the study of the Lelev settlement the cultural layer of the twelveth century was recorded.&#x0D; In the close future it is necessary to recognize the structure of fortifications and take the necessary activities to protect the chronicle archaeological point.

ГЕОГРАФИЯ МУЗЕЕВ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МУЗЕЙНОГО ТУРИЗМА В САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Due to the growing socio-cultural significance and economic activity, museums are arousing research interest of specialists from various scientific fields. Close interaction of museum organizations with the tourism and recreation sphere gives relevance to research into the role that modern museum forms play in the formation of certain types of tourism, into regional features of museum placement, the impact that museums have on the economy and spatial organization of territories. A comprehensive study of the regional set of museums and the museum tourism development in the Samara region shows that the current state of museums, the lack of major museum destinations and funding for new high attractions do not allow the region to compete successfully for cruise tourists and in the framework of the interregional tourist project The Great Volga River Route. In the placement of Samara museums, one can trace the influence of agglomeration processes occurring in the region. This is manifested both in the concentration of museum activities in the center of the agglomeration and in the weak use of museum resources, growing risks of losing monuments on the boundaries. Under the existing conditions, the creation of new museum offers and the development of museum tourism in the Samara region is supposed to involve the following: the use of positive effects of agglomeration and overcoming of infrastructure constraints; increased readiness to compete on the basis of clustering and transfer of modern museum technologies from the central federal museums represented in Samara to regional museums, and from those to municipal and rural ones; innovative search for effective development models, integrated solutions and financing mechanisms.

Decision of The Hydraulic State of Rivers within Growth Cities using GIS: Al-Hneidiyah River as Example

Generally, the rivers in both the natural and lined form use the open-section system to carry water, either for distribution or conveyance purposes. With time and depreciation effect, this system needs to be changed or modified to become more indirectly suitable with cities' growth, especially with the transformation of land use from agricultural to residential. The present paper aims to reach a proper decision to select the best hydraulic section for a part of Al-Hneidiyah river in Karbala city by determining the remain agricultural lands within the study area, for the distance between stations (0+000) and (4+000), to choose between keeping up the currently open section or change, (modify), it to a closed conduit. For this study, the cadastral maps were used as a reference to determine the agricultural areas served by the river during its route within the study area, and geographic information system to monitor the change like these areas represented by a gradual transformation from agricultural to residential purpose, by using of satellite images for four different years, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016. The results of this study showed a significant recession in the agricultural areas on both sides of the chosen length of river route by a percentage of 13.45%, which leads to an urgent need to change or modify the flow system from opened to closed and use it only for conveyance purposes to protect the water quality and water shares. The geographic information system is a good and helpful technique for evaluation and makes water-related subjects decisions by giving a clear vision of the studied problem.