River Stone Research Articles

Prunus Avium

Prunus Avium Rosemary Rhodes Royston (bio) Graceful eating it is not— you must have muscle, desire an adroit tongue that twists and slides the pit to one side as teeth separate sweet meat. Do you spit before or after summer explodes in your mouth? The contemplative strips every flesh-bit from the pit, until as smooth as a river stone while fingertips seek the firmest in the bowl ever thankful for the fleshy drupe and its staining juice. [End Page 123] Rosemary Rhodes Royston Rosemary Rhodes Royston, author of Splitting the Soil (Finishing Line Press, 2014), resides in northeast Georgia. Her poetry has been published in journals such as Southern Poetry Review, NANO Fiction, The Comstock Review, Main Street Rag, Coal Hill Review, Flycatcher, Still: The Journal, Town Creek Review, and Alehouse. Copyright © 2015 Berea College

English

Monoliths and stone circles are found in many places in the world. Information about their existence has been characterized by contrasting historical and anthropological explanations. The cultural value of monoliths and stone circles has attracted a wide array of experts and groups: historians, mathematicians, anthropologists, archeologist, culture seeking consumers, etc. The Cross River Stone Circles is one of the popular tourist in the State, Unfortunately, very little has been done in promoting the tourism value of this cultural attraction. This study seeks to gain sight into the nature and critical issues that would increase stakeholders’ attention toward the Cross River Stone Circles. This study adopted an integrated research approach; exploratory and observational. The Emangabe Stone Circle was used as case study. This study has produced interpretative maps for tourist education, marketing communication collateral and inventory of the stones in the Emangebe Stone Circle. The researchers believed that the outcome of the study will bring added value, thereby increasing the marketing performance of the cultural and heritage site. Key words: Monoliths, stone circles, ethnography, cultural value, heritage site, geo-mapping.

Where the wisents roam

Where the wisents roam

Biserica evanghelică din Saschiz, jud. Mureş. Cercetări arheologice (I)

Localitatea Saschiz (Keisd, Sászkézd vára) se află în partea de sud-est a Transilvaniei, în zona de colonizare săsească, originile sale medievale fiind de căutat în secolele XI– XII. Prima menţiune documentară datează din 1309, iar în secolele XIV– XV era o localitate de importanţă regională, comparabilă în multe situaţii cu Sighişoara. Biserica evanghelică a fost construită în stil gotic târziu în intervalul 1493– 1525, originalitatea ei fiind dată de proiectul arhitectural care a inclus de la început componentele necesare unei duble funcţiuni, biserică şi în acelaşi timp fortificaţie care poate asigura refugiul şi apărarea eficientă a locuitorilor în cazul unui pericol neaşteptat. Biserica este alcătuită dintr-o sală de dimensiuni mari, un cor alungit încheiat cu o absidă poligonală şi o sacristie pe partea de nord, alipită corului şi supraetajată, astfel încât din exterior are aspectul unui mic turn – toate acestea suprapuse de un etaj de apărare ieşit în consolă şi sprijinit pe contraforturi. Un turn fortificat este amplasat pe latura de nord, la cca 10 m distanţă de biserică. Cercetarea arheologică s-a derulat în contextul deschiderii unui şantier de restaurare în intervalul 1999– 2010, fiind concentrată pe suprafeţe relativ restrânse în exteriorul bisericii, în interiorul turnului şi în interiorul corului. Articolul prezintă cercetările efectuate asupra bisericii, urmând ca investigaţiile din zona turnului, cimitirul şi materialele arheologice descoperite să fie publicate ulterior. Cercetarea arheologică a stabilit că biserica formată din navă, cor alungit încheiat cu absidă pentagonală şi sacristie pe latura de nord, a fost construită într-o singură etapă, inclusiv contraforturile fiind prevăzute în proiectul iniţial. În jurul bisericii s-a dezvoltat un cimitir din care au fost cercetate peste 30 de morminte. Deşi săpăturile au fost relativ restrânse, putem concluziona că nu a existat un lăcaş de cult mai vechi pe acelaşi amplasament. Niciun fel de vestigii care să poată fi legate de o astfel de etapă nu au fost identificate, prin vestigii înţelegând ruine, depuneri stratigrafice, cimitir aferent sau artefacte care să poată documenta o astfel de prezenţă. Literatura de specialitate mai veche a susţinut constant o astfel de evoluţie, în care vechea biserică a comunităţii săseşti, probabil o bazilică din secolul al XII-lea, a fost suprapusă mai mult sau mai puţin direct de biserica sală fortificată de la sfârşitul secolului al XV-lea. O astfel de teorie a fost susţinută de prezenţa unui mic lapidariu în interiorul bisericii, de refolosirea unor pietre profilate în clădirea gotică, şi desigur de faptul că în mod firesc lucrurile au evoluat în acest fel în majoritatea comunităţilor săseşti din sudul Transilvaniei, între bisericile din diferite etape conservându-se o continuitate spaţială. La Saschiz realităţile constatate arheologic nu confirmă însă un astfel de scenariu, fiind evident faptul că biserica romanică a funcţionat pe un alt amplasament, împreună cu cimitirul aferent, rămas probabil până la Reformă cimitir principal al comunităţii.

Crossing the river stone by stone: developing an expanded school mental health network in post-quake Sichuan

This paper chronicles and consolidates my personal experience and professional journey in China in the past one year after the 512 Sichuan earthquake erupted on 12 May 2008.Several summer children projects I helped to organize had evolved into an expanded school mental health network. As I critically reflect on the pertinent issues in developing professional school social work practice in Sichuan, I shall also outline the challenges and opportunities of relief work in China's context, drawing from the systems perspective. Maximizing available local resources and facilitating the natural development of support network seems to be a useful approach in disaster recovery work. Furthermore, the need for professionals, especially outsiders, to be respectful and be culturally sensitive is valuable.

The devil's topographer: Ambrose Bierce and the American war story

H. L. Mencken wrote in 1927 that Ambrose Bierce was the first writer of fiction ever to treat war realistically. This realism was based in large part on his experiences as a Union soldier in the Civil War. First as an infantryman and then a cartographer, Bierce was a veteran of epic battles: Shiloh, Chickamauga, Stone's River, and Pickett's Mill, among others. While many critics have noted a strong link between Bierce's military career and his literary work, none have traced this connection in great detail. In this provocative new book, David M. Owens shows how Bierce's involvement in the war specifically influenced his fiction. By identifying and examining the actual terrain in which Bierce's stories are set in conjunction with his militaryexperience and the historical record, this study demonstrates that the storiesdocument Bierce's personal pilgrimage through the conflict and contends that thematic concerns in them reflect his development as a soldier rather than as a writer. Owens considers Bierce's twenty-two war stories chronologically according to the time of the action of the Arranging the pieces in such an order andplotting the locations of their settings yield an accurate chart of Bierce's own progress through the war. Thus, The Devil's Topographer uncovers and explores a crucially important autobiographical context in Bierce's Civil War fiction. By bringing under careful scrutiny the biography, history, and geography of Bierce's settings, a geography never wholly fictional but seldom entirely factual, the book analyzes the variety of techniques that Bierce employs to create the verisimilitude and reader complicity that are characteristic of his best work. Owens breaks new ground by demonstrating the importance of considering the testimony of landscape, or the input of the physical world. The Devil's Topographer explores the wider implications of Bierce's contribution to war short fiction and the significance of the war story as a subgenre in American literature. This innovative volume is a significant contribution to the body of literary commentary on Ambrose Bierce and to the study of the development of the American short story.

Effect of Media Grain Shape on Particle Straining during Filtration

This paper investigates how straining mechanisms of angular media (crushed limestone) provide improved filtration performance compared to rounded media (river stone). Columns of granular media were set in resin, sectioned, photographed, and digitized to produce a three-dimensional model of pore space geometry. This process was repeated for four filter media, each representing different grain shapes or packing densities. From measured pore throat distributions, a stepwise particle movement model was used to estimate the maximum volume of particles that could be stored in the bulk of the filter media. The results showed that the more angular the media, the wider the range of particle sizes that could be strained in the bulk of the filter. The stepwise model was applied only to individual particles; trapping of colloidal particles was not considered. However, when individual particles are too small to be strained, the same pore throat trapping contributes to the physical capture of avalanches and flocculates. Thus the findings of this work are relevant to deep bed filtration applications where headloss results from straining, such as storm-water best management practices or soil filters.

Little Phil: A Reassessment of the Civil War Leadership of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan (review)

Reviewed by: Little Phil: A Reassessment of the Civil War Leadership of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan William Marvel Little Phil: A Reassessment of the Civil War Leadership of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. By Eric J. Wittenberg. (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, Inc., 2002. Pp. xxi, 250. Cloth, $24.95.) The two best-known cavalry commanders in the eastern theater of the Civil War, J. E. B. Stuart and Phil Sheridan, both seemed to enjoy considerable professional and historiographical luck, and neither appears to have entirely merited the exalted professional reputation he gained in life or death. Stuart still awaits a truly critical analysis, but Eric Wittenberg's reassessment of Sheridan pares him down to size at last, offering not only a well-deserved denunciation of his deplorable personal traits but a scathing indictment of his performance as a soldier. The book focuses on the period between Sheridan's rise from company rank to his "finest moment" in the Appomattox campaign, with the preponderance of the text devoted to his single year with the Army of the Potomac. The first of the seven chapters encapsulates Sheridan's career in introductory fashion, but five of the other six chapters wear pejorative titles or subtitles that sound like the specifications of a court martial, and Wittenberg—an attorney, as it happens—presents the case against Sheridan precisely as though it were a legal brief. Like most such contributions to the arena of adversarial argument, Wittenberg's evidence seems one-sided and occasionally belabored, but most of it survives examination against the existing body of laudatory literature. Wittenberg begins by complimenting Sheridan for the 1862 fight at Booneville, Mississippi, where he won his brigadier's star, and for a good defensive performance at Stone's River, but that is about all the praise he offers until the final campaign. Wittenberg faults Sheridan for repeated disobedience of orders that Sheridan (and his biographers) usually characterized as misunderstandings, and indeed those "misunderstandings" arose often enough to suggest willfulness by their very frequency. In this book Sheridan bears the blame for initiating the needless and indecisive battle of Perryville, and for abandoning the field of Chickamauga in the company of his army commander. He redeemed himself at Chattanooga, but only through insubordination: his unilateral decision to assault Missionary Ridge caught [End Page 342] his corps and army commanders unprepared, and succeeded only because of circumstances that Sheridan could probably not have predicted. Such uncooperative recklessness ruined many a general, but Sheridan was one of those who, by sheer chance rather than any extraordinary ability, profited from it. That random fortune, and a willingness to flagrantly distort the record into flattering form at any cost, combined to propel his reputation. Sheridan's luck included the attraction of patrons like Ulysses Grant, who infallibly rewarded and protected him like an indulgent father with a spoiled child, and Wittenberg's sharp criticism of Grant's favoritism forms another valuable feature of this work. One impression comes clear: Sheridan's career would have ended in short order had he ever served as the subordinate of someone so hypocritically demanding as himself. Wittenberg finds little to admire about Sheridan's career as the head of cavalry in the Army of the Potomac, or as commander of the Army of the Shenandoah. Throughout 1864 he hoarded the credit for victories won through the plans and achievements of his subordinates, blaming all his failures on others, and all the while he obstinately ignored orders from headquarters. Sheridan's greed for glory probably motivated his removal of Gouverneur K. Warren from command of the Fifth Corps at the moment of victory at Five Forks—the crowning shame for which Sheridan most deserves to be remembered. Like others over whom Sheridan lorded his authority, Warren suffered the unjust destruction of his career, and all efforts to clear his name collided with the same clique of western generals who shielded each other in disputes with their eastern counterparts. Even after a court of inquiry belatedly acquitted Warren after long and detailed study of the matter, William T. Sherman dismissed the findings in his capacity as general-in-chief, insisting that he felt Sheridan had been "perfectly justified...

Treatment for small polluted rivers: Design and performance of an experimental structure

In view of the economic reality of developing countries, it will not be possible to build all the necessary wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) needed to control the pollution of their rivers in the next 20 years. Therefore, low-cost alternative technologies must be developed to restore the water quality of polluted rivers. It is well-known that the self-purification cycle in nature uses several biotic and abiotic processes to restore polluted water to its former pristine quality. This cycle has been surpassed in many rivers due to continuous discharges of wastewater into them. A low-cost structure that will enhance the water quality in small polluted rivers is proposed and can be constructed in situ, based on three conditions: Disruption of plug flow, flow velocity and support material for bacterial growth. The design of the experimental stage of this structure can control slope, water flow, length, support material and the number of locks. Two 175m-long experimental models were constructed; both models were filled with crushed, washed and screened 10 to 12 mm diameter river stone. A mixture of primary and secondary effluents from a WWTP was used to test the models, with a chemical oxygen demand of COD ≈50 and 100 mg•l-1 respectively. For a uniform 0.5% slope, the maximum flows achieved were 27 and 30 l•min-1 with and without locks. The system worked efficiently breaking the plug flow, mixing the water flow and allowing stable aerobic microbial communities of 5.58 and 8.86 log UFC•g-1, and COD reductions ranging from 90.27 to 555.2 mg•min-1 depending on the pollutant concentration. Key words: freshwater contaminants, self-purification, alternative technology, microbial communities Water SA Vol.31(1) 2005: 101-106

Jefferson Davis in Blue: The Life of Sherman's Relentless Warrior. By Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr. and Gordon D. Whitney. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. xx, 475 pp. $49.95, ISBN 0-8071-2777-9.)

The ironic coincidence by which the Union general Jefferson Columbus Davis bore the same first and last names as the Confederate president provides the basis for the title of this excellent biography. Jefferson C. Davis served with credit in the Mexican war and was subsequently commissioned directly into the regular army as a second lieutenant. He served in the First Artillery and was part of the garrison of Fort Sumter when Confederates opened fire on it in April 1861. After his return from Sumter, Davis helped Indiana governor Oliver P. Morton raise and organize troops and then took the field himself in command of a brigade. He subsequently performed capably at the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone's River, and Chickamauga, rising to command a division. During the Atlanta campaign, Davis especially distinguished himself in the capture of Rome, Georgia, and in his successful attack at the battle of Jonesborough. He commanded the Fourteenth Corps in the march to the sea and the Carolinas campaign. After the war he became the first commander of the Military Division of Alaska. Transferred back to the states, he served ably in the Modoc war and died of pneumonia in 1879.

Aboriginalizing methodology: Considering the canoe

ama sqit nilhsten skwatsits tsexox welcome to the sound of running water ideo morphic ortho graphies welcome to conversations of stone river earth sky this canoe tsexox missing a few glottal stops welcomes you ®rst a caution even to the best swimmers treaders oaters logholders it would be advisable that while we are in motion that you not stand up as we journey to lake stream river ocean sky stars language spirit world

AT KBAL SPEAN

‘Eyes filled and deserted by divinity, that is our condition.’1 ‘What remains to be said.’2 The source of the Siem Riep River, which traverses the site of Angkor in Kampuchea, originates some thirty kilometres north east of the Bayon, in the Kulen Mountains. At Kbal Spean, the river passes under a natural rock bridge, and over a waterfall, before continuing on past the temple of Bantea Srei, into the plain of Angkor. Kbal Spean means ‘bridge head.’ Alongside the bridge, Vishnu appears on a rock face, reclining to give birth to Brahma from a lotus growing out of his navel. On the stone river bed are innumerable grids of lingams, oriented to the cardinal directions. At the ‘River of 1000 Lingams,’ the source, which irrigates and inseminates the plain of Angkor, washes over and is washed by its passage over these surfaces. There is a scholarship concerned with interpreting the sacred precinct as an incorporation, localisation, and representation of divinity. This scholarship persists, but persists in exhaustion: that is to say, everything has always-already been said, we are always-already without words. The gods have abandoned their places—Heidegger, who also held that the temple represents or portrays (Vorstellen) nothing recognised the possibility3—and yet we are not without the opportunity of a thinking. This condition -‘the death of God’, the apriori condition of modernity—is not an event of closure. Rather, in the ‘death of God,’ and in the midst of this exhausted scholarship, we are initiated into this experience, this encounter—God presents himself in and as his very abstention. What might Kbal Spean signify today? What might it mean for a generation of Khmers, raised in the violence of a recent past? What might it represent to a generation of scholars, raised in the shadow of the École Française d'Extrême Orient? Working across Heidegger, Nancy, Blanchot and Agamben, this text explores the contours of a possible thinking writing and speaking about the sacred, about sacred places and about sacred architecture—that is to say, a possible scholarship of exhaustion in which nothing remains to be said.

Crossing the river stone by stone: approaches for residential risk assessment for consumers

Consumer products may contain constituents that warrant a risk analysis if they raise toxicological concern. Risk assessments are performed a priori, e.g. for pesticides and biocides, and a posteriori, to diagnose risks of contaminants. An overview is presented of residential exposure assessment and risk characterization. For exposure assessment, predictive models are used to estimate exposure concentrations. The available data on product use are used to quantify the intensity of exposure. Often, both exposure concentration and product use show high variability. Worst case assessments cope with variability and uncertainty in data poor situations by selecting ‘worst case’ values for exposures and exposure factors. Probabilistic models may be used to quantify and model variability and uncertainty when appropriate data is available. The Margin Of Safety approach to characterize risk is discussed. Many biocides handled by consumers are used now and then and (sub)acute exposure and toxicology will be most relevant. Users and children are generally seen as critical groups during the application and post-application phases of exposure, respectively. Still, the diversity of consumer products requires consideration of the merits of each case. We conclude that residential risk assessment is still searching for methods, data and models. Probabilistic methods appear to be useful tools, but a major challenge is to integrate them in regulatory frameworks.

Crossing the river stone by stone: approaches for residential risk assessment for consumers

Consumer products may contain constituents that warrant a risk analysis if they raise toxicological concern. Risk assessments are performed a priori, e.g. for pesticides and biocides, and a posteriori, to diagnose risks of contaminants. An overview is presented of residential exposure assessment and risk characterization. For exposure assessment, predictive models are used to estimate exposure concentrations. The available data on product use are used to quantify the intensity of exposure. Often, both exposure concentration and product use show high variability. Worst case assessments cope with variability and uncertainty in data poor situations by selecting ‘worst case’ values for exposures and exposure factors. Probabilistic models may be used to quantify and model variability and uncertainty when appropriate data is available. The Margin Of Safety approach to characterize risk is discussed. Many biocides handled by consumers are used now and then and (sub)acute exposure and toxicology will be most relevant. Users and children are generally seen as critical groups during the application and post-application phases of exposure, respectively. Still, the diversity of consumer products requires consideration of the merits of each case. We conclude that residential risk assessment is still searching for methods, data and models. Probabilistic methods appear to be useful tools, but a major challenge is to integrate them in regulatory frameworks.

A Heritage of Woe: The Civil War Diary of Grace Brown Elmore, 1861-1868 (review)

BOOK REVIEWS87 Squier's letters contain the usual laments about mail service, high prices, loneliness, and boredom, but they also have nice individual touches. He does not shy away from dealing with the carnage of battle and wryly refers to the regimental surgeon as "Instent death" (6). Although Squier claims "we are not allowed to write the particulars about battle," his own letters belie this assertion . The lengthy report on Shiloh and his superb account of Stone's River nicely combine vivid detail with sensitive reflection. His candor is refreshing. At Stone's River, for example, he notes that the 44th ran and even admits stripping some of the Rebel dead. For students of nineteenth-century political culture, Squier presents the paradox of a man with limited education—at least in spelling—who nevertheless was keenly interested in public questions. He was an ardent abolitionist with a great reverence for the Constitution. A deeply religious man who claimed to be one of only four in his company to abjure swearing. Squier saw an intimate connection between God's will and the Republic's fate. For him, the Confederacy represented rebellion against the creator as well as against the government . Paying close attention to the election of 1864, he railed against George B. McClellan and Copperheads and saw Abraham Lincoln as the "Saviour of our nation." Ridiculing the whole idea of Southern honor, he dismissed Robert E. Lee as nothing but a traitor. Despite Squier's strong antislavery sentiments, his postwar letters revealed a chastened idealism including states rights objections to Black suffrage. Like any good collection of letters, this one offers some unusual details. For example, Squier encountered a patriotic East Tennessee woman bedecked in a garish outfit ofred, white, and blue. He reports the desertion ofKentucky troops after the appearance of the final Emancipation Proclamation and considered William S. Rosecrans a much better general than William T Sherman. The arrests of a few soldiers for rejoicing over Lincoln's assassination receives detailed attention. This well-edited volume will enhance any Civil War collection. But then this is true of all the volumes in the University of Tennessee Press's Voices of the Civil War series—clearly one of most valuable publishing projects in the Civil War field. George C. Rable University of Alabama A Heritage of Woe: The Civil War Diary of Grace Brown Elmore, 1861-1868. Edited by Marii F. Weiner. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997. Pp. xlviii, 225. $40.00.) The publication of another Confederate diary suggests that scholars have not yet exhausted the rich manuscript collections of libraries and archives throughout the South. Marii Weiner, who teaches at the University of Maine, discovered 88CIVIL WAR HISTORY Grace Brown Elmore's compelling diary at the South Caroliniana Library several years ago and has provided a judiciously edited version here. This heart-wrenching, extremely personal journal does not lend itself to easy reading. Grace Elmore, twenty-one years old when the Civil War began, was the ninth of twelve children in a distinguished, privileged South Carolina family . Much of the first half of her diary is intensely introspective as she wrestles with her faith and how to lead a Christian life. Family relationships were difficult for her, and she relates numerous quarrels and misunderstandings with her mother and siblings. Elmore also felt trapped by her personal circumstances. Though she craved independence from her family, she complained of the responsibilities that accompanied it when facing poverty and working for a living after the war ended. One of the most compelling accounts in Elmore's diary is her detailed description of Sherman's attack on Columbia. While family members fled the city as the Yankees neared, Elmore and her mother remained in the city to try to protect their family home. The gradual approach of the enemy, the marauding Union soldiers who burned and looted, and Elmore's loathing of these invaders make fascinating reading. She detestedYankees, at one point writing, "My God! that such a race should blot the earth" (73). Another interesting portion of the diary is Elmore's response to life after the War, which confirms many assumptions about Southern White women. She struggled with the...

The North American Sketches of R. B. Cunningham Graham ed. by John Walker

76 Western American Literature As he concluded this autobiography’swriting, already in his mid-nineties, Jackson observed that his long life embraced the Mexican War, the War of the Secession, the War with Spain, World War I, and the beginning of another war: altogether an extraordinary century in which to be alive. His life (1843— 1942] also paralleled the first hundred years of photography, from the daguer­ reotype to 35mm cameras and color film. Just as his life was marked by acceptance of and participation in changes in national events, he also adapted readily to changing technology in his profession. As a young photographer for the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey party to the Yellowstone region, Jackson spent from 1870-1879 accom­ panying these survey parties in the Rocky Mountains, making over 2000 images of the Yellowstone region, the Colorado mountains, and the newly discovered Mesa Verde. He was the first person to photograph most of these landscapes. During Ferdinand V. Hayden’s survey through Yellowstone, Jackson was in the company of the English painter Thomas Moran, official artist for the party. They learned from each other. In this expedition Jackson compiled his most impressive record of an area, transporting photographic equipment weighing nearly 300 pounds by mule or horse, loading and unloading for each picture, and developing each plate in a portable darkroom. His brief mention of the physical energy required for such operations shames today’s trekker who leaves behind as “too heavy” his Olympic 35mm. Jackson and Moran’s portfolios of watercolors and photographs moved Congress to enact the law setting aside the Yellowstone region as a national park. Though Jackson made many subsequent trips and covered a large part of the globe, eventually accumulating 80,000 photographs, nothing he did before or after left the impression on America’s sensibilities as the Hayden expedition up the Yellow­ stone River and down to Jackson Lake. Jackson’s title refers deftly both to his long professional career and to his ready involvement in strenuous promotion of the West. His account is modest and far too brief. He presents himself as a craftsman of growing skill, recep­ tive to advances in his profession, cheerfully opportunistic, subject to rising and falling fortunes, and successful in ways he could not have predicted at the outset. CORALIE BEYERS Utah State University The North American Sketches of R. B. Cunningham Graham. Edited by John Walker. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1986. 145 pages, £12.50 hard­ back, £7.50 paperback.) Beginning in 1878 a young Scottish laird and his bride spent two adven­ ture-filled years in the American Southwest and Mexico. The prose sketches Reviews 77 of R. B. Cunningham Graham and also one by his twenty-year-old wife, Gabrielle, are fascinating reading. For example, “Three Letters on the Indian Question,” “A Chihuahueno,” and “The Waggon-Train” are sketches that reveal that Graham and his wife were keen observers of the exploitation of the American Indians, aware of the racial and religious tensions between the Mexicans and the “gringos,” and intimately involved in the joys and pains of overland travel from Texas to Mexico City. Graham’sview of mankind ishumanitarian, progressive, and enlightened. His sketches reveal a mind that goes beyond stereotypes and simple travelogue writing. Graham in his lifetime wrote over thirty collections of travel literature over a period of forty years. These sketches have been edited by ProfessorJohn Walker in order to present Graham’s youthful impressions of the borderland from 1879 to 1881. The editor’s forward, critical introduction, prefaces to each sketch, footnotes, bibliography and glossary add rich background and detail to the book. Graham’s sketches present an early and unique view of the region and presage in many ways some of the observations of later European writings such as D. H. Lawrence’s Mornings in Mexico or B. Traven’s Land Des Fruhlings. ROBERT B. OLAFSON Eastern Washington University The Indians of Puget Sound: The Notebooks of Myron Eells. Edited with an Introduction by George Pierre Castile. (Seattle and Walla Walla: University of Washington Press and Whitman College, 1986. 496 pages, $40.00.) The publication of this book is over one hundred years late. The...

A tale of two cities: the hidden battle against venereal disease in Civil War Nashville and Memphis.

MAJOR EVENTS and names in Tennessee's Civil War history are well known and well chronicled. Dramatic stories of Shiloh and Stone River and exciting war-time biographies of Rosencrans, Forrest, and Bragg have monopolized scholars' and readers' attentions. Until recently, however, very little attention has been paid to the medical and social aspects of Tennessee's Civil War experience. As Patricia La Pointe has recognized: One contigency poorly prepared for .. .was medical care.1 Both Nashville and Memphis became important centers for logistical, supply, and medical activities during the conflict, and both cities were occupied by the United States Army. Where soldiers collected it was nearly axi- omatic that prostitutes would collect as well. Certainly, the problem presented by prostitution and disease was not planned for by the army, and it became a problem of major significance in Nashville and Memphis. According to official medical records, venereal diseases were associated with intemperence in the conditions which favored their causa- tion. Incidence was higher troops stationed in the vicinity of cities than among those on active service. Increases in the disease rate during the war corresponded with the additions of fresh levies of troops and the returns of furloughed veterans. In total there were 73,382 cases of syphilis, and 109,397 cases of gonorrhea reported among white soldiers in the Union Army resulting in 82 cases per 1,000 men. Among black troops, 34 cases per 1,000 for syphilis, and 44 per 1,000 for gonorrhea

Stones River: Bloody Battle in Tennessee (review)

BOOK REVIEWS appear in the works of Richard Sewell, Joseph Rayback, and Frederick Blue. Frederick J. Blue Youngstown State University Stones River: Bloody Battle in Tennessee. By James Lee McDonough. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980. Pp. xiv, 271. $14.50.) It is nearly a century since Alexander F. Stevenson pubUshed his Battle of Stone's River, and but for pamphlets and occasional articles since, that is the last word that we have had on the New Year's battle in middle Tennessee. It has deserved more, says James L. McDonough, author of this new treatment of the engagement, and indeed it does. The battle itself was a peculiar affair, fought in pieces and largely mismanaged by both Union and Confederate commanders. Certainly there was no clear-cut victor or vanquished in the fight itself, but the withdrawal of Braxton Bragg and his Confederates signaled thathe was unwilling to fight any more, and thatlefttheUnionwithamuch-needed success. It helped salve somewhat the painful memory of the Yankee debacle at Fredericksburg only a few days before, and despite his later failures as a commander in thefield, GeneralWilUam S. Rosecrans never lost the esteem and friendship of President Lincoln for giving him "a hard-earned victory, which, had there been a defeat instead, the nation could scarcely have lived over." McDonough has already produced a well-receivedvolumeon Shiloh, and, as a Tennesseean, his interest in Stones River comes to him naturally. So, too, does a well-displayed knowledge of the field itself and of the characters who fought over it in those cold December and January days. The likable, humorous, rather sympathetic nature of Rosecrans comes through, even while he fought a hesitating and poorly planned action. And the pathetic Braxton Bragg, consumed by his own fears and paranoias, unable to face responsibility for his acts, is here as well. McDonough touches only briefly upon Bragg's war against his own generals in the days after the battle, but it is enough to provide a good picture of a classic scapegoat hunt. McDonough is happily judicious in his conclusions about the battle. There are a few pages of unprofitable"what ifs" that areperhaps better left to the realm of informal discussion over a convivial glass than inserted in a scholarly volume. Yet, they are followed by a commendable reserve in judgment on the battle as a whole. McDonough resists admirably the universal temptation to claim more importance for his subject than it warrants. Indeed, he declares that most ofits participants were left wondering what, if anything, they had accomplished. After all, the Federals only won control ofa few more miles of middle Tennessee. With losses equal between the two armies, neither gained much by what 90CIVIL WAR HISTORY it inflicted upon its foe. Bragg's army was still at large and, indeed, would sting Rosecrans once more at Chickamauga and end his career. The greatest significance of Stones River, then, was simply that "the Federal army had prevented a Confederate victory at a time when the Union cause could hardly stand another defeat." And that alone was enough. Confederate morale in Tennessee took a deep dive, a direction vastly enhanced by thewar thatBraggpromptly began to wage upon his own generals. Within the high command of the Army of Tennessee, the repercussions of Stones River were heard for more than a year after the guns stopped. It began the demoralization and disintegration of a great army from within and gave a loss-weary Lincoln a New Year's win in what would be a year of victories, 1863. William C. Davis Civil War Times Illustrated Victims, A True Story of the CivilWar. ByPhillip S. Paludan. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981. Pp. xvi, 144. $11.95.) Phillip Paludan has combined the findings of the social sciences with an exercise in la petite histoire to create an intriguing study. From his base point, the massacre of thirteen Unionist mountaineers atShelton Laurel, North Carolina, the author expands the investigation to embrace larger issues, such as the impact of the Civil War on small communities, the causation and characteristics of guerrilla warfare, and the forces underlying human perversity. Faced with a scarcity of primary material, Paludan turns...

More Landmarks of Tennessee History (review)

book reviews359 ing to read a well conceived edited work which holds one's interest and, in the language of today's students, is "relevant." Ruchames' Racial Thought in America is more than a group of articles quickly tossed together. In brief, the selections are designed to "illustrate the diverse conflicts and problems at stake in American race relations and racial thought" and to present "a balance of historical views on the subject." The more than seventy-odd readings vividly catalog the ideas of a cross section of the American populace from the colonial period to the eve of the Civil War, and they encompass practically every major consideration in black history prior to the breakup of the Union. Clearly, the focus of the book has been limited to black-white relations to keep the manuscript "within manageable proportions." Thus, it is understandable that only two selections deal with the Indians, John Eliot's famous "Protest," and Daniel Gookin's "Historical Collections of the Indians in New England." Although the author has allowed the participants to "speak for themselves ," Ruchames has made his own valuable contribution to scholarship . Each of his ten chapters contains a brief introductory statement and often times an extended essay which reflects critical thought and careful analysis. The most striking example is his excellent synthesis, "The Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial America" which he has included in his introduction to Part I. One regrets that the author did not offer a summary of equal quality for the other two major divisions. That aside, Professor Ruchames has edited a laudable set of documents which may be used profitably by those in the social sciences and the humanities . Jimmie L. Franklin Eastern Illinois University More Landmarks of Tennessee History. Edited by Robert M. McBride. (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission, 1969. Pp. viii, 393. $6.50.) This volume consists of nineteen articles which originally appeared in the Tennessee Historical Quarterly as part of a cover series on historic sites in Tennessee. The editor of the book, Robert McBride, is also the editor of the Tennessee Historical Quarterly, and all but five of the articles have appeared in that quarterly since the editorship has been under his direction. More Landmarks is a companion volume to the earlier Landmarks of Tennessee History, jointly edited by McBride and William T. Alderson, former editor of the Tennessee Historical Quarterly, which was published in 1965. That work included fifteen articles which had originally appeared as cover articles in the Tennessee Historical Quarterly, went through two printings and received an Award of Merit from the American Association for State and Local History. McBride defines a "historic site" as "an area, a building, or a place of 360CIVIL WAR HISTORY significant historical interest; one which is owned and/or maintained by a public or private organization responsible for its maintenance and interpretation; and one which is open to the public at regular specified times." There are four articles included in this work which do not completely meet all these requirements: "The Governor's Mansions of Tennessee ," "Nashville's Ryman Auditorium," "The Architecture of [Nashville 's] Union Station," and "Tennessee's Covered Bridges—Past and Present." These places have been of considerable significance and widespread public interest, thus justifying their inclusion. The nineteen articles appear in alphabetical order and are generally well researched and well written. Most of them will be of interest to the student of the Civil War and the Middle Period in American history , as well as those who are especially interested in Tennessee history. Directly concerning the Civil War are articles about Fort Donelson, Stone's River National Military Park, and the Sam Davis Home. Anyone interested in the Middle Period will want to read such articles as "The Tennessee State Capitol," "David Crockett and His Memorials in Tennessee ," "The Hermitage Church," "Travellers' Rest: Home of Judge John Overton," and "Tulip Grove: Neighbor to the Hermitage." Persons interested in later Tennessee history will be pleased with articles about "The Parthenon and the Tennessee Centennial," "Tennessee's Rugby Colony," and "The Fontaine House of the James Lee Memorial." More Landmarks, with its coverage of more historic sites, extensive illustrations including three beautiful color photographs...

The Edge of Glory: A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans, U.S.A. , and: Lee's Maverick General: Daniel Harvey Hill (review)

Book Reviews93 But these are matters of little consequence. Far more significant are the happy abilities of the author to organize material and to write English. Books of this scope and character are too often soporific; Virginia Railroads in the Civil War is clearly not. It is of such quality that this particular theater of historical operations will require no reinforcements in the foreseeable future. An attractive format and typography add to the appeal of the volume. Robert C. Black, III Trinity College The Edge of Glory: A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans, U.S.A. By William M. Lamers. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1961. Pp. ix, 499. $6.95.) Lee's Maverick General: Daniel Harvey Hill. By Hal Bridges. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961. Pp. viii, 323. $7.50.) that major generals William s. rosecrans, u.s.a., and D. Harvey Hill, C.S.A., were military enigmas in the Civil War is not their only similarity. Rosecrans was born in Ohio of a migrant family. Hill entered the world in South Carolina, but made the sister state to the north his home. Rosecrans and Hill were at West Point together, and in the famous fifty-six-man Class of 1842, Rosecrans ranked fifth and Hill twenty-eighth. In the Civil War both men displayed great promise in the first stages; Rosecrans in western Virginia and at Stone's River, Hill at Williamsburg and Sharpsburg. Then both met again at Chickamauga. The result proved a Waterloo for each. Rosecrans went to pieces on the brink of a Federal rout; Hill wrecked his corps vainly trying to dislodge an immovable George H. Thomas. After the battle Rosecrans came under heavy fire from Stanton and Grant. Likewise did Hill encounter the enmity of higher-ups, especially Davis and Bragg. Both officers were then shelved—Rosecrans at first given an unimportant departmental command, and then forgotten; Hill sent home (without confirmation of a lieutenant-general's commission) to await further orders that never came. Even in personality the two officers had much in common. Rosecrans was a devout Catholic, Hill a pious Calvinist. Each displayed able leadership, prodigous energy, and an inexorable devotion to his respective cause. On the other hand, each possessed the same weaknesses; an outspoken independence , a knack for alienating the wrong people, and an unconcealed—oftentime unlimited—criticism of others. For example, Rosecrans once informed copperhead Clement Vallandigham that if the Ohio congressman ever again entered the Federal camp, "111 be God damned if I don't hang you!" And when Hill once received a furlough request from a regimental musician, he scrawled across the bottom of the page: "Disapproved—shooters before tooters." Both of these studies are military biographies treating principally of Civil War careers. Both reflect painstaking research, as much into manuscript as 94Cl VIL WAR HISTORY into printed sources. Dr. Lamers, an assistant superintendent of schools in Milwaukee, spent the better part of a decade in the preparation of his study. Dr. Bridges, a member of the history staff at the University of Colorado, labored for several years on his biography. Both works are extensively documented . Though Bridges' footnoting is more precise, Lamers has written a more inclusive account. Neither work is illustrated, which is strange, yet both have full bibliographies and indexes. And needless to say, both authors show a definite prejudice toward their subjects. Napoleon once stated: "Unfortunate is the man whose history is written by his enemies." Such has been the century-old fate of "Old Rosey" Rosecrans and "Old Rawhide" Hill. It is heartening that two thoroughly researched studies now place two misunderstood commanders closer to the lights of truth and objectivity. James I. Robertson, Jr. State University of Iowa Education in Violence: The Life of George H. Thomas and the History of the Army of the Cumberland. By Francis F. McKinney. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1961. Pp. xvi, 530. $9.50. ) biographies of George H. Thomas have appeared roughly every decade but this is a crescendo. The Old Warrior is between these covers. That is not to say there will be no room for another Thomas biography in the next ten years, for "the Virginian...