Risk Bearing Research Articles

Equal Compensations Under Actuarially Fair Contributions In Endowment Contingency Funds

This paper considers risk-sharing schemes, aiming to demonstrate that it is possible to enforce equal compensations by charging actuarially fair contributions. Specifically, consider a group of individuals exposed to the occurrence of a predefined event with adverse financial consequences such as death, survival or being diagnosed with a critical illness for instance. All members of the group agree to contribute in advance a fixed amount to a pool constituted over a reference period with the understanding that the sum of the contributions is shared in arrear among those participants having experienced the predefined event. This allocation is either uniform among claiming participants, each one receiving an equal share of total contributions, or participants are offered the choice to select a desired protection level. In the latter case, participants are free to subscribe one or several units of protection from the fund, and the total amount collected in advance is shared in arrear, equally among all units held by those participants who experienced the predefined event. Endowment contingency funds aim to provide participants with a cheap and effective protection compared to commercial insurance. The reason is that the proposed system is fully funded so that there is no risk borne by the organizer. The benefits in case the event occurs are therefore random but the volatility of the terminal payouts turns out to be limited when the number of participants gets large enough. Under independence, insurance at fair price is recovered at the limit, within infinitely large pools. As an application, the paper considers mutual aid funds and survivor funds. A comparison with takaful insurance is performed.

A risk sharing model for old community renewal project based on bargaining game model

To ensure the successful implementation of the old community renewal project (OCRP), it is essential for the participants to allocate the project risks reasonably. Firstly, this study comprehensively identifies the 20 key risk factors of the OCRP. Secondly, an index system is established from three dimensions to evaluate the risk allocation ability of participants, including a total of nine evaluation indexes. Furthermore, a risk-sharing model based on TOPSIS method and bargaining game model is proposed to determine the optimal risk bearer and risk-taking ratio between the government and the private sector in OCRP. Finally, an OCRP in Chongqing is taken as a case study to verify the applicability of the developed model. The results indicate that in OCRP under PPP mode, the government need to independently bear 7 risks related to politics, law, policy, while the private sector needs to independently bear 8 risks mainly from project financing, design, construction, operation, and maintenance stages. In addition, the risk-taking ratios of 5 risks that require both parties to share are divided. The research findings provide references for ensuring the smooth implementation of urban renewal and sustainable development.

The Influence of Executives’ Education Background on Corporate Green Innovation: A Dual Perspective of Risk Bearing and Social Responsibility

The Influence of Executives’ Education Background on Corporate Green Innovation: A Dual Perspective of Risk Bearing and Social Responsibility

Analysis of Tax Incentives, Risk Taking and R&D Investment: Evidence Based on Manufacturing

Although China is a big manufacturing country, its manufacturing industry is "big but not strong". In recent years, in order to encourage manufacturing enterprises to invest resources in innovation projects, preferential tax policies and government subsidies have become important regulatory means. However, due to the different risk bearing capacity of enterprises, enterprises also have different attitudes toward research and development (R&D) investment. In order to test the relationship between the four, this paper takes listed manufacturing companies in China from 2015 to 2020 as samples to empirically analyze the impact of tax incentives on R&D investment, as well as the mediating and moderating effects of risk bearing capacity and government subsidies between them. The results show that tax incentives can significantly promote R&D investment; The risk bearing capacity of enterprises plays a partial mediating role between tax incentives and R&D investment. Government subsidies play a positive regulating role between tax incentives and R&D investment.

Hypnotherapy Intervention To Reduce Cigarette Consumption Habits In Adolescent Children: Literature Review

Background: The habit of smoking in adolescents is indeed a problem that needs special attention, considering the impact on health where lung function will experience impaired development. The social aspect of smoking behavior for adolescents can cause adverse effects for passive smokers because the risks borne by passive smokers are more dangerous than active smokers.Methods: The research design in this article is a literature review, by searching several literature sources in the form of research journals using databases such as: Ebsco Host, PubMed, Google Schoolar, elsevier, and Springer. By using the search keywords: Hypnotherapy, smoking, and adolescents. The year limitation used is from 2020 to 2024. The language used is Indonesian and English, free journals are not paid.Results: Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, hypnotherapy intervention has an influence on reducing smoking consumption habits in adolescent children.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, hypnotherapy intervention shows the benefits in changing the subconscious of adolescents to stop or reduce the habit of consuming cigarettes

VALUE AT RISK ESTIMATION FOR STOCK PORTFOLIO USING THE ARCHIMEDEAN COPULA APPROACH

Investment is one of the many ways to achieve future profits. One form of investment that is widely made is stocks. The return obtained in investing in stocks is potentially higher than other investment alternatives, but the risks borne are amplified, so it is necessary to analyze these risks that may occur. In this study, the Archimedean copula method is used to estimate the Value at Risk on shares of PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk (BBRI) and PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk (TLKM) for the period September 1, 2021, to August 31, 2023. The stock data is used to determine the Archimedean copula model and calculate the estimated value of Value at Risk (VaR) on the stock return portfolio using the Archimedean copula approach. The Archimedean copula models used are the Clayton copula model, Gumbel copula, and Frank copula. Of the three Archimedean copula models, the best model was selected by looking at the largest Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) value. In this study, the log-likelihood value of Clayton copula is 7.958, Gumbel copula is 6.663, and Frank copula is 8.398. Therefore, Frank copula is the best Archimedean copula model with the largest log-likelihood value of 8.398 for the said data. Then the VaR estimation is done with the Frank copula model. The Value at Risk estimation results based on the Frank copula model show maximum loss rates of -0.0277 at the 90% confidence level, -0.0363 at the 95% confidence level, and -0.0516 at the 99% confidence level.

Fiscal resilience over time and its management in the context of multi-risks: an application to the Danube Region

Multi-hazards as well as multi-risk management are increasingly gaining importance in research, policy, and practice, but present a challenging task. Focusing on governments as key risk bearers, we assume a multi-hazard and multi-risk perspective and address the question of how different natural hazards can influence fiscal risk and how fiscal risk can change over time due to other risk realizations (e.g., pandemics). We employ a risk-layer approach to analyze the changes in fiscal risk, comparing the fiscal stress associated with different hazards during distinct time periods and scenarios. In doing so, we address the question under which circumstances risk reduction or risk financing may be needed as well as how an iterative approach can account for changing financing resource levels for different hazards under different scenarios. We apply this methodology to the Danube Region which is exposed to different natural hazards and encompasses countries with different levels of fiscal resilience. Furthermore, the countries in the Danube Region were affected by Covid-19, which acted as an additional stressor and caused large economic costs. The analysis should demonstrate the flexibility as well as the relevance of the presented methodology to address multi-risks within a coherent framework. One of the main outcomes of the study is the appreciation of different fiscal resilience levels for different countries and the different types of disasters they are exposed to, which can inform the diverse strategies needed on a case-by-case basis but within a common framework to tackle current and future risks. The analysis should be therefore not only informative for the Danube Region and respective countries but also regarding the more general question under which circumstances risk reduction or risk financing may be needed as well as how an iterative approach can account for changing financing resource levels against multiple risks.

Farm Women Participation in Natural Resource Conservation: Technology Adoption Study in Semi-Arid Regions of India

Background: Semi-arid regions (SARs) of India are characterized by limited rainfall and often prone to droughts. These regions typically receive moderate to low levels of precipitation, making agriculture and water availability significantly challenging. In India, 55% of population is engaged in agriculture and its allied activities. Despite making a significant contribution to livelihoods, the sector continues to face challenges as soil degradation and resource depletion have reduced crop and livestock outputs. To mitigate the effects of land degradation and conserve rainwater, government has taken significant measures to make natural resource conservation a priority throughout the country. To conserve the natural resources, women are always playing an important role as they are always involved in agricultural activities. Methods: The study was undertaken to investigate the role of women in Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) in 3 SARs of India. The purposive sampling was done as watershed beneficiaries were selected as sample respondents. Result: The results revealed that majority of women (55%) had a medium level of technology adoption. Multiple regression analysis revealed that women’s age, education, farming experience, risk bearing, social participation and cost-effectiveness were influencing the adoption of SWC technologies in watersheds. The correlation analysis reflected that out of sixteen factors, eleven factors namely age, education, farming experience, land holding, risk bearing, social participation, agro advisory and weather advisory, skill development, ease of use and cost effectiveness significantly affected the adoption of SWC technologies.

An Evolutionary Game Analysis of the Main Body Collaboration of Public-Private Cooperation Projects in Rural Environment

An evolutionary game model was established to study the evolutionary stability strategy of government and social capital in the public-private cooperation model of rural environmental governance and its influencing factors, and to explore the evolution process of cooperative behavior of the main body. The research shows that income distribution, risk distribution, supervision intensity and reward and punishment amount are important factors that affect the choice of cooperative strategy of the main body in the public-private cooperation project of rural environmental governance, and determine the evolution direction of the coordination of the main body behavior. Reducing the cooperative cost, appropriately increasing the risk bearing, and improving the supervision and reward and punishment intensity are conducive to the establishment of the collaborative behavior of the main body in the public-private cooperation model of rural environmental governance.

Exploring the bearing of liquidity risk in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) banks

Exploring the bearing of liquidity risk in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) banks

Fulfilment of the Social Security Rights of Indonesian Migrant Workers after the Transition of the Insurance Consortium Becomes a Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS)

This Research aims to analyse fulfillment of social security rights of Indonesian migrant after the transition if the insurance consortium becomes a Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS). This is normative legal research using statutory approach and conceptual approach as research method. The result of this research showed that there are 13 (thirteen) risk borne by migrant worker social security regulated in insurance consortium and after the transition to BPJS, there are only 3 (three) programs offered, those are JKK and JKM Which are mandatory and JHT which is voluntary. The synchronization of the regulation between PPMI Law with the 1945 Constitution as the basic rule has no problems if a vertical synchronization analysis is carried out, then in terms of fulfilling the rights of PMI and their families, it has fulfilled the principles of Human Rights, although there are still unsynchronized with several other rules such as differences in benefits offered in the BPJS Law with the PPMI Law in horizontal synchronization.

Entrepreneurship Development In Cameroon: An Analysis of The Characteristics of Cameroonian Entrepreneurs

The main objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of Cameroonian entrepreneurs. Using a descriptive research design, the study collected 150 questionnaires through the purposive and referral (snowball) sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse and present collected data. The result of the study reveals that most Cameroonian entrepreneurs are dominantly Optimistic in nature and have a fighting spirit to see that their ventures survive and grow in the midst of the many challenges that surround them such as disturbance from local council agents and taxation agents, high taxes, inflation, the socio-political crisis, unsafety, power outages, lack of subventions, bad roads. They are also hardworking, generous, trustworthy, gentlemanly, sceptical, ambitious, risk bearers, confident, customer service providers, determined, discrete, dynamic, focused, goal getters, innovative, motivated, profit conscious, realistic, self-confident, strategic, time conscious, visionary. It can also be concluded that the majority of entrepreneurs in Cameroon are below forty-two (42) years, they are mostly male, married, have at least a Bachelor degree, schooled in government schools, are not very bold about their political affiliations and are not very inclined to the practice of their traditions.

Talking ‘bout a revolution: resilience and coastal policy in England

ABSTRACT Sea defence policy in England has proven contentious in the early twenty-first century, with government willing to defend the coast only where it is considered cost effective and not minded to compensate people for any resulting abandonment of homes. Additional focus is brought to this position by the 2015 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which reflect a growing emphasis on climate change effects and other environmental hazards, and the wellbeing of the current generation and those to come. This requires policy makers to seek to balance economic, social and environmental dimensions, and to tackle inequalities; with a central commitment of the goals to “leave no one behind”. Subsequent to publication of the SDGs, England was promised a revolution in the government’s approach to Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management (FCERM). This paper seeks to understand the nature of this revolution with particular regard to extant issues around just governance. It finds that policy fails to deal with issues over the local acceptability of proposals for change and the bearing of risk, and instead lies principally in the elevation of the problematic concept of resilience and an accompanying ambivalence towards ideas of sustainability and sustainable development. International agreement that compensation should be paid to those countries suffering the worst effects of climate change, including sea level rise, suggests that adoption of a similar approach to vulnerable homeowners might be the more appropriate revolution and bring policy more into line with the aspirations of the SDGs.

考虑风险承担和知识贡献的产业技术创新联盟利益分配机制

考虑风险承担和知识贡献的产业技术创新联盟利益分配机制

Analysis of the Single Index Model and Markowitz in Optimal Portfolio Selection in the Telecommunications Sub-Sector Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the Period 2020-2022

This study, which uses qualitative methodology, compares and finds the best results from two approaches, namely the Markowitz model and the single index model to build an optimal portfolio. The population of this study consists of all stocks included in the telecommunications subsector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2020-2022. Purposive sampling is used in this study to select samples. There are 5 candidate company stocks that meet the requirements in the sample criteria. From the results of the research conducted, it proves that with the single index model method, 3 stocks are included in the optimal portfolio, namely PT Tower Bersama Infrastructure Tbk (TBIG) with a proportion of 50%, PT Visi Telekomunikasi Infrastruktur Tbk (GOLD) with a proportion of 15%, and PT Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison Tbk (ISAT) with a proportion of 35%. From the research results of these 3 stocks to form an optimal portfolio, the expected return is 2% and the risk borne is 18%. While for the Markowitz model, 3 stocks were obtained as optimal portfolio candidates, namely PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk (TLKM) with a proportion of 68%, PT Visi Telekomunikasi Infrastruktur Tbk (GOLD) with a proportion of 15%, and PT Tower Bersama Infrastructure Tbk (TBIG) with a proportion of 17%. From the research results of these 3 stocks to form the optimal portfolio, the expected return is 1% and the risk borne is 6%.

Shaping the future of chronic disease management: Insights into patient needs for AI-based homecare systems

BackgroundThe rising demand for healthcare resources, especially in chronic disease management, has elevated the importance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare. While AI-based homecare systems are being developed, the perspectives of chronic patients, who are one of the primary beneficiaries and risk bearers of these technologies, remain largely under-researched. While recent research has highlighted the importance of AI-based homecare systems, the current understanding of patients’ desired designs and features is still limited. ObjectiveThis paper explores chronic patients’ perspectives regarding AI-based homecare systems, an area currently underrepresented in research. We aim to identify the factors influencing their decision to use such systems, elucidate the potential roles of government and other concerned authorities, and provide feedback to AI developers to enhance adoption, system design, and usability and improve the overall healthcare experiences of chronic patients. MethodA web-based open-ended questionnaire was designed to gather the perspectives of chronic patients about AI-based homecare systems. In total, responses from 181 participants were collected. Using Krippendorff's clustering technique, an inductive thematic analysis was performed to identify the main themes and their respective subthemes. ResultThrough rigorous coding and thematic analysis of the collected responses, we identified four major themes further segmented into thirteen subthemes. These four primary themes were: 1) “Personalized Design”, emphasizing the need for patients to manage their health condition better through personalized and educational resources and user-friendly interfaces; 2) “Emotional & Social Support”, underscoring the desire for AI systems to facilitate social connectivity and provide emotional support to improve the well-being of chronic patients at home; 3) “System Integration & Proactive Care”, addressing the importance of seamless communication, proactive patient monitoring and integration with existing healthcare platforms; and 4) “Ethics & Regulation”, prioritizing ethical guidelines, regulatory compliance, and affordability in the design. ConclusionThis study has offered significant insights into the needs and expectations of chronic patients regarding AI-based home care systems. ‘The findings highlight the importance of personalized and accessible care, emotional and social support, seamless system integration, proactive care, and ethical considerations in designing and implementing such systems. By aligning the design and operation of these systems with the lived experiences and expectations of patients, we can better ensure their acceptance and effectiveness.

NEXUS BETWEEN INVESTOR’S RISK BEARING CAPACITY AND INVESTORS' CHOICE OF PORTFOLIOS

An attempt is made through this study to identify the risk bearing capacity of retail investors and to evaluate how it affects the portfolio choices of those investors. In addition to examining the variations in investment avenues that investors choose to include in their portfolios due to their risk-bearing capacity, this study aims to investigate the influence of various demographic characteristics on risk bearing capacity. The current study was conducted among individual investors in Kerala by conducting a survey among 120 individual investors in Kerala using a structured questionnaire. The results of this study showed that an investors ability to take on risk depends on their gender, line of work, and monthly income. Further it was found that investors who are ready to take high risk invests more in real estate and shares compared to other risk categories. Investors who are moderate to high risk takers made their investment in mutual funds. All other investors made their investments in safe avenues like bank deposits, postal savings, provident fund, insurance, etc. KEYWORDS: Investors, investments, portfolio, risk, risk-bearing capacity

Risk and Return Money Saving di Reksadana dan Bank Digital

In the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, as it is now, digitizing the banking and financial sector is important, considering that technological disruption has touched almost all aspects of life. In the world of investment and banking, the system used is already digital-based. The financial literacy level of the Indonesian people in 2022 will increase to 49.68%. This means that people are now smarter when it comes to choosing the financial products they will use. Currently, many financial institutions offer the advantages of each product by offering quite competitive returns. As an effort to increase public literacy, this study intends to compare the two financial products, namely mutual funds in seed applications and financial products at Bank Neo Commerce (BNC). The methodology used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study state that mutual funds and money savings at BNC both have advantages in terms of features and convenience. However, both have differences in the returns offered and the risks borne. Where digital banks offer greater returns with a lower level of risk. Interestingly, investment activities have the concept of compounding interest which has the possibility of obtaining much greater returns on the condition that the investment period is extended.

Roadmap for value chain analysis on broiler marketing in Makassar

Makassar City is a potential area for the development of the broiler marketing value chain. The main challenge in developing the broiler value chain is high price fluctuations, both input and output. Value chain analysis on broiler marketing in Makassar aims to identify and analyze value chain channels, distribution of costs and benefits, as well as market characteristics. Analysis of the distribution of costs and benefits is carried out using the Hayami method. The results of the research show that there are irregular price fluctuations and imbalances in market structure at each level of the value chain. Each marketing chain of broiler chickens in Makassar City gains a disproportionate profit at each marketing level with the value creation contribution made and the risks borne by each marketing level. The total profits of large retailers are greater than those of brokers and small retailers, while the value creation activities and risks of large retailers are smaller than those of brokers. Unnatural fluctuations in the price of chicken meat are the impact of the government’s lack of role as a supervisor and regulator in the value chain activities of broiler marketing. The development of the broiler marketing value chain must focus on regulatory oversight, improving access to markets, information and capital to increase the competitiveness of business actors.

The Loss Allocation for Unauthorized Credit Card Transaction and Superior Risk Bearer

The Loss Allocation for Unauthorized Credit Card Transaction and Superior Risk Bearer