Risk Of Negative Effects Research Articles

Management of industrial development of the country: theoretical aspects and tools

The relevance of the research topic is substantiated by the revival of the world community's interest in industry as a driver of economic development. The problem is that industrial development has a number of limitations as a result of imbalances between the resource potential of the economic system, its institutional structure and the dominant technical and economic paradigm, which require the development of special management tools. An analysis of recent publications shows the presence of scientific interest in the search for the relationship between the content of industrial policy, which serves as a tool for managing the country's industrial development, and the level of industrial and economic development in terms of creating certain economic conditions for its formation and implementation. However, the issues of scientific substantiation of the use of specific instruments of the country's economic policy for economic systems of various levels of industrial development are insufficiently studied. The purpose of the study is to determine and substantiate the factors of scientific and technical, foreign economic, financial and monetary spheres, influencing which it is possible to manage the industrial development of the country through the formation of a favorable environment for the implementation of industrial policy. The research methods used in the work are comparison, grouping, correlation-regression analysis, econometric modeling, systematic approach. Results of work. Within the framework of this study, on the basis of the constructed econometric models, the factors of foreign economic, scientific, technical and monetary policy were identified, which form favorable conditions for the implementation of industrial policy. The factors were differentiated for countries with different levels of industrial development. The field of application of the research results is the state policy aimed at stimulating industrial development. Conclusions. The work establishes the priority influence of monetary policy factors at a degree of industrialization from 0 to 1; monetary and scientific and technical policy with a degree of industrialization from 1 to 15; factors of all types are important if the degree of industrialization is higher than 15. Taking into account the above factors when developing the content of the national industrial policy will contribute to: achieving the goals in the field of industrial development, reducing the risks of negative effects from government intervention in industrial production, predicting the consequences of adopting certain economic solutions.

What Do Peers Think About Sexting? Adolescents’ Views of the Norms Guiding Sexting Behavior

This study examined the content of injunctive peer norms (i.e., perceived peer approval) of sexting among Swedish adolescents. Written answers from 808 adolescents ( Mage = 14.22) to an open-ended question about peers’ views of sexting were analyzed qualitatively using content analysis. Eight categories were distinguished for when and why sexting is acceptable or not in the peer group. A substantial share of adolescents believed their peers approve of sexting, especially if sexting occurs within trusted relationships and when all parties have consented. A large share of adolescents described that peers were non-accepting of sexting, emphasizing that it can be spread to others. The participants also suggested that sexting is seen as a gendered phenomenon surrounded by sexual double standards, with girls at more risk of negative consequences. Some participants emphasized the peer view that adolescents sext to seek attention, and some emphasized that sexting is viewed as an enjoyable activity. Several of these categories’ likelihood to be mentioned was related to the adolescents’ age, gender, and prior experience of sexting. We concluded that adolescents might have a hard time navigating the social context of sexting, given the conflicting and gendered messages from peers.

Toxicological Study on Chiral Fluoxetine Exposure to Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Enantioselective and Sexual Mechanism on Disruption of the Brain Serotonergic System.

The increasing number of people with depression worldwide has led to concerns regarding antidepressant contamination in aquatic environments, which could have the risk of negative effects on aquatic organisms. Chirality increases its toxicity potentials. Accordingly, we investigated the negative effects of racemic (rac-), R-, and S-FX at environmental levels (100 ng/L) on the brain serotonergic system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) for 42 days. Additionally, we measured the whole-body concentrations of FX and norfluoxetine (NFX). We found that S-FX exposure disrupted the brain serotonergic system more severely than rac- and R-FX exposure. The mechanism underlying this disruption induced by S-FX was sex-specific, with female zebrafish showing disruption of the serotonin (5-HT) release process but male zebrafish showing disruption of the 5-HT synthesis process. In addition, enantioselective enrichment and biotransformation (R-FX to R-NFX and S-FX to S-NFX) occurred in zebrafish. Sex-specific accumulation was also observed, with higher concentrations in females. Our study provides evidence for enantiomer- and sex-specific effects of FX exposure at biologically relevant concentrations. More broadly, our study demonstrated that SSRI antidepressants, such as FX, can affect aquatic life by causing important shifts in not only their active sites of the serotonin transporter.

Drinking patterns of college students with comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms: the moderating role of gender

ABSTRACT Background: Students with anxiety or mood issues tend to engage in more problematic drinking, but less is known about those students with co-occurring anxiety and mood symptoms. Methods: This study compares rates of weekly alcohol use, hazardous drinking, and alcohol-related negative consequences in a sample of 699 college students with symptoms of comorbid anxiety and depression (35% of the sample) compared to their non-symptomatic drinking peers, as well as the moderating role of gender. Results: We found main effects of gender and comorbidity status such that participants with comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression or who were male reported higher rates of weekly alcohol use, more hazardous drinking and more alcohol-related negative consequences than their non-symptomatic and female peers. We also found an interaction effect on alcohol-related negative consequences such that male participants with comorbid anxiety and depression reported more alcohol-related negative consequences than all other groups. Conclusion: These findings imply that while any student drinker with both anxiety and depression may be considered at higher risk for problematic drinking behavior, the risk of negative consequences in particular may be highest in the men of that group.

Determinants of Bankruptcy Banking after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC): Theoritical Review

The failure of some financial institutions can cause other banks to go bankrupt, and ultimately cause damage to the financial system throughout the world. Bankrupt is a condition in which a company suffers from a lack of funds to run its business. The paper is conceptual and the design of this research is qualitative method based on a theoretical review from many kinds of literature and previous researches related to this concept. There are two basic theories about (1) signaling theory for providing better information and positive signals about the company, as well as negative signals to and (2) the margin pressure theory for measuring about the risk of negative effects from internal or external forces on a company's profitability margins. This study aimed to determine the significant contribution of internal factors such as size, equity to total asset, loan to asset ratio, cost to income ratio, loan loss reserves, and from external factors such as gross domestic product growth, and inflation in predicting bankruptcy bank after the Global Financial Crisis. The researcher believes that the proposition of this study results can be tested empirically mainly in the banking industry

Методология отнесения объектов защиты к определенной категории риска в области пожарной безопасности

Проанализирован международный опыт реформирования проверок соблюдения требований пожарной безопасности и внедрения риск-ориентированного подхода. Разработана модель отнесения объектов защиты к категориям риска в зависимости от вероятного причинения вреда, который рассчитывается исходя из количества погибших и травмированных при пожарах людей. Сформулированы критерии отнесения объектов защиты к категориям риска. Выполнен расчет категорий риска для групп объектов, однородных по группам экономической деятельности и классам функциональной пожарной опасности. Проведено сравнение с существующей классификацией объектов защиты по категориям риска. The international experience of reforming of fire safety compliance checks and implementing a risk-based approach is considered. There are presented methodological approaches to calculating the risk of causing harm (damage) in buildings (structures) as a result of fire for the purpose of assignment of buildings and structures according to risk categories as well as justification of the frequency of scheduled inspections at these facilities. There is calculated the probability of fire occurrence for a group of objects of protection that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes in order to assign objects of protection to certain risk categories. The social damage expressed in the death and injury of people as a result of fire is also calculated in order to assign objects of protection to certain risk categories. Classification of objects of protection according to the risk categories is performed using the indicator of the severity of potential negative consequences of fires. This indicator characterizes the degree of excess of the expected risk of negative consequences of fires for the corresponding group of objects of protection in relation to the value of the permissible risk of negative consequences of fire. The permissible risk of negative consequences of fires is calculated on the basis of statistical data, taking into account the value of the individual fire risk of exposure of critical values of fire hazards on person in buildings and structures. The criteria for assigning groups of objects of protection to the appropriate risk categories are formulated on the basis of formation of distribution of numerical values of the severity of potential negative consequences of fires. There are carried out the assessment of the severity of potential negative consequences of fires for objects of protection that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes, and also the risk categories of the corresponding groups of objects are determined. The proposed classification of objects of protection according to risk categories is compared with the existing classification. The obtained results of calculations showed that scheduled inspections of objects of protection by the Federal state supervision bodies, depending on the assigned risk category and with corresponding frequency, have significant role in improving the level of fire safety of objects. The decrease in the intensity of scheduled inspections, at the same time, may lead to a corresponding decrease in the level of fire protection of objects.

Coronavirus disease 2019: Implications of emerging infections for transplantation.

The recent identification of an outbreak of 2019- novel Coronavirus is currently evolving, and the impact on transplantation is unknown. However, it is imperative that we anticipate the potential impact on the transplant community in order to avert severe consequences of this infection on both the transplant community and contacts of transplant patients.

Athlete off-field misconduct, sponsor reputation risk, and stock returns

ABSTRACT Research Question: Does athlete off-field misconduct affect the stock price of sponsors of the athlete's team, stadium and league? No research on the impact of athlete off-field misconduct on indirect sponsors like team, stadium, or league sponsors exists. Research Methods: The paper employs quantitative analysis using an event study methodology. The paper performs an analysis of stock price data for 179 publicly traded firms sponsoring the National Football League (NFL), NFL teams, or NFL stadiums, based on 863 individual incidents of NFL player off-field misconduct over 2000–2017. Results and Findings: Off-field misconduct affects team sponsors, but not stadium or league sponsors. Cumulative average abnormal return for team sponsors amount to −0.3% ten trading days after events and more than −1.0% after the strengthening of the NFL personal conduct policy in 2014. The mean (median) impact of a misconduct incident on team sponsor market capitalization was −$157 million (−$44.7 million). Implications: Organizations considering sports sponsorship deals should understand that they assume a risk of negative effects of player off-field misconduct even if they sponsor teams and not individual athletes. Investors in firms that sponsor professional sports teams should realize that the price of their shares could decline if an athlete on a sponsored team violates laws or gets arrested. Sports leagues should recognize that changing personal conduct policies may have unintended consequences in terms of how the public, especially investors in firms sponsoring teams, react to violations of these policies.

The Role of Simulation Educational Technologies in Teaching Doctors

In modern conditions, doctor as a specialist is faced with a large list of requirements fixed both in legal norms and in the rules of social behavior. The emergence of complex medical equipment and technologies, changes in the moral and legal conditions in the “doctor–patient” relationships led to the modernization of the medical training system. Especially it concerns the segment of practical specialist training. Simulation technologies in this sense should occupy an important place in medical education improving the quality and effectiveness of practice-oriented specialist training, reducing the risk of negative effects of the former education system in medical universities. The first experience of introducing such technologies into the training system at Yaroslavl State Medical University and in the country as a whole, along with obvious positive results, highlighted some problems. Their systematic solution is an important forward-looking task in the framework of the ongoing reform of medical education.

Dishonesty and Risk-Taking: Compliance Decisions of Individuals and Groups

Unethical behavior in organizations is usually associated with the risk of negative consequences for the organization and for the involved managers if being detected. The existing experimental literature in economics has so far mainly focused on the analysis of unethical behavior in environments that involve no fines or similar monetary consequences. In the current paper, we use a tax compliance framework to study (un-)ethical behavior of individuals and small groups. Our results show that groups are clearly less compliant than individuals. The risk of being detected is the most important aspect in the group communication process when deciding on compliance.

Balance of Interests as a Principle of Civil Law: Some Aspects of Legal Consciousness

The research considers the category of reasonable balance of interests in the context of civil relations. The authors of the article highlight the need to restrict permissibility as a method of civil regulation aimed at protecting the rights and interests of the weaker party in some legal relations. A reasonable balance of interests is ensured by laws and agreements, whose conditions become the subject of a judicial dispute in the absence of a mandatory rule. The authors have analyzed judicial acts conditioned by the need to maintain a reasonable balance of interests. As a result, they have determined that the first condition for applying the fair balance principle is the equivalence of counter-performance in the absence of both excessive benefits and excessive losses for the parties. The second condition is the party-related division in some civil relations. The authors have concluded that the risks of negative consequences should not be borne only by the weaker party if the latter could not reasonably foresee the consequences upon concluding the relevant agreement. Methods. The study is based on the comparative analysis of the Russian scientific doctrine and judicial practice. The main approach to the analysis of the legal tools in question is the method of system analysis. In addition, the authors used the structural-functional method and general scientific methods of cognition. The study aims at determining the principle of a reasonable balance of interests in civil law, its essence, necessity and expediency in the system of law enforcement. The authors aim to define conditions for applying legal norms to achieve a reasonable balance of interests among all parties in disputed legal relations. Results. The study results let the authors claim that the risks of negative consequences should not be borne only by the weaker party if it could not reasonably foresee such consequences upon concluding the agreement and the imbalance of interests among parties in civil-legal relations is caused by the violation by one or another party of the principles of fair practice and reasonableness. Although a reasonable balance of interests is a counterweight to the principles of contractual freedom and free will, courts should apply it to ensure the right of justice.

Модель оценки влияния мероприятий пожарной безопасности на агрегатную цель для цифровых двойников объектов ТЭК

Introduction. Introductory part of this paper considers the actuality and importance of taking into account the requirements for fire safety (FS) at the production facilities of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) in the working process. The process of development of virtual twins of these objects should include planning of FS measures considering the requirements for information security (IS). There are noted the necessity of definition of strategic goals in such modeling. Authors propose strategic planning apparatus to improve the quality of created virtual prototypes. This kind of planning allows to take into account the many risks identified by the expert group. The objective of scientific research is to obtain a model by which it is possible to assess the features of the provision of FSand IS. Methodology. The strategic goal associated with the performance of the production functions of the FEC facility, on which profit depends, is defined. To simplify the model dangerous factors were distributed into independent categories: risks of negative consequences connected with FSand IS, environmental pollution and process stoppage due to external inspections. The output of the expert and calculated values is presented for each category. Expert evaluations can be obtained using inverse symmetric pairwise comparison matrices and calculated evaluations using category grading on the damage scale. The probability function correlates with each part of the FEC facility. The negative impact of the dangerous factors is calculated that way. Results. It is possible to obtain a matrix of distribution of influence of dangerous factors using the probability function selected in the study. The above procedure is used for the second and third levels of the hierarchy of influence. The second level includes factors, the third —measures to prevent the influence of dangerous factors. The final result is obtaining the distribution of the impact of activities on the parts of the FEC facility. Conclusion. Finally, it was noted advantages of digital twin technology in planning FS of facilities of the FEC. The use of strategic planning allows to develop a digital twin model, taking into account the impactof activities on the achievement of the objectives of ensuring of FS and IS.

Evaluation of management strategy results of laboratory studies in serum samples with hemolysis

There is an ongoing debate about what the laboratory should do with hemolyzed samples. Several strategies are proposed for managing the results obtained in such samples. The safest option from the analytical and clinical points of view is to perform a study of a new sample without hemolysis. Another approach is to carry out a test irregardless, but at the same time indicate a limit on the clinical interpretation of the result, by making a comment on possible hemoglobin interference. The choice of strategy should be based on a comparison of the risk of negative consequences in the absence of a test result and the likelihood of harm due to the transfer of the result with high uncertainty to the clinician.

TMS in treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder

Cocaine exerts its physiological effects through the accumulation of neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine, in the neuronal synaptic cleft. The euphoria associated with cocaine use results from enhanced and prolonged dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic system, our reward pathway. Cocaine is an illicit stimulant that has similar effects to amphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants. Therefore, the criteria for diagnosis of cocaine use disorder (CUD) falls under the broader umbrella of Stimulant Use Disorder (SUD). Overall, SUD or commonly, “addiction”, can be described as a persistent state of reduced cognitive capacity to control compulsive drug-seeking behavior, despite the risk of negative consequences. The primary treatment options for these disorders includes psychosocial and behavioral interventions. Though several drugs have been trialed, there is no pharmacological substitute treatment for patients dependent on cocaine or other CNS stimulants. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an emerging treatment modality. TMS is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that affects cortical excitability and causes a release of dopamine in the mesolimbic system, enabling modulation of neuronal networks that are important for behavior and cognition. While TMS is approved by US FDA and in Europe (CE) for Major Depressive Disorder, TMS is not approved anywhere for treatment of addiction. The use of MagVenture TMS Therapy (MagPro, MagVita) devices for applications outside the approved intended use in a given country is the responsibility of the researchers performing this study. To date, a total of 6 pilot studies testing the effect of TMS for treatment of CUD are published. Cumulatively, the studies demonstrate that stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex with high frequency TMS may be an encouraging treatment opportunity for CUD in reducing intake and craving of cocaine.

The Organization of Information Support of Prospective Planning of Personnel Maintenance of Health Care System

The article considers analysis of possibilities of eliminating deficiency of competence in health care system based on of specific models and algorithms. One of the dominating problems in Russian health care is determined the deficiency of medical workers, especially keen in the primary medical care. The systemic view of present modes of solving the given problem considering legislation currently in force and social psychology. Particular attention is paid to development of strategy and tactics of training population in medical sanitary competences preserving principle "Do no harm" because modern technologies permit patients to self-control their health but at that the risks of negative consequences of self-treatment are augmenting. The presented results can support health care specialists in development of strategy of elimination of manpower deficiency.

Methodology of Species Diversity Indicators and Terrestrial Vertebrate Numbers Assessment from the Example of the Zone Affected by the Planned Nizhnezeisk Water Reservoir

Comparative assessment of the importance of nature conservation in different shoreline areas has become a relevant task as the strategy of sparing management of natural resources is developed for areas impacted by existing and planned water reservoirs. Integral biodiversity indices that characterize species diversity along with abundance parameters for every animal species sighted were developed for the area that would be influenced by the Lower Zeya Hydropower System (currently at the planning stage). The present article includes lists of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians seen in the area, grading scales for the abundance of species and ecological groups of terrestrial vertebrates, a list of the main biotopes, zoning principles for the areas influenced by the reservoir, formulas for calculating the integral parameters of species diversity and ani-mal abundance, and schematic maps of the spatial distribution of the values of integral indices of richness and nature protection significance of the animal populations. Specific recommendations for strengthening the network of Special Protected Natural Areas are given. This study allows for the conclusion that construction of the Lower Zeya hydropower plant will be associated with a high risk of negative consequences for biodiversity and ecological stability on both the local and regional levels.

Category of guilt in criminal law: economic approach

The subject of the paper is guilt as criminal legal category.The main aim of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that there is a need for risk management in order to prevent crime.The description of methodology. The author uses economic approach and the theory of rational choice as well as the dialectic and formal-legal methodology.The main results and scope of their application. The greater the probability of socially dangerous consequences of actions, the greater the risk, the greater the degree of guilt of the subject and the degree of danger of the crime. In criminalization the risks should be optimally distributed between the state (installs criminal prohibitions) and the citizens (complying with those prohibitions), as well as between the potential offender and the victim. It is necessary to quantify the risk of socially dangerous consequences (for example, as a percentage) for each form of guilt. This will make it possible to streamline and develop forms of guilt, to correlate specific types of guilt with specific crimes in terms of the risks that the crime carries. New forms of guilt, in particular criminal ignorance, need to be introduced. Unlike negligence, which is difficult to control, ignorance, as well as competence, can be fully controlled. It is necessary to take into account the guilt of the victim, who by his behavior contributed to the crime. If the victim has not taken all precautions ( the more provoked the offender) - he must share the overall result, bear the risk of socially dangerous consequences. If there is a violation of the rules of conduct by the offender and the victim, the court should have the right to substantially mitigate the punishment or to refuse to apply it at all, taking into account the nature and extent of the violations committed by each party. For example, with regard to crimes of minor gravity when the victim provoking a crime, failure to take precautions should provide for mandatory exemption from criminal liability with compensation for harm in civil law. Premeditated intent seriously complicates the disclosure of crimes. This intent should be seen as a basis for more severe sanctions. The results of research may be used as the basis of correction of the criminal legislation.It is concluded that any form of guilt in any legal system is based on an assessment of the risks of negative consequences.

Methodology of Generalized Assessment of Species Diversity Indicators and Terrestrial Vertebrate Numbers from the Example of the Zone Affected by the Planned Nizhnezeisk Water Reservoir

Comparative assessment of the importance of nature conservation in different shoreline areas has become a relevant task as the strategy of sparing management of natural resources is developed for areas impacted by existing and planned water reservoirs. Integral biodiversity indices that characterize species diversity along with abundance parameters for every animal species sighted were developed for the area that would be influenced by the Lower Zeya Hydropower System (currently at the planning stage). The present article includes lists of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians seen in the area, grading scales for the abundance of species and ecological groups of terrestrial vertebrates, a list of the main biotopes, zoning principles for the areas influenced by the reservoir, formulas for calculating the integral parameters of species diversity and animal abundance, and schematic maps of the spatial distribution of the values of integral indices of richness and nature protection significance of the animal populations. Specific recommendations for strengthening the network of Special Protected Natural Areas are given. This study allows for the conclusion that construction of the Lower Zeya hydropower plant will be associated with a high risk of negative consequences for biodiversity and ecological stability on both the local and regional levels.

FROM SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY TO HUMANITY 2.0. AN INTERVIEW

In this interview Steve Fuller outlines his own intellectual trajectory and changing interests. As one of the creators of social epistemology, he talks about the context of the birth and development of this interdisciplinary project, as well as how he came to the study and development of transhumanism, which is the topic of his recent trilogy Humanity 2.0. He discusses the origins of transhumanism (Victorian science fiction, Russian cosmism, cyberpunk), its political implications and explains its connection with the present which he characterizes as ultra-modern. In ultra-modernism, Fuller argues, spiritual transcendence becomes material, and a human being passes from a being- unto-death to the expansion of the possibilities of the biological body as a horizon of existence. Fuller dwells on his own preferences in Russian cosmism, the problem of differentiation between humans and nonhumans, as well as the proactionary principle which he introduced to describe the transhumanist project. This principle demands an attitude toward risk as an opportunity not a threat, and it therefore legitimizes individual and social experiments and innovations. Even though the opposite pre-cautionary principle, which prohibits innovation and action with a risk of negative consequences, currently plays a key role in the innovation process, it has appeared relatively recently as a replacement the proactionary principle. In fact, the progress of European humanity until the 1960s had been based on the proactionary principle, but it now requires a kind of update: the distribution of responsibility and risks is to be based on responsibility (liability) rather than property as its legal rationale.

Contraception after pregnancy: Making the right choices

The postpartum period is a high-risk time for unintended pregnancy. Increasing access to postpartum contraception should reduce this risk. Unintended pregnancy may lead to abortion or miscarriage, but if the pregnancy continues and has been conceived within 12 months of a previous delivery, a short inter-pregnancy interval will occur. Short inter-pregnancy intervals are associated with a higher risk of negative consequences for the baby such as preterm birth and neonatal death. Most contraceptive methods can be safely initiated after childbirth, and immediate provision from within maternity services has significant advantages. Women should receive accurate information about available methods during the antenatal and postpartum periods, as well as the risks of unintended and short inter-pregnancy intervals. This can support informed decision-making about future reproductive intentions with better outcomes for mothers and babies. Hospital and community services can work together to increase the provision of contraceptive services after pregnancy.