Risk Of Skin Cancer Research Articles

Application and Safety Performance of Nanomaterials in Clothing Design Engineering

With the rapid development of social economy, people’s living environment has undergone tremendous changes. At the same time as social development, it will also be accompanied by many problems, such as environmental degradation, air quality decline, and frequent diseases. Studies have found that due to the destruction of the ozone layer, the ultraviolet rays in the atmosphere cannot be effectively absorbed, which hinders the reduction, and the risk of skin cancer increases year by year. Environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, bacteria multiply, and textiles are also polluted. Every year, a large number of textiles are discarded due to pollution, so people have new demands on the functionality of textiles. In recent years, with the breakthrough development of nanomaterials research enterprises, nanomaterials are increasingly used in textiles to meet people’s new needs for textiles. Nano-TiO2 has high antiultraviolet performance and self-cleaning performance and also has excellent performance in antibacterial and bacteriostatic issues. Toxicological experiments were carried out on nano-TiO2 materials. The results showed that the cytotoxicity of different cells in different concentrations of nano-TiO2 was very small, the cell viability was not less than 80%, and there was a certain concentration effect.

Skin cancer prevalence and risk among foreign-born people living in the United States: A pooled cross-sectional analysis

Skin cancer prevalence and risk among foreign-born people living in the United States: A pooled cross-sectional analysis

31243 Age requirements for regarding indoor UV tanning in Colorado

Women who have used indoor tanning beds are 6 times more likely to have a melanoma diagnosis in their twenties compared with the general population. Colorado state law currently lacks age restrictions on the use of tanning beds, and tanning salons have continued to defend the presence of self-implemented age requirements. This study assessed age requirements and consumer information provided regarding health risk and benefits to using tanning beds. 133 Colorado tanning salons across the state were called twice independently with telephone surveys (following Colorado IRB protocol 19-2195). Of the identified 133 tanning salons in the state of Colorado, 119 (90%) participated in this survey. Among salons surveyed, 28.3% of salons had no age requirement and 25.3% reported clients must be above 14 (age restrictions ranged from above 13 to above 18). When asked about benefits of UV tanning, 47.3% of salons stated that tanning beds can be used as a treatment for skin diseases, 35.7% reported mood improvement, 33.9% stated increased production of vitamin D, and 18.8% endorsed skin improvement and skin healing. Less than one third, 30.4%, of tanning salons indicated that UV tanning was a risk for skin cancer. Only 5.4% of tanning salons specified age requirements on their website and 83.1% of salon websites had marketing specifically to youth. Over 90% of Colorado tanning salon websites displayed misinformation detrimental to the health of their customers.

34891 A systematic narrative review of skin cancer related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among beachgoers

Skin cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide. All individuals are at risk of acquiring skin cancer, and sun exposure increases risk. Beaches are often the site of significant sun exposure with varied use of sun-protective practices. The aim of this study was to systematically review skin cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among beachgoers. A comprehensive search of the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Science Direct yielded studies for this review. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: 1) explored skin cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices; 2) included beachgoers as research participants; 3) peer-reviewed; and 4) published in English. A total of 24 studies published from 1991 to 2019 were included in the review. Most studies were completed in the United States (n = 9), followed by Australia (n = 5), Spain (n = 3), Denmark (n = 2), Belgium (n = 2), Peru (n = 1), Canada (n = 1), and South Africa (n = 1). In terms of SPF value and sun exposure risk knowledge, on average, respondents identifying as women scored slightly higher than those identifying as males. Beachgoers expressed positive attitudes about the appearance of tanned skin, indicating that tanned skin was appealing, improved the appearance of clothing, and made someone appear healthier. Among the studies, sunscreen use ranged from as low as 53% to as high as 90%. Further, studies found that a substantial portion of beachgoers did not use any form of sun protection. This review highlights the need to educate beachgoers about skin cancer risk and prevention strategies. Future interventions should consider gender differences to reduce this disparity.

33980 Skin cancer risk factors and screening among Asian Americans: Pooled cross-sectional surveys from 2000 to 2015

Asian Americans are underrepresented in health disparities research and little is known about skin cancer risk factors and screening among Asian Americans. We examined sunburns, sun-protective behaviors, indoor tanning, and total body skin examinations (TBSE) among Asian Americans as compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Cross-sectional survey data from the National Health Interview Survey were pooled from 2000-2015. Multivariate logistic regression models examined associations of skin cancer risk factors and screening with race. Models were weighed to provide nationally representative estimates and adjusted for survey year, sociodemographic factors, cancer-related health behaviors, and skin cancer history. Overall, 132,583 non-Hispanic Whites and 10,102 Asian Americans were included (2083 Chinese; 1928 Asian Indian; 2307 Filipino; 3784 other Asian). Asian Americans were more likely to seek shade, wear long clothing to ankles, and wear long-sleeved shirts but less likely to sunburn, apply sunscreen, tan indoors, and receive TBSE than non-Hispanic Whites (each P < .05). Asian Indians were less likely to sunburn (adjusted odds ratio 0.54; 95% CI 0.39-0.75) and more likely to wear long-sleeved shirts (1.54; 1.22-1.95) or long clothing to ankles (1.91; 1.53-2.40) than Chinese participants. Filipinos were more likely to engage in 1+ sun-protective behavior (1.30; 1.08-1.56) than Chinese participants. Limitations included self-reported data and no adjustment for skin tone. Asian American sun-protective behaviors may not be influenced by perceived skin cancer risk. Direct comparisons among Asian Americans subgroups revealed differences utilizable through culturally tailored interventions. Oversampling of Asian Americans will facilitate disaggregated analyses that may unmask health disparities among Asian American subgroups.

34924 Associations of perceived skin cancer absolute risk and comparative risk with sunscreen use among patients with keratinocyte carcinoma

Diagnosis of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) considerably increases future skin cancer risk of all types. The major evidence-based approach to lowering skin cancer risk is sunscreen use to protect against ultraviolet radiation. According to most theories, once individuals perceive their vulnerability to health risks, they form intentions to take preventative measures to reduce their risk. Two major perceived risk measures are absolute (i.e., one’s perception of the likelihood of developing a disease) and comparative (i.e., one’s perception of the likelihood of developing a disease as compared with others) [1].

32304 Risk of skin cancer in sexual minority patients compared with heterosexual patients: A retrospective cohort study

Data on risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SSC/SCCIS), malignant melanoma and melanoma in situ (MM/MIS) in men who have sex with men (MSM) and females who have sex with females (FSF) are limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a community health center between August 2014-August 2020. Cancer outcomes were identified via International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 9th/10th Revisions, Clinical-Modification codes. Adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using log binomial regression and adjusted for age and HIV status. Models for risk in FSF were conducted among HIV-negative patients and adjusted for age due to sample size. Our study included 25,594 cisgender males, 16,961 cisgender females, of whom 56.06% were MSM and 21.56% were FSF. When compared with the heterosexual group, there was a significant difference in risk of BCC in MSM (aRR: 2.62 (95% CI 1.7-4.03) and no significant difference in FSF (aRR: 1.02 (95% CI 0.46-2.3). There was a significant difference in risk of SCC/SCCIS in MSM (aRR: 7.65 (95% CI 2.4-24.3) and no significant difference between FSF (aRR: 1.52 (95% CI 0.55-4.2). There was no significant difference in the risk of MM/MIS in MSM (aRR: 1.42 (95% CI 0.84-2.4) or FSF (aRR: 1.02 (95% CI 0.51-2.06) when compared with heterosexual patients. Our findings are consistent with prior studies based on self-report that have shown a higher risk of NMSC among MSM. The risk of SCC among MSM may be particularly increased.

34817 Physician counseling among adults with high-risk UV behaviors in the United States

Introduction: Significant sun exposure and indoor tanning are risk factors for skin cancer. Physician counseling among patients with such behaviors may decrease the risk of skin cancer; however, rates of counseling have not been well described in adults, especially among those with high-risk behaviors such as indoor tanning.

33965 Learn2Derm: A community-based pilot program assessing beliefs surrounding skin cancer risk factors, presentation, and prevention strategies

Introduction: Underserved and underrepresented communities exhibit disparities across all spectrums in health. Dermatology is not an exception, as there continues to be disparities in burden of disease, access to healthcare, and patient-provider trust. To address such gaps, a community-based, recurring, interactive and educational program, Learn2Derm, was launched. The first event focused on disparities in education and detection of skin cancer in persons of color in Ward 8 in Washington D.C., an underserved community with a population that is 92% black. Methods: To better understand the needs of this community, an IRB-approved survey was disseminated to participants to investigate familiarity with skin cancer presentation and prevention, and to understand barriers to seeking dermatologic care. Results: 49 attendees completed the survey. Postsurvey results indicated participants learned that skin cancer could present under the fingernail and that sunscreen can prevent skin cancer (P < .05). Participants revealed that cost was the greatest barrier to sunscreen utilization. After the event, 50% of those who responded trusted dermatologists more. Similar culture and comprehensible language were reasons most likely to increase trust (n = 23). All attendees that answered the final item on the survey indicated that they enjoyed the event (n = 47). Conclusions: Our data highlight that community-immersion events can facilitate awareness of dermatologic conditions, foster communication between dermatologists and communities, enhance dermatologic access, and may instill trust placed in providers. Consequently, patients from underserved communities may receive and seek dermatologic care at earlier disease presentation and avoid the long-lasting impacts of untreated skin disease.

Mendelian Randomization Analysis Shows that Elevated Eosinophil Cell Count Increases the Risk of Autoimmune Disorders but Protects Against Skin Cancer

Background: Eosinophils are immune cells which are critical to the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders and skin cancer. We performed an integrated causal inference analysis with Mendelian randomization to demonstrate that although individuals with reduced eosinophil cell count are protected against autoimmune disorders such as asthma, they are at increased risk of skin cancer.&#x0D; Methods: Epidemiology and public health has historically relied on observational studies to identify risk factors for disease; however, these methods are limited by reverse causation and confounding effects. In this study, we utilize genetic epidemiology and Mendelian randomization, a methodology that removes the risk for reverse causation, reduces pathways for confounding variables, and is an effective tool in identifying causal effects between risk factors and outcomes. Our analysis combines results from 12 genetic analyses from 5 different studies to explore the differential effect of eosinophil cell count on autoimmune and skin cancer disease risk.&#x0D; Results: Raised eosinophil count resulted in increased risk of multiple autoimmune disorders including psoriasis (OR 0.0029 (95% CI: 0.0013-0.0046), P-value = 5.0x10-4), ankylosing spondylitis (OR 1.397x10-3 (95% CI: 0.0006-0.002), P-value = 4.0x10-4), and rheumatoid arthritis (OR 0.0011 (95% CI: 0.0004-0.0019), P-value = 2.1x10-3). In contrast, increased eosinophil cell count was protective against malignant melanoma (OR -0.001 (95% CI: -0.0017-(-0.0003)), P-value = 0.0074) and basal cell carcinoma (OR -0.0012 (95% CI: -0.0024-(-0.00007)), P-value = 3.7x10-2).&#x0D; Conclusions: Results indicated that the causal effect of increased eosinophil count differentially increases the risk of immune related disorders and decreases the risk of oncology related skin diseases.

Baseline and lifetime alcohol consumption and risk of skin cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC).

Experimental evidence suggests that alcohol induces cutaneous carcinogenesis, yet epidemiological studies on the link between alcohol intake and skin cancer have been inconsistent. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is a prospective cohort initiated in 1992 in 10 European countries. Alcohol intake at baseline and average lifetime alcohol intake were assessed using validated country-specific dietary and lifestyle questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in Cox models. A total of 14 037 skin cancer cases (melanoma: n=2457; basal-cell carcinoma (BCC): n=8711; squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC): n=1928; unknown: n=941) were identified among 450 112 participants (average follow-up: 15 years). Baseline alcohol intake was positively associated with SCC (>15 vs 0.1-4.9 g/day: HR=1.44, 95% CI=1.17-1.77; Ptrend =.001), BCC (HR=1.12, 95% CI=1.01-1.23; Ptrend =.04), and melanoma risks in men (HR=1.17, 95% CI=0.95-1.44; Ptrend =.17), while associations were more modest in women (SCC: HR=1.09, 95% CI=0.90-1.30; Ptrend =.13; BCC: HR=1.08, 95% CI=1.00-1.17, Ptrend =.03; melanoma: HR=0.93, 95% CI=0.80-1.08, Ptrend =.13). Associations were similar for lifetime alcohol intake, with an attenuated linear trend. Lifetime liquor/spirit intake was positively associated with melanoma (fourth vs first quartile: HR=1.47, 95% CI=1.08-1.99; Ptrend =.0009) and BCC risks in men (HR=1.17, 95% CI=1.04-1.31; Ptrend =.14). Baseline and lifetime intakes of wine were associated with BCC risk (HR=1.25 in men; HR=1.11-1.12; in women). No statistically significant associations were found between beverage types and SCC risk. Intake of beer was not associated with skin cancer risk. Our study suggests positive relationships between alcohol intake and skin cancer risk, which may have important implications for the primary prevention of skin cancer.

Health and economic gain attributable to the introduction of the World Health Organization's drinking water standard on arsenic level in Hungary: A nationwide retrospective study on cancer occurrence and ischemic heart disease mortality

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 140 million individuals are at risk from consumption of drinking water containing arsenic at concentrations above the WHO guideline value of 10 μg/l. Arsenic mitigation is considered to be the most effective way to prevent arsenic related diseases. After joining the European Union, Hungary implemented a Drinking Water Quality Improvement Programme (DWQIP) to reduce levels of arsenic in drinking water below the WHO guideline value. But what impact did this have on health? We estimated the change in lifetime excess skin, lung, and bladder cancer risks and mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) associated with chronic arsenic intake among those exposed before (2004–2007) and after (2014–2017) the implementation of DWQIP. A population-based risk assessment approach was used to assess lifetime excess cancer risk applying two scenarios for lung and bladder cancers. The economic benefits of the DWQIP were estimated by the combination of cost of illness and value per statistical life methods. Compared to the period before the DWQIP, its implementation was associated with a significant reduction in arsenic in drinking water [median: 3.0 μg/l interquartile range (IQR): 1.5–12.0 μg/l to median: 2.15 μg/l IQR: 1.0–5.79 μg/l]. The two scenarios were estimated to be associated with 225.2 and 35.9 fewer cancer cases each year. The number of annually prevented IHD deaths was estimated to be 88.9. It was estimated that the benefits of the DWQIP will outweigh its costs. We conclude that reducing arsenic levels in drinking water to 10.0 μg/l resulted in significant health and economic benefits. Our study goes beyond the existing research, offering both new insights into the impact of arsenic mitigation and providing a methodological template for similar studies in the many parts of the world that have yet to reduce arsenic exposure.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Risk of Skin Cancer

This cohort study examines the odds of developing basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma among insured adults with neurofibromatosis type 1.

Characteristics, Predictors, and Outcomes of Early mTOR Inhibitor Use After Heart Transplantation: Insights From the UNOS Database.

BackgroundThe clinical characteristics of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors use in heart transplant recipients and their outcomes have not been well described.Methods and ResultsWe compared patients who received mTOR inhibitors within the first 2 years after heart transplantation to patients who did not by inquiring the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database between 2010 and 2018. The primary end point was all‐cause mortality with retransplantation as a competing event. Rejection, malignancy, hospitalization for infection, and renal transplantation were secondary end points. There were 1619 (9%) and 15 686 (81%) mTOR inhibitors+ and mTOR inhibitors− patients, respectively. Body mass index, induction, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, calculated panel reactive antibody, and fewer days in 1A status were independently associated with mTOR inhibitors+ status. Over a follow‐up of 10.4 years, there was no difference in all‐cause mortality after adjusting for donor and recipient characteristics (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.90–1.19]; P=0.66). mTOR inhibitors+ were independently associated with increased risk for rejection (odds ratio [OR], 1.43 [1.11–1.83]; P=0.005) and basal skin cancer (OR, 1.35 [1.19–1.51]; P=0.012) but not for infection or renal transplantation.ConclusionsmTOR inhibitors are used in <10% patients in the first 2 years after heart transplantation and are noninferior to contemporary immunosuppression regimens in terms of all‐cause mortality, infection, malignancy, or renal transplantation. They are associated with risk for rejection.

Knowledge, Behaviour and Attitudes Related to Sun Exposure in Sportspeople: A Systematic Review.

People who practice outdoor sports have an increased risk of skin cancer as they are exposed to high doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Recent studies have shown that in many athletes, sun protection behaviours are inadequate, with the risk that this entails. The aim of this review is to collect the information published to date about the knowledge, attitudes and habits of athletes in relation to sun exposure and its risks. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed and Embase with the search algorithm “(skin cancer OR melanoma) AND (exercise OR sport OR athletes)”. All studies analysing the knowledge, attitudes and habits of photoprotection in athletes were included. A total of 2,365 publications were found, of which 23 were selected, including a total of 10,445 sportspeople. The majority of participants declared their voluntary intention to tan and stated that the sun made them feel better, although they also showed concern about possible damage associated with UV radiation. In most studies, less than half of the participants made adequate use of photoprotective measures. In general, most athletes had a high level of knowledge regarding the risk of skin cancer associated with sun exposure. In conclusion, most athletes are aware of the risks associated with UV radiation but do not make adequate use of photoprotective cream. New training programs on photoprotection could help improve athletes’ photoprotective behaviour, reducing the incidence of skin cancer and precancerous lesions in this population.

Sun-protective behaviors and skin cancer risk factors among American Indians and Alaskan Natives in the United States

To the Editor: According to the United States Census, over 9 million American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AIAN) are living in the United States.1 Despite AIANs encompassing a significant percentage of the United States population, research related to skin cancer among AIANs is limited. We sought to assess skin cancer risk behaviors and prevention in this underserved population.

Development and Validation of a Simple Model to Predict the Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer on Screening Total Body Skin Examination.

Objective There is insufficient evidence to generate skin cancer screening guidelines at the population level, resulting in arbitrary variation in patient selection for screening skin examinations. This study was aimed at developing an easy-to-use predictive model of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk on screening total body skin examination (TBSE). Methods This epidemiologic assessment utilized data from a prospective, multicenter international study from primarily academic outpatient dermatology clinics. Potential predictors of NMSC on screening TBSE were identified and used to generate a multivariable model that was converted into a point-based scoring system. The performance characteristics of the model were validated in a second data set from two healthcare institutions in the United States. Results 8,501 patients were included. Statistically significant predictors of NMSC on screening TBSE included age, skin phototype, and history of NMSC. A multivariable model and point-based scoring system using these predictors exhibited high discrimination (AUC = 0.82). Conclusion A simple three-variable model, abbreviated as CAP (cancer history, age, phototype) can accurately predict the risk of NMSC on screening TBSE by dermatology. This tool may be used in clinical decision making to enhance the yield of screening TBSE.

Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer Hyperhotspots as Sensitive Indicators of Keratinocyte UV Exposure†.

The dominant DNA damage generated by UV exposure is the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), which alters skin cell physiology and induces cell death and mutation. Genome-wide nucleotide-resolution analysis of CPDs in melanocytes and fibroblasts has identified "CPD hyperhotspots", pyrimidine-pyrimidine sites hundreds of fold more susceptible to the generation of CPDs than the genomic average. Identifying hyperhotspots in keratinocytes could enable measuring individual past UV exposure in small skin samples and predicting future skin cancer risk. We therefore exposed neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes to narrowband UVB and quantified CPDs using the adductSeq high-throughput DNA sequencing method. Keratinocytes contained thousands of CPD hyperhotspots, with a UVB-sensitivity up to 550 fold greater than the genomic average. As with melanocytes, the most sensitive sites were located in promoter regions at ETS-family transcription factor binding sequence motifs, near RNA processing genes. Moreover, they lay at sequence motifs bound to ETS1 in CpG islands. These genes were specifically upregulated in skin and the CPD hyperhotspots were mutated in a fraction of keratinocyte cancers. Crucially for their biological importance and practical application, CPD hyperhotspot locations and UV-sensitivity ranking demonstrated high reproducibility across experiments and across skin donors. CPD hyperhotspots are therefore sensitive indicators of UV exposure.

Risks of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers Pre- and Post-Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis.

We compared risks of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) and melanoma preceding and following a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to evaluate the effect of thiopurines and anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNF-α) on skin cancer risk in IBD. This was a retrospective, historical cohort study using the population-based University of Manitoba IBD Epidemiology Database (11 228 IBD cases and 104 725 matched controls) linked to the Manitoba Cancer Registry. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to calculate skin cancer risks prior to and after IBD diagnosis. Persons with ulcerative colitis (UC) were more likely to have basal cell carcinoma (BCC) predating their UC diagnosis (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.60). Risks of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), other NMSCs, or melanoma prior to IBD diagnosis were not significantly increased. Post-IBD diagnosis, risks of BCC (hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.37-1.70) and SCC (hazard ratio, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.29-2.01) were significantly increased across all IBD groups except for SCC in UC. There was no significant association between melanoma and IBD post-IBD diagnosis. The risks of BCC and melanoma were increased in thiopurine and anti-TNF users, and risk of SCC was increased in only thiopurine users. Nested cohort analysis of persons with IBD with censoring at both thiopurines and anti-TNF use confirmed a higher baseline risk of BCC and no effect on SCC, comparable to pre-IBD diagnosis findings. The risk of BCC preceding a diagnosis of UC is higher than in non-UC controls, compared with a generally increased risk of all NMSCs post-IBD diagnosis. Thiopurine and anti-TNF therapy increase the risks for skin cancers in persons with IBD after their diagnoses.

Establishment of a human induced pluripotent stem cell line, KMUGMCi003-A, from a patient with trichothiodystrophy 1 (TTD1) bearing compound heterozygous missense mutations in the ERCC2 gene

Trichothiodystrophy 1 (TTD1) is a rare, autosomal recessive, multisystem disorder characterized by the sulfur-deficient brittle hair, cutaneous photosensitivity, high risk of skin cancer, psychomotor retardation. TTD1 is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in ERCC2 gene. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a patient carrying two heterozygous missense mutations of the ERCC2 gene were reprogrammed using the CytoTune-iPS2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit. The putative compound heterozygous mutation in ERCC2 will cause the abnormal protein, which is known to associated with TTD1. The established human induced pluripotent cell (hiPSC) line will enable proper in vitro disease modelling of TTD1.