Risk Factor For End-stage Renal Disease Research Articles

Prognostic factors and outcomes in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis: A retrospective single-center study from southern China.

To investigate the prognostic factors and outcomes in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis (ANCA-GN) in Southern China. A retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with ANCA-GN admitted to Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University and Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University between September 2011 and September 2021 was performed. The clinical presentation, biological, and renal pathology were collected. In addition, the risk factors for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and short-term overall survival in patients with ANCA-GN were analyzed. A total of 93 patients with ANCA-GN were included in the study. Of them, 91.4%, were perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (MPO-pANCA)-positive. Approximately one-quarter (24.7%) of patients had progressed to ESRD, and 7.5% died within six months. Most patients presented with hematuria (94.6%), proteinuria (78.5%), elevated serum creatinine (86.0%), anemia (90.3%), and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (44.1%). The majority (94.6%) of patients presented with crescent formations at histopathological examination. Serum creatinine, hemoglobin, and Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) were all independent factors for ESRD (P<0.05). Moreover, while ANCA renal risk score (ARRS) has an impact on prognosis of nephropathy, it did not influence ESRD independently (P>0.05). The effect of Berden's histopathologic classification on ESRD has not been confirmed. Age at onset, ESR and cardiovascular involvement were all independent factors affecting short-term overall survival of patients with ANCA-GN (P<0.05). Serum creatinine, hemoglobin, and BVAS were all independent risk factors of ESRD, while ARRS and Berden's histopathologic classification were not. Age at onset, ESR, and cardiovascular involvement were independent risk factors for the overall six-month survival rate in patients with ANCA-GN.

A comprehensive exploration of chronic kidney disease and dialysis in Canada's Indigenous population: from epidemiology to genetic influences.

This study aims to review the escalating prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among Canada's Indigenous population, focusing on risk factors, hospitalization and mortality rates, and disparities in kidney transplantation. The study explores how these factors contribute to the health outcomes of this population and examines the influence of genetic variations on CKD progression. The review synthesizes data on prevalence rates, hospitalization and mortality statistics, and transplantation disparities among Indigenous individuals. It also delves into the complexities of healthcare access, including geographical, socioeconomic, and psychological barriers. Additionally, the manuscript investigates the impact of racial factors on blood characteristics relevant to dialysis treatment and the genetic predispositions influencing disease progression in Indigenous populations. Indigenous individuals exhibit a higher prevalence of CKD and ESRD risk factors such as diabetes and obesity, particularly in regions like Saskatchewan. These patients face a 77% higher risk of death compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts and are less likely to receive kidney transplants. Genetic analyses reveal significant associations between CKD and specific genomic variations. Through analyses, we found that healthy Indigenous individuals may have higher levels of circulating inflammatory markers, which could become further elevated for those with CKD. In particular, they may have higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) fibrinogen, as well as genomic variations that affect IL-6 production and the function of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) which has critical potential influence on the compatibility with dialysis membranes contributing to complications in dialysis. Indigenous people in Canada are disproportionately burdened by CKD and ESRD due to socioeconomic factors and potential genetic predispositions. While significant efforts have been made to assess the socioeconomic conditions of the Indigenous population, the genetic factors and their potential critical influence on compatibility with dialysis membranes, contributing to treatment complications, remain understudied. Further investigation into these genetic predispositions is essential.

End-stage renal disease after renal cancer surgery: risk factors and overall survival.

Several risk factors for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), in patients undergoing surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), have been suggested by others. This study aimed to investigate such risk factors and disclose the effect of developing ESRD, postoperatively, on overall survival. The risk of developing ESRD after RCC diagnosis was also evaluated. The data of 16,220 patients with RCC and 162,199 controls were extracted from the Renal Cell Cancer Database Sweden, with linkages across multiple national registers between 2005 and 2020. Cox proportional hazards regression, Kaplan-Meier curves and cumulative incidence were used for statistical analysis. The 5-year cumulative incidence of ESRD following RCC diagnosis was 2.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-2.6) and 0.4% (95% CI 0.3-0.4) for the patients with RCC and controls, respectively. Age, chronic kidney disease, higher T-stage and radical nephrectomy (RN) were significant risk factors for ESRD within 1-year of surgery. A total of 104 and 12,152 patients with and without ESRD, respectively, survived 1-year postoperatively. The 5-year overall survival rates of patients with ESRD and those with RCC only were 50% (95% CI 0.40-0.60) and 80% (95% CI 0.80-0.81), respectively. Patients who developed ESRD following renal cancer surgery had significantly poorer survival outcomes. Advanced age, comorbidities, higher-stage tumours and RN were identified as risk factors for developing ESRD. Surgical decisions are crucial. Efforts to spare renal function, including nephron-sparing surgery and active surveillance in appropriate cases, are highly relevant to reduce the development of severe kidney dysfunction.

Risk factors for renal outcomes in children with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a nationwide retrospective study in China

BackgroundPediatric antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a life-threatening systemic vasculitis featured by liability to renal involvement. However, there are few studies on the risk factors and predictive models for renal outcomes of AAV in children.MethodsData from 179 AAV children in multiple centers between January 2012 and March 2020 were collected retrospectively. The risk factors and predictive model of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in AAV were explored.ResultsRenal involvement was the most typical manifestation (95.5%), and the crescent was the predominant pathological lesion (84.9%). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was evaluated in 114 patients, of whom 59.6% developed ESRD, and the median time to ESRD was 3.20 months. The eGFR [P = 0.006, odds ratio (OR) = 0.955, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.924–0.987] and the percentages of global glomerulosclerosis (pGGS; P = 0.018, OR = 1.060, 95% CI = 1.010–1.112) were independent risk factors for ESRD of renal biopsy. Based on the pGGS and eGFR at renal biopsy, we developed three risk grades of ESRD and one predictive model. The Kaplan‒Meier curve indicated that renal outcomes were significantly different in different risk grades (P < 0.001). Compared with serum creatinine at baseline, the predictive model had higher accuracy (0.86 versus 0.58, P < 0.001) and a lower coefficient of variation (0.07 versus 0.92) in external validation.ConclusionsRenal involvement is the most common manifestation of pediatric AAV in China, of which more than half deteriorates into ESRD. The predictive model based on eGFR at renal biopsy and the pGGS may be stable and accurate in speculating the risk of ESRD in AAV children.342BNb9AdCycy4MnMisg3FSupplementary file 2 (MP4 18937 KB)

Serum Complement C4 Levels Are a Useful Biomarker for Predicting End-Stage Renal Disease in Microscopic Polyangiitis.

This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). In total, 74 patients with MPA were enrolled, and we compared the baseline clinical characteristics and disease activity between MPA patients who have progressed to ESRD and those without ESRD to select predictive factors for ESRD. Out of 74 patients, 12 patients (16.2%) had ESRD during follow-up. Serum C4 levels were significantly higher in MPA patients who have progressed to ESRD than in those without ESRD (p = 0.009). Multivariate analyses revealed that high serum creatinine levels (odds ratio (OR) 4.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-15.5) and high serum C4 levels (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.03-1.49) were risk factors for ESRD. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the cut-off value for initial serum C4 levels and serum creatinine levels were 29.6 mg/dL and 3.54 mg/dL, respectively. Patients with MPA with a greater number of risk factors (serum C4 levels > 29.6 mg/dL and serum creatinine levels > 3.54 mg/dL) had a higher ESRD progression rate. Serum C4 levels were significantly positively correlated with serum creatinine levels and kidney Birmingham vasculitis activity score (p = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). These results suggest that serum C4 levels are useful tools for assessing renal disease activity and prognosis in MPA.

The correlation of interstitial change with renal prognosis in patients with myeloperoxidase-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis: a single-center retrospective analysis.

We aim to explore the correlation between active/chronic tubulointerstitial injury and renal survival, and to compare their predictive value in patients with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN). A total of 225 patients with MPO-AAGN diagnosed between February 2004 and December 2020 were included. Survival and univariate/multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to analyze the prognostic value of interstitial inflammation and interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA). Of the 225 patients, 73 (32.4%) patients developed end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring maintenance dialysis. Interstitial inflammation>50% and IF/TA>50% were important predictors for ESRD in MPO-AAGN in multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted by age, gender, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)≤15 ml/min/1.73m2, and normal glomeruli% (classified by <25%, 25-50%, >50%). Furthermore, we conducted stratified Cox regression analysis and found different results in the subgroups of eGFR>15 ml/min/1.73m2 and eGFR≤15 ml/min/1.73m2. Interstitial inflammation>50% and IF/TA>50% were significant risk factors for ESRD in the subgroup of eGFR>15 ml/min/1.73m2, but not or less significant in the subgroup of eGFR≤15 ml/min/1.73m2. Similarly, the survival analysis according to interstitial inflammation>50%/≤50% and IF/TA>50%/≤50% showed significant differences in the subgroup of eGFR>15 ml/min/1.73m2, but not or less significant in the subgroup of eGFR≤15 ml/min/1.73m2. Interstitial inflammation>50% and IF/TA>50% were prognostic factors for renal survival in MPO-AAGN. In particular, interstitial inflammation and IF/TA had a better predictive ability in the subgroup of eGFR>15 ml/min/1.73m2. Key Points • Interstitial inflammation>50% and IF/TA>50% can help to predict renal survival in MPO-AAGN. • Both interstitial inflammation and IF/TA had a better predictive ability in the subgroup of eGFR>15 ml/min/1.73m2 than those in the subgroup of eGFR≤15 ml/min/1.73m2.

Controlling nutritional status score is associated with renal progression, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality in biopsy-proved diabetic kidney disease.

Background: The Controlled Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, calculated from albumin, total cholesterol, and lymphocyte count, is a useful indicator for immune-nutritional assessment and is associated with the prognosis of various diseases. However, its relationship with renal outcomes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetic kidney disease is unclear. Methods: This retrospective single-center study enrolled 336 patients with biopsy-confirmed diabetic kidney disease from August 2009 to December 2018. The outcomes were progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), CVD events, and death. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate the association between confounding factors and outcomes. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to compare the outcomes of the patients according to the median CONUT score. The area under the curve (AUC) evaluated with time-dependent receiver operating characteristics was used to test discriminative power of COUNT score. Results: During a median follow-up period of 5.1years. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients in the high CONUT group (CONUT score > 3) had a significantly higher incidence of ESRD, CVD events, and all-cause mortality than those in the low CONUT group (CONUT score ≤ 3). The multivariate COX regression analysis indicated that, The CONUT score was an independent predictor of ESRD (hazards ration [HR] = 1.129, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.037-1.228, p = 0.005), CVD events (HR = 1.159, 95% CI 1.057-1.271, p = 0.002), and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.299, 95% CI 1.143-1.478, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The CONUT score is an independent risk factor for ESRD, CVD events, and overall death in patients with diabetic kidney disease.

Comorbid Conditions in Kidney Transplantation: Outcome Analysis at King Abdulaziz Medical City.

Kidney transplantation is most commonly performed for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and provides the best chance for a cure. The surgery is shown to be beneficial to a patient's quality of life after transplantation in multiple studies. But graft failure is a serious consequence that might happen. The term graft failure refers to the failure of a transplanted kidney to function properly. There are various reasons why this can happen, such as rejection, infection, or medication complications. A retrospective cohort study of comorbid conditions in patients who underwent renal transplantation at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) between 2016 and 2022.Data were collected by chart review using the BestCare system. The data collected included patients' demographics, comorbidities, calculated Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), surgery-related data, laboratory data, and the outcome of transplantation. The categorical data were presented using percentages and frequencies, while the numerical data were presented as mean and standard deviation. The Chi-square test was used for inferential statistics to find the association between categorical variables. A total of 669 patients were included in the current study. Of these, 422 (63.1%) were men, and the mean age was 44years. The incidence of graft failure within one year at KAMC was found to be 1.2% (eight cases). Regarding theCCIand its association with graft failure within one year, 37 (5.5%) patients had a myocardial infarction (MI) and 17 (2.5%) had congestive heart failure; however, no patients with MI or congestive heart failure experienced graft failure, and no significant association was found between MI or congestive heart failure and graft failure (p-value = 1.000 for both). A total of 417 (62.3%) patients had no or diet-controlled diabetes, 122 (18.2%) had uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (DM), and 130 (19.4%) had end-organ damage. DM and graft failure were not significantly associated (p-value = 1.000). A total of 286 (42.8%) patients had ESRD of unknown etiology, 109 (16.3%) patients had ESRD caused by diabetic nephropathy, and 100 (14.9%) had ESRD resulting from hypertension, apart from other causes. Most patients were found to have ESRD of unknown etiology and the most frequently reported known risk factor for ESRD and subsequent transplantation was found to be diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertension.

Analysis of the risk factors forend‑stage renal disease and mortality inANCA-associated vasculitis: a study fromasingle center of the Chinese Rheumatism Data Center.

The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features of AAV and identify possible risk factors for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality in AAV based on the experience of a single center in China. A prospective cohort study of AAV was conducted based on data acquired by the Chinese Rheumatism Data Center (CRDC). The cohort involved 140 patients diagnosed with AAV in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from January 2013 to April 2022. Clinical characteristics and prognostic data were prospectively collected. The patients were divided into an ESRD group and a non-ESRD group, a death group and a survival group, Then, univariate and multivariate COX regression models were used to determine the risk factors associated with ESRD and mortality by AAV. Multivariate Cox regression results showed that high initial serum creatinine (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.001, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.000-1.002, P = 0.024), high initial Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) (HR = 1.081, 95% CI: 1.027-1.138, P = 0.003), and the need for dialysis treatment (HR = 4.918, 95% CI: 1.727-14.000, P = 0.003) were independent risk factors for the progression of ESRD in AAV patients.Multivariate Cox regression results showed that alveolar hemorrhage (HR = 3.846, 95% CI: 1.235-11.973, P = 0.020), interstitial lung disease (HR = 4.818, 95% CI: 1.788-12.982, P = 0.002), and low initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) (HR = 0.981, 95% CI: 0.968-0.995, P = 0.009) were independent risk factors for the prediction of death in AAV patients. These findings suggest that high initial serum creatinine, a high initial BVAS score, and the need for dialysis were independent risk factors for the progression of ESRD in AAV patients.Alveolar hemorrhage, interstitial lung disease, and low initial EGFR were independent risk factors for death. Key Points • The risk factors for ESRD in AAV determined in this study are high initial serum creatinine, a high initial BVAS score, and the need for dialysis. • The risk factors for mortality in AAV are alveolar hemorrhage, interstitial lung disease, and low initial EGFR.

Urinary RBP as an Independent Predictor of Renal Outcome in Diabetic Nephropathy.

Background Renal tubular impairment is prevalent in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the histological severity predicted renal outcome. Biomarkers of tubular injury also increased in the urine of DN patients. The retrospective study aimed to assess the prognostic value of clinically widely applied urinary tubular injury markers, retinol-binding protein (RBP), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in DN. Method A total of 305 patients with biopsy-proven DN were enrolled. The baseline urine total protein and components including albumin, IgG, RBP, β2-MG and NAG were retrieved from medical records. The primary outcome was end stage renal disease (ESRD). Cox proportional hazard analysis and restricted cubic splines were performed to evaluate the association of parameters with ESRD. Nomograms were constructed and concordance index (C-index) was used to measure the prediction ability. Result The levels of urinary RBP, β2-MG and NAG were positively correlated with the severity of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA). Positive correlations were also observed among β2-MG, NAG and mesangial expansion. Urinary RBP was not correlated with any glomerular lesions. Urinary RBP, β2-MG and NAG were risk factors for ESRD in hazard analysis with adjustment for age, gender and body mass index (BMI). The hazard ratios increased with the increment of baseline levels. In the multivariate Cox model including serum creatinine (SCr), total urinary protein, urinary albumin, urinary IgG and the tubular injury biomarkers, urinary RBP (with every g/mol.Cr increase: HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.10, p =0.001) remained as an independent risk factor for ESRD in DN patients. Patients were divided by the medium value of urinary RBP into the low RBP and high RBP groups. Survival analysis showed that significantly more patients in the high RBP progressed to ESRD compared to those in the low RBP group (p =0.02) when urinary total protein was less than 3.5 g/g. The C-index of the nomogram incorporating age, gender, BMI, SCr and total urine protein was 0.757. The value increased to 0.777 after adding urinary RBP to the model. Conclusions Urinary RBP excretion was only correlated with the severity of IFTA and independently predicted ESRD in DN patients.

Risk factors for end stage renal disease in children with anorectal malformation and outcome comparison to children with isolated urological anomalies

End stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring kidney transplant (KT) remains an important cause of morbidity in anorectal malformations (ARM) patients. Current literature is scarce on defining the risk factors for ESRD and the outcomes of KT in ARM patients. This study aimed to identify predisposing factors to ESRD in ARM patients and verify if the long term outcome of KT in these patients differs from pure urological anomalies (UA). Databases of ARM and KT patients treated at our center between 2000 and 2016 were used for comparing characteristics of ARM cases which developed ESRD and those who did not, and the outcome features of MAR-KT vs UA-KT. Out of 117 ARM patients, 9 developed ESRD. All of them had a complex ARM. Association with UA were significantly higher in ARM-KT compared to other ARM patients (100% vs. 52%, p=0.001). The most common UA associated to KT in ARM patients was renal dysplasia. During the same period 23 patients underwent KT as a sequelae of pure urological anomalies (UA-KT group). The most represented UA were primary vesico-ureteral reflux (65.2%) and posterior urethral valves (14%) in UA-KT (table 2). ARM-KT patients required more often hemodialysis before KT (50% vs. 8.7%, p=0.05) and an aorto-caval anastomosis at the transplant (75% vs. 30%, p=0.04) compared to UA-KT. Moreover ARM-KT patients experienced more often graft failure and and the need for a second KT (50% vs. 8.6%, p=0.02). To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the differences in terms of risk factors and outcomes of KT in ARM patients. We observed a need for KT in 7% of ARM, which is at the higher end of the range reported in the literature. Bilateral dysplasia and cloaca malformation seem the leading cause to ESRD for ARM patients compared to vesico-ureteral reflux and posterior urethral valve in UA-KT. Our experience showed that KT has worst outcome in ARM vs pure UA patients. Patients with complex ARM are more frequently associated to renal dysplasia which lead to KT. Graft in ARM patients seems to be the more vulnerable and prone to failure.

IDF21-0280 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Increases the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Biopsy-Confirmed Diabetic Nephropathy

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) continues to be the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. People with ESRD must undergo dialysis or kidney transplantation to prolong survival, placing a heavy burden on people and the world. Therefore, it is essential to find new risk factors for ESRD in these patients. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is another global health challenges and closely related to type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, whether NAFLD increases the risk of incident ESRD in people with DN is still unknown. Aim: To investigate the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with biopsy-confirmed diabetic nephropathy (DN). Method: A total of 354 patients with biopsy-confirmed DN between January 2008 and July 2019 were retrospectively assessed. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare the risk of incident ESRD in patients with and without NAFLD, after using propensity score-matching (PSM) to address the imbalances of sex, age, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum albumin, 24-hour urine protein, hemoglobin and systolic blood pressure. Results: Fifty-two patients with NAFLD have a higher level of HbA1c, triglyceride, total cholesterol, usage of ACEI or ARB and usage of statins or fibrates, compared with 52 propensity-matched patients without NAFLD. During the median follow-up period of 3.3-year, there are 21 ESRD outcome events (20.19%). Kaplan–Meier curve analysis suggests that renal survival significantly deteriorated in patients with NAFLD versus those without NAFLD in PSM cohort (p=0.045). Additionally, the HRs (95% confidence interval, CI) of NAFLD are 2.77 (p=0.043), 4.73 (p=0.015) and 3.60 (p=0.041), after adjustment for three models, respectively. Discussion: NAFLD increases the risk of incident ESRD in patients with biopsy-proven DN. Treatment targeting NAFLD might improve the prognosis of DN.

Underweight and Weight Change Increases End-Stage Renal Disease Risk in Patients with Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

Weight variability has known as a risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, its effect on end-stage renal disease (ESRD) development remains controversial. We investigated the relationship between weight change and ESRD risk. Overall, 97,029 patients with DM aged >20 years were selected from the Korean National Health Screening Program 2009–2012. Weight change was defined as differences in body weight from the index year to 2 years later. Newly diagnosed ESRD was observed until 2017 end. Over a 5.1-year median follow-up period, ESRD was newly diagnosed in 7932 (4.81%) DM patients. BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 and waist circumferences <85/80 and >100/95 cm were ESRD risk factors. ESRD risk increased with increasing weight change; ≥10% weight loss (hazard ratio [HR], 1.247) followed by ≥10% weight gain (1.247) was associated with a higher HR than ≤5% weight change after adjusting for several confounding factors. The association between weight change and ESRD risk in a subgroup analysis was significantly stronger in patients aged <65 years, without proteinuria, with BMI ≥ 25, with DM duration <5 years, and prescribed less than 3 classes of DM medication. Underweight patients showed higher ESRD risks than overweight patients. Weight loss >10% was associated with the fastest decline in renal function.

Clinicopathological Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Renal Vascular Lesions in Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Related Renal Vasculitis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features of different degrees of extraglomerular renal vascular lesions (RVLs) in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated renal vasculitis and explore their clinical determinants. This is a retrospective study of 186 patients with ANCA-associated renal vasculitis diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2014 to April 2019. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into non-renal RVLs, mild RVLs, moderate RVLs, and severe RVLs. It was found that there were significant differences in serum creatinine (SCR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), the prevalence rate of hypertension, the proportion of normal glomeruli, and the proportion of sclerotic glomeruli and interstitial fibrosis integral. SCR and ESR are independent risk factors for RVLs. The participants were followed up for 1 year, and the progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death was defined as endpoint events. We found that the survival rate of patients without RVLs was significantly higher than that of patients with RVLs and that the RVLs were an independent risk factor for ESRD or death. Early intervention in the progression of RVLs can improve the prognosis.

Treatment effectiveness and long-term prognosis of childhood-onset lupus nephritis

Objectives: To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment effectiveness and long-term prognosis of childhood-onset lupus nephritis (LN), and to explore the risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods: In this retrospective study, the clinical data including general conditions, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, treatment, following up (till December 31st, 2020) and prognosis of 343 children with LN who were treated and followed up in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2019 were analyzed. Complete remission rates were compared between different pathological types according to renal biopsies and flare rates were compared between complete remission group and partial remission group according to the treatment effectiveness after 6 months of induction treatment. To investigate the risk factors of ESRD, the prognosis of flare and non-flare cases, and of cases with normal and elevated serum creatinine levels at baseline, was compared. Chi-squared tests were used for comparison between groups, and cumulative survival rate and renal survival rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Risk factors for ESRD were analyzed by COX regression model. Results: Among the 343 children, 68 were males (19.8%) and 275 were females (80.2%) with a median age of 13.0 (11.0, 16.0) years. Regarding the renal symptoms, 305 (88.9%) children had proteinuria and 245 (71.4%) had hematuria; while for extra-renal manifestations, 273 (79.6%) had anemia, 183 (53.4%) had rashes and 165 (48.1%) had fever. A total of 212 (61.8%) children had severely active SLE at initial presentation. After 6 months of induction treatment, the complete remission rate was 63.8% (219/343) and the partial remission rate was 27.1% (93/343). The complete remission rate was significantly higher in type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ LN compared to type Ⅳ LN (10/12 vs. 82/135 (60.7%), χ²=3.936, P=0.047). One hundred and ten children who achieved remission, including complete remission and partial remission, experienced renal flare with a flare rate of 35.3% and a mean time to flare was (43.2±28.4) months. There was no significant difference in flare rates between complete and partial remission group (36.1% (79/219) vs. 33.3% (31/93), χ²=3.394, P=0.065). The follow-up time of all the children was 60.4 (32.3, 100.9) months. During the follow-up period, 15 children died and the cumulative survival rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 97.2%, 96.4% and 93.3%, respectively; 14 children progressed to ESRD and the cumulative renal survival rates at 3, 5, and 10 years were 99.2%, 97.1%, and 93.4%, respectively. COX multivariate analysis demonstrated that elevated serum creatinine at baseline, nephritic flare and nephrotic flare were independent risk factors for progression of ESRD (hazard ratio (HR)=3.575, 21.550 and 8.590, 95%CI 1.127-11.341, 2.394-194.027 and 1.042-70.823, P=0.031, 0.006, and 0.046, respectively). Conclusions: Children with LN are characterized by high SLE disease activity and multi-system involvement at onset. After 6 months of induction treatment, most of LN children could achieve clinical remission but some would experience renal flare. Nephritic flare, nephrotic flare and elevated serum creatinine at onset are independent risk factors for the progression of ESRD in children with LN.

Cumulative hypertension burden and risk of end-stage renal disease.

Hypertension is the leading risk factor for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, the association between sustained exposure to increased blood pressure (BP) and ESRD is not well established. This study investigated whether the cumulative hypertension burden is a substantial risk factor for ESRD. The incidence of ESRD among 2,144,801 participants identified from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database who had documented BP assessment data in their annual health check-up data from between 2006 and 2010, was determined. Over a median follow-up of 7.2 years, ESRD was identified in 1758 participants. Hypertension burden was defined as the cumulative exposure to hypertension (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg) during four consecutive follow-up periods and ranged from 0 to 4. The hypertension burden was as follows: 0 (n = 1,164,488), 77.6%; 1 (n = 292,377), 13.6%; 2 (n = 114,397), 5.3%; 3 (n = 52,671), 2.5%; and 4 (n = 20,886), 1.0%. Compared to the hypertension burden of 0, the adjusted hazard ratio for ESRD was 1.35, 1.54, 1.51, and 2.28 for hypertension burdens of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. A positive dose-dependent relationship between hypertension burden and ESRD was found (P for interaction < 0.001). This association was maintained for sustained exposure to both systolic and diastolic hypertension burden. In conclusion, hypertension burden increases the risk of ESRD. Our study underlines the usefulness of a new assessment of the hypertension burden over a certain period for predicting the risk of ESRD in a large population-based cohort.

An Evaluation of Socio-Demographic and Risk Factor Profile in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients: A Cross-Sectional Assessment.

BackgroundThe global incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is skyrocketing. In Asia, the prevalence of CKD varies from 10%-18%. However, as Asia is largely populated by developing countries with nascent health care systems, there is a dearth of research and data. It is estimated that a large number of cases go unreported. As a result, the exact disease burden remains unclear. The knowledge about risk factors and their proportionate role in CKD is indispensable in regards to patient management and care. ObjectiveThe early recognition of the most important risk factors for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is key to early diagnosis, successful treatment, and general heightened awareness regarding CKD. In developing countries, the provision of medical services, in general, and nephrological services, in particular, is wholly inadequate. The insufficiency of solid and regularly updated data compounds the problem. This research study aims to partake in catering to that need.MethodologyA structured questionnaire was used to obtain quantitative and categorical data from 119 ESRD patients in the nephrology ward, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad through non-probability sampling. Socio-demographic profile of the patients and information regarding the presence or absence of risk factors were collected. The resulting dataset was analyzed using R version 3.6.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) for data visualization and descriptive analysis.ResultsThe most common age group for ESRD presentation was 46-60 years (52.1%). Among the 119 ESRD patients, the most frequent risk factor was hypertension with 85.7% of the patients presenting with the condition, followed by diabetes mellitus (DM) in 54.6%, renal calculi in 28.6%, glomerulonephritis (GN) in 31.1%, Family history of CKD in 24.4%, and polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in 5% of the patients. Gender-wise distribution of the patients shows that the proportion of patients with hypertension, renal calculi, and family history of CKD varied very little among the two groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, our study has reinforced the existing body of knowledge and brought some fresh evidence regarding the prevalence of risk factors in ESRD to light. Hypertension and DM, together, represent the vast majority of cases with ESRD. However, hypertension far outpaces DM as the leading risk factor. Nephrolithiasis was also present in a considerable minority, with a figure much higher than previously reported. Finally, a relatively younger age group (45-60 years) formed the majority of the ESRD patients which is a concerning development. It points to early progression of CKD to ESRD. Long-term adequate control of these risk factors limits disease progression.

Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis With Acute Kidney Injury: Short-Term Recovery Predicts Long-Term Outcome.

BackgroundKidney involvement is common in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV). It tends to be aggressive, and in some patients, the kidney involvement may reach the criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI). Here, we aim to describe the clinical characteristics of these patients and find risk factors for poor outcomes.MethodsPatients diagnosed with AAV in our hospital from February 2003 to February 2017 were included. Those who reached the KDIGO AKI criteria were reclassified according to the KDIGO AKI stage. The clinical features of these patients were analyzed. Also, according to the variation of serum creatinine 3 months after AKI episode, patients were further divided into two groups: patients whose serum creatinine (Scr) level at the third month decreased by 30% or more from the peak Scr level was classified into G1 and others were classified into G2. Long-term renal and survival outcomes of these patients were analyzed with a Cox model. The renal endpoint was reaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and the survival endpoint was death. Nomograms were built based on cox models.ResultsOf 141 AAV patients included, during the median follow-up period of 64.0 (IQR 34.8, 85.4) months, 36 (25.5%) patients reached renal endpoints, and 22 (15.6%) patients died. The median renal survival time was 35.9 (IQR 21.3, 72.6) months and the median survival time was 48.4 (IQR 26.8, 82.8) months. Multivariate analysis showed that poor recovery of Scr level at 90 days (P < 0.001, RR = 9.150, 95%CI 4.163–20.113), BVAS score (P = 0.014, RR = 1.110, 95% CI1.021–1.207), and AKI stage 3 (P = 0.012 RR = 3.116, 95%CI 1.278–7.598) were independent risk factors for renal endpoints; poor recovery of Scr level at 90 days (P = 0.010, RR = 3.264, 95%CI 1.326–8.035), BVAS score (P = 0.010, RR = 1.171, 95%CI 1.038–1.320) and age (P = 0.017, RR = 1.046, 95%CI 1.008–1.086) were independent risk factors for all-cause death. The c-index of nomograms is 0.830 for the renal outcome and 0.763 for the survival outcome.ConclusionKDIGO AKI stage 3 is the risk factor for ESRD in AAV patients with AKI. The BVAS score and level of kidney function recovery at 90 days are the independent risk factors for both ESRD and all-cause death and are of predictive value for the outcome.

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with paraproteinemia and renal damage

BackgroundThis study aimed to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with paraproteinemia and renal damage.MethodsNinety-six patients from 2014 to 2018 with paraproteinemia and renal damage were enrolled and the clinical data, renal pathology, treatment and prognosis data were collected.ResultsA total of 96 patients (54 male and 42 female), accounting for 2.7% of all renal biopsies, were enrolled in this study. Among them, 42 were monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS), 21 were renal monotypic immunoglobulin alone (renal monoIg), and 19 were monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Individuals with multiple myeloma (MM) accounted for the fewest number of patients (n = 14). In the MGRS group, the main diseases were amyloidosis (n = 25) and cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis (n = 7), while in the MM group, the main diseases were cast nephropathy (n = 9) and light chain deposit disease (n = 3). In the MGUS group, it was mainly IgA nephropathy (IgAN, n = 10) and idiopathic membranous nephropathy (n = 5); while in the renal monoIg group, most of the cases were IgAN (n = 19). Chemotherapy was mainly administered to patients in the MM group, while immunosuppression therapy was mostly administered to patients in the renal monoIg group. Most patients with renal monoIg exhibited a major response, followed by the patients with MGUS and MGRS, while most of the patients with MM had a partial response but none had a major response. Approximately more than half (57.1%) of the patients with MM progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), followed by MGRS (33.3%); however, the mortality rate was low in both the MGRS and MM groups. The survival analysis reviewed that serum creatinine, hemoglobin levels, and the serum κ/λ ratio were independent risk factors for ESRD in patients with MGRS.ConclusionsThe clinicopathological changes in patients with MGRS were between those in patients with MM and MGUS. The treatment for MGRS and MM was more intensive, and the overall mortality rate was low. Both MGUS and renal monoIg alone exhibited slighter clinicopathological features than MGRS and MM, and the treatment was focused mostly on primary renal diseases.

A single bout of hybrid intradialytic exercise did not affect left-ventricular function in exercise-naïve dialysis patients: a randomized, cross-over trial.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, especially those receiving hemodialysis (HD) therapy. HD has many side effects that are related to patients' hearts, such as recurrent myocardial ischemia and global or segmental left-ventricular dysfunction, which is associated with intradialytic hypotension, long-term loss of systolic function, and high incidence of cardiovascular events and death. Systematic exercise training has a beneficial effect on measures of cardiovascular fitness and reducing cardiovascular risk factors in ESRD. Whether there is an acute benefit of exercise during HD on left-ventricular function is not well known. The current study aimed to investigate whether a single bout of hybrid (aerobic and resistance) intradialytic exercise could affect left-ventricular function during HD sessions. Twenty-one exercise naïve and clinically stable HD patients participated in the study. All participants completed two different HD trials on two different days, separated by 1 week: (1) standard HD and (2) HD including a single bout of hybrid intradialytic exercise. Hybrid intradialytic training included the usual intradialytic cycling followed by resistance training using elastic bands and dumbbells. Echocardiographic assessment of left-ventricular function was completed before HD, half an hour before the end of HD, and 30min after the end of HD. Cohort data for left-ventricular function indices were not different between trials and did not change across time in either the standard HD or HD plus exercise trial. Cohort data for the change in ejection fraction from baseline to during HD did mask considerable inter-individual variability (HD -0 ± 15; HD plus exercise (-2 ± 20). Despite this, the variability was not mediated by the addition of intradialytic hybrid exercise. A single bout of hybrid intradialytic exercise did not affect left-ventricular function during the HD therapy. It is important to determine whether chronic exercise training could beneficially affect left-ventricular function abnormalities often observed during the HD therapy. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01721551) as a clinical trial.