Temperature Rise Research Articles

Nonlinear dynamics of femtosecond laser interaction with the central nervous system in zebrafish

Understanding the photodamage mechanism underlying the highly nonlinear dynamic of femtosecond laser pulses at the second transparent window of tissue is crucial for label-free microscopy. Here, we report the identification of two cavitation regimes from 1030 nm pulses when interacting with the central nervous system in zebrafish. We show that at low repetition rates, the damage is confined due to plasma-based ablation and sudden local temperature rise. At high repetition rates, the damage becomes collateral due to plasma-mediated photochemistry. Furthermore, we investigate the role of fluorescence labels with linear and nonlinear absorption pathways in optical breakdown. To verify our findings, we examined cell death and cellular responses to tissue damage, including the recruitment of fibroblasts and immune cells after irradiation. These findings contribute to advancing the emerging nonlinear optical microscopy techniques and provide a strategy for inducing precise, and localized injuries using near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses.

Predicting Climatic Parameters Using the ARIMA Time Series and LSTM Deep Learning Models for Vidarbha Region

A daily increase in atmospheric temperatures causes changes in rainfall patterns. It has a substantial impact on environmental problems worldwide. Understanding these variations is essential, especially concerning how changes in rainfall affect natural calamities like droughts, floods, and global warming. The Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India, is selected as a subject of this work. Climate change impacts groundwater levels because the temperature rise reduces it. After considering all the factors, it is a must to apply any forecasting model so that future disasters can be predicted. The study evaluates dataset accuracy and visualises data using RStudio. The work tries forecasting rainfall, humidity, and groundwater data using the ARIMA Time Series model and LSTM machine-learning algorithm. Also, a comparative analysis of both approaches is given here. This thorough investigation has consequences for the area's hydrological planning, disaster preparedness, and economic development.

Preparation of Geopolymers with Nanosilica and Water-in-Air Pickering Emulsion: Mechanisms Underlying Its Rheology, Polymerization, and Strength.

Geopolymers are alkaline-activated aluminosilicate binders recognized as a promising alternative to traditional Portland cement due to their significantly lower greenhouse emissions, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. However, the challenge is meeting or exceeding the strength of Portland cement concrete while being prepared within a desired setting time and possessing workable rheology. A "water-in-air" Pickering emulsion, also called dry water, was prepared by stabilizing water droplets with hydrophobic nano silica and using them to control the geopolymer's strength, setting time, and workability. The mechanisms that underlie the effects of dry water on the rheology, setting, and strength were studied in detail through a combination of rheological, thermal, morphological, chemical, and microstructural assessments. A reduction in the viscosity and yield shear stress manifests in a higher flow diameter, principally due to the particle size coarsening in the precursor and the flowability of hydrophobic nano silica. There was a rapid rise in temperature during the setting process as the dry water temporarily increased the local alkalinity in the mixture, which boosted the dissolution of the precursor and, hence, the reaction. Outcomes from X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared confirm the highest degree of polycondensation for the principal N-A-S-H framework in mixtures containing dry water. These eventually correspond to a denser microstructure under scanning electron microscopy and, in turn, a superior mechanical strength. Depending on the unique combination of characteristics, including size coarsening, temporary water encapsulation, microfilling effect, and supplementary silica source, dry water resolves the "trade-off" between geopolymer's fresh and hardened properties when introducing nanoparticles.

Impact of thermosonication treatment on passion fruit juice: ANN/GA optimization, predictive modelling for shelf life and quality changes during storage

Abstract Optimized sugar-added passion fruit juice (OPFJ) was obtained after optimization of thermosonication treatments of passion fruit juice using hybrid Artificial neural network/Genetic algorithm. The quality parameters and shelf life of OPFJ stored at various temperatures were assessed. Baranyi and Ratkowsky’s square-root models proved the prediction accuracy of the theoretical model concerning the microbial population during storage. The lag phase value decreased with increasing storage temperature. Temperature rise from 8 to 25 °C decreased the shelf life from 17 to 8 days for OPFJ and 3.5 to 1.5 days for untreated juice. The activation energy and increase in the reaction rate on increase in temperature by 10 °C (Q 10 value) were also evaluated. Thermosonication increased the phenolic and β-carotene contents and maintained the pH, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, and antioxidant activity during storage. Thermosonication enhanced the quality and shelf life of juice. Predictive modelling effectively predicted the shelf life.

Scaling carbon removal systems: deploying direct air capture amidst Canada’s low-carbon transition

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies, such as direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), will be critical in limiting the rise of the average global temperature over the next century. Scaling up DACCS technologies requires the support of a complex array of policies and infrastructure across multiple overlapping policy areas, such as climate, energy, technology innovation and resource management. While the literature on DACCS and other CDR technologies acknowledges the path-dependent nature of policy development, it has tended to focus on abstract policy prescriptions that are not rooted in the specific political, social and physical (infrastructural) context of the implementing state. To address this gap, this paper provides a country-level study of the emerging DACCS policy regime in Canada. Drawing on the existing literature that identifies idealized (acontextual) policy objectives that support DACCS development and effective regulation, we identify the actionable policy objectives across six issue domains: general climate mitigation strategies; energy and resource constraints; carbon storage and transport regulation and infrastructure; financing scale-up and supporting innovation; removal and capture technology availability and regulation; and addressing social acceptability and public interest. Using a database of Canadian climate policies (n = 457), we identify policies within the Canadian (federal and provincial) policy environment that map to the idealized policy objectives within each of these domains. This exercise allows us to analyze how key policy objectives for DACCS development are represented within the Canadian system, and enables us to identify potential niches, and landscape influences within the system, as well as gaps and potential barriers to the system transition process. This paper contributes to our understanding of national DACCS policy development by providing a framework for identifying components of the DAC system and linking those components to desired policy outcomes and may provide a basis for future cross-country comparisons of national-level DACCS policy.

A Novel Temperature Rise Prediction Method of Multi-component Feed System for CNC Machine Tool Based on Multi-source Fusion of Heterogeneous Correlation Information

A Novel Temperature Rise Prediction Method of Multi-component Feed System for CNC Machine Tool Based on Multi-source Fusion of Heterogeneous Correlation Information

Modelling Land Surface Temperature Variation in New Guinea Island from 2000 to 2019 Using a Cubic Spline Model

Land surface temperature (LST) is a critical indicator variable in climate science. In this study, the variation of LST on the island of New Guinea during 2000 to 2019 was investigated using a cubic spline model and a multivariate regression model. The data were obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer database. This study focused on 90 subregions with 105-pixels of latitude 90 kilometer apart. These subregions were categorized into 10 super-regions. The results showed that the mean change in LST for all 90 subregions was +0.086°C per decade with a confidence interval of (0.028, 0.144)oC. There were five super-regions with a significant mean LST change. LST increased significantly in the central-north, central-south of the island (super-regions B1, C1, and C2 with 0.117°C, 0.162°C, and 0.185°C, respectively) and the southern part of Papua New Guinea (super-region E2 with 0.217°C), whereas it decreased in the middle part of the Indonesian territories (A2 with −0.122°C). The results also showed that LST variation occurs at the subregional level. Climate change mitigation methods are critical for reducing temperature rise and limiting any negative effects on the region.

Experimental study on flame morphology, ceiling temperature and carbon monoxide generation characteristic of prismatic lithium iron phosphate battery fires with different states of charge in a tunnel

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) fire in a tunnel can generate a high-temperature environment, massive toxic and harmful smoke in a short period. This work carried out a series of thermal runaway (TR) experiments on large prismatic lithium cells in a model tunnel. Results showed that the flame height of LIBs with above 50 % SOC was above 40 cm for much time of the stage (Ⅰ) and (Ⅱ). The average flame height is further proposed to quantify the flame profile at different phases. The greater the SOC was, the higher the ceiling temperature and peak CO concentration were also relatively. For example, while decreasing the distance to the fire source from 0 m to -0.7 m, the peak ceiling temperature of 25 Ah batteries with 100 % SOC decreases from 309 °C to 118 °C, with a decay rate of 62 %. The CO concentration showed a comparable variation pattern to the tunnel ceiling temperature. Finally, a dimensionless relationship was employed to describe the ceiling temperature decay. Meanwhile, the ceiling maximum temperature rise for different capacity battery fires in a tunnel was integrated into a relational correlation. The study results are expected to further understand the battery fire hazards in tunnel.

Flame extension length and temperature profile beneath ceiling induced by endwall-attached fire inside compartment with lateral openings

This study experimentally investigated the fire characteristics of endwall-attached fire within the long-narrow compartment, including the flame extension and temperature profile. Experiments were conducted in a reduced scaled compartment featuring multiple lateral openings. Results show that the previous models of flame extension length and temperature rise in the literatures, whether for sidewall fires in tunnels or central fires in compartments with lateral openings, cannot predict the experimental data in this study. A new correlation is proposed for the flame extension length based on non-dimensional heat release rate. The longitudinal temperature profile generated by endwall-attached fires in compartment can be classified into three distinct regions related to the position of the lateral opening: temperature rapid decrease region, temperature slow decrease region, and backflow region at the end of the compartment. A model for the maximum temperature rise and a piecewise equation based on single exponential function for temperature decay profile are proposed, and these equations effectively correlate the experimental data. The findings of this study can deepen the understanding of fire dynamics within similar building structures and have value for the fire hazard assessment.

Climate Perceptions of Small Ruminant Farmers in the Mouhoun Province of Burkina Faso

Perception is all about taking in, taking for oneself, taking hold of. Thus, a false perception of climate change can lead to a lack of adaptation or to maladaptation. Climate change represents a threat to the livestock farmers of the MP, whose main source of income is the exploitation of natural and animal resources. The problematic of this study is based on the good perception of the stockbreeders which were necessary to them to adapt to the climatic crises already occurred. The aim of this study is to analyze the perception of climate change by small ruminant breeders in the Mouhoun Province of Burkina Faso. To this end, 286 breeders, including agro-pastoralists and agro-pastoralists, i.e. 22 breeders per village, were surveyed. In addition, a focus group was held in each village, for a total of thirteen (13). Phinks software was used to process the individual survey data. The results indicate a drop in rainfall intensity (78.7%), a rise in temperatures (90.7%), a withdrawal from grazing areas (86%), a drop in milk production (81.3%) and lactation duration (86%). In summary, it appears that the population has a good perception of the climate in their locality. In addition, although it is difficult to integrate research evidence into development policy and practice, the results of this research could guide policy in making decisions about the climate perception of small ruminant farmers in the Mouhoun Province. This study leads to the conclusion that the changes perceived by farmers are relevant to the development of climate change adaptation strategies.

Femtosecond Laser Carburization of WS2 Flakes to W2C for Enhanced Photothermal Conversion Efficiency

Photothermal therapy is a new, promising approach for treating cancer in a noninvasive way. Herein, a photothermally efficient nanomaterial is synthesized by exposing bulk WS2 powder, dispersed in carbon‐rich acetonitrile, to high‐intensity femtosecond laser pulses. The photothermal measurements show a significantly higher rise in temperature and enhance photothermal efficiency for the laser‐treated material. The attribution is on the enhancement to the formation of tungsten semi‐carbide (W2C), which is verified by morphological and structural characterization. The tungsten semi‐carbide is formed by laser‐induced carburization; intense laser pulses knock S atoms out of the WS2 lattice and dissociate the acetonitrile molecules, resulting in the formation of W2C. Interestingly, the hexagonal W2C has a two‐dimensional (2D) layered morphology like that of the WS2, suggesting its morphology is not random and might be determined by the morphology of the parent material. The study provides a simple route to transform a 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide into a 2D transition‐metal carbide, which is useful for applications including photothermal therapy.

High-temperature dielectric nanocomposite film of 2D Bi4Ti3O12/ABS with excellent energy storage performance

The utilization of high-temperature dielectrics in capacitive energy storage is of great significance in contemporary electronic systems. Nevertheless, the thermal stability of most emerging polymers exhibits a significant decline in their energy storage capacity as temperatures rise. In this study, a unique type of 2D Bi4Ti3O12 nanofillers was synthesized in order to improve the breakdown strength. A nanocomposite consisting of Bi4Ti3O12/poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) was synthesized with the aim of attaining enhanced dielectric characteristics and energy storage density under elevated temperatures. The Bi4Ti3O12/ABS nanocomposites exhibited notable temperature stability in relation to their dielectric and energy storage capabilities across a temperature range spanning from room temperature to 120 °C. Ultrahigh discharged energy density (Ue) of 12.44 J/cm3 for 3 wt%- Bi4Ti3O12/ABS nanocomposites and high efficiency of 87 % under 550 MV/m were achieved at room temperature. An excellent Ue of 9.12 J/cm3 and high efficiency of 86.2 % for 3 wt%- Bi4Ti3O12/ABS nanocomposites were also observed in 3 wt%- Bi4Ti3O12/ABS nanocomposites under 450 MV/m at 120 °C, which was 117 % and 114 % of ABS films. These capacitive performances could match or be higher than previously reported values for high-temperature capacitor applications.

Detecting land cover and land use transitions and the associated temperature changes in the East Asian monsoon region

AbstractUnprecedented land cover and land use (LCLU) changes can significantly alter the interactions between the land and atmosphere through biogeophysical processes, potentially changing the monsoon systems. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify the LCLU changes and the impacts on the climate in the East Asian monsoon (EAM) region, where significant human‐induced LCLU changes have occurred. This study quantified the LCLU transitions with fractional maps produced using the recently developed categorical LCLU maps from 1982 to 2015. In the five sub‐regions, identified as having undergone significant LCLU transitions, the relationships of the transitions with 2 m temperature were investigated using the ERA5‐Land reanalysis data. The quantified LCLU transitions revealed that, in northeastern China, the dominant trend was forests and grasslands changing into croplands. Moreover, in the marginal areas of Inner Mongolia, the transitions of grasslands to croplands and forests were evident. Croplands were mainly converted to forests in the Sichuan region. In particular, in the Sichuan region, the temperature increased by more than 0.04°C as the forests increased by 1%. In the marginal areas of Inner Mongolia, a 1% decrease in grasslands and a 1% increase in forests, respectively, were associated with a temperature rise of more than 0.03 and 0.04°C. The detected LCLU transitions affect the regional warming as demonstrated by correlation, regression and Granger‐causality analyses and the related biogeophysical processes. Thus, the identified LCLU transitions can change the regional climate and potentially affect the monsoon systems by changing the contrast in heat between land and ocean. This empirical research will not only provide insight into possible changes to climate by LCLU transitions in the EAM region, but it will also yield practical information for implementing land cover policies while considering the geographical characteristics of the region.

Thermal and electric field driven rf breakdown precursor formation on metal surfaces

The phenomenon of electric breakdown poses serious challenges to the design of devices that operate in high electric field environments. Experimental evidence points toward breakdown events that are accompanied by elevated temperatures and dark current spikes, which is attributed to high-asperity nanostructure formation that enhances the local electric field and triggers a runaway process. However, the exact mechanistic origin of such nanostructures under typical macroscopic operational conditions of electric field and magnetic-field-mediated heating remains poorly understood. In this work, we simulate the evolution of a copper surface under the combined action of the electric fields and elevated temperatures. Using a mesoscale curvature-driven surface evolution model, we show how a copper surface can undergo a type of dynamical instability that naturally leads to the formation of sharp asperities in realistic experimental conditions. Exploring the combined effect of fields and temperature rise, we identify the critical regimes that allow for the formation of breakdown precursors. The results show that thermoelastic stresses, while not essential, can significantly lower the critical electric field required for runaway surface instability, which is consistent with experimental observations that thermal effects can increase breakdown rates. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Performance evaluation of Bi/Zn‐impregnated commercial TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic nitrobenzene decomposition

AbstractBACKGROUNDCommercial TiO2 nanoparticles were subjected to modification through Bi and Zn metal doping. The resulting catalysts were comprehensively characterized, and their performance was then reviewed for removal of model pollutant nitrobenzene in water.RESULTSAmidst the synthesized catalysts, the co‐doping of Bi/Zn (0.25:0.75 wt%) demonstrated the best photocatalytic degradation activity, achieving 95% degradation within 90 min of reaction time, with 2.99 × 10−2 min−1 rate constant value. The involvement of different radicals during the degradation process was elucidated by employing appropriate radical scavengers. Furthermore, the degradation results were investigated applying the first‐order kinetic model, leading to the determination of reaction rate constants and initial rates of the degradation process.CONCLUSIONAn improved photocatalytic activity was observed with metal doping due to the synergistic effect of doped metals with commercial TiO2 and profound charge transfer among them. It was observed that performance was increased with temperature rise in the practical range of application, that is, 5–20 °C. This behavior was due to high rate of movement of charge carriers. Further, involvement and functioning of various radical species such as h+, OH− and O2− in nitrobenzene degradation were successfully established using appropriate radical scavengers. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Numerical simulation and geometric optimization of a desalination system using solar energy using two-phase mixing method with alumina nanoparticles

This research paper presents 2D numerical simulations of a single-slope solar desalination system from a nanomaterial science perspective, utilizing the two-phase mixture method. Alumina nanoparticles with a volume percentage of 0.1 % are introduced into the water storage tank for thermal analysis. The system features a trapezoid-shaped glass wall to harness solar energy. Key variables studied encompass ambient temperature, glass wall angle, front wall height, glass wall temperature, and air temperature inside the system. Temperature and velocity contours within the system are obtained through numerical simulations. To enrich the analysis, artificial intelligence techniques and response surface methodology are employed to examine the maximum and minimum temperatures. The results indicate that, at medium ambient temperatures, the lowest maximum air temperature inside the desalination system occurs at a front wall height of 0.2 m and a glass angle of 45°. Additionally, the lowest air temperature is observed at an ambient temperature of 10 °C and a front wall height of 0.05 m, corresponding to a glass angle of 27.5°. On the other hand, the highest maximum air temperature is recorded at a front wall height of 0.125 m, with a glass angle of 45° and an ambient temperature of 55 °C. Increasing the ambient temperature from 10 °C to 55 °C for a wall height of 0.2 m leads to a 26.81 °C rise in the air temperature inside the system, equivalent to a 9 % increase. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the design and performance of single-slope solar desalination systems integrated with alumina nanoparticles from the perspective of nanomaterial science.

Determinants of Yearly CO2 Emission Fluctuations: A Machine Learning Perspective to Unveil Dynamics

In order to understand the dynamics in climate change, inform policy decisions and prompt timely action to mitigate its impact, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the short-term trend of the year-on-year CO2 emission changes across ten countries, considering a broad range of factors including socioeconomic factors, CO2-related industry, and education. This study uniquely goes beyond the common country-based analysis, offering a broader understanding of the interconnected impact of CO2 emissions across countries. Our preliminary regression analysis, using the ten most significant features, could only explain 66% of the variations in the target. To capture the emissions trend variation, we categorized countries by the change in CO2 emission volatility (high, moderate, low with upward or downward trends), assessed using standard deviation. We employed machine learning techniques, including feature importance analysis, Partial Dependence Plots (PDPs), sensitivity analysis, and Pearson and Canonical correlation analyses, to identify influential factors driving these short-term changes. The Decision Tree Classifier was the most accurate model, with an accuracy of 96%. It revealed population size, CO2 emissions from coal, the three-year average change in CO2 emissions, GDP, CO2 emissions from oil, education level (incomplete primary), and contribution to temperature rise as the most significant predictors, in order of importance. Furthermore, this study estimates the likelihood of a country transitioning to a higher emission category. Our findings provide valuable insights into the temporal dynamics of factors influencing CO2 emissions changes, contributing to the global efforts to address climate change.

Temperature exposure and sleep duration: Evidence from time use surveys

The Earth’s climate is projected to warm significantly in the 21st century, and this will affect human societies in many ways. Since sleep is a basic human need and part of everyone's life, the question of how temperature affects human sleep naturally arises. This paper examines the effect of daily mean temperature on sleep duration using nationally representative Hungarian time use surveys between 1976 and 2010. Compared to a day with an average temperature of 5–10 °C, colder temperatures do not influence sleep duration. However, as daily mean temperatures rise, sleep duration starts to strongly decline. The effect of a hot (>25 °C) day is −13.3 minutes, but if preceded by a few other hot days, the effect is even stronger, −24.7 minutes. The estimated sleep loss is especially large on weekends and public holidays, for older individuals, and men. Combining the estimated effects with temperature projections of twenty-four climate models shows that the warming climate will substantially decrease sleep duration. The projected impacts are especially large when taking into account the effects of heatwave days. This study also shows that different groups in society are likely to be affected in significantly different ways by a warming climate.

Dynamics of gas composition and thermal behavior post explosions: An experimental investigation across varied initial concentrations

Gas explosion accidents are a leading cause of casualties in underground coal mines. This study investigates the variation patterns of explosion temperature and pressure under different initial gas concentration conditions using a 20 L explosion characteristic test system and high-precision sensors. Accurate post-explosion gas analyses were conducted using a GC9560 gas chromatograph. Our research aligns with global research, finding that initial gas concentrations within the range of 5.8%–13.3% generate maximum explosion pressures between 0.3 and 0.9 MPa, posing a significant overpressure hazard to humans. Comprehensive fitting analyses of various post-explosion gases reveal that at an initial gas concentration of 10.6%, the produced H2 can reach its lower explosion limit, indicating a risk of secondary explosions. Furthermore, post-explosion CO levels can peak at 9.87%, potentially causing poisoning or death, while elevated CO2 levels and diminished O2 concentrations could lead to asphyxiation. A unique observation at a 9.5% concentration was a secondary temperature rise, with the relationship between temperature delay, heating time, and initial gas concentration presenting a U-shaped pattern that mirrors theoretical expectations. This study advances the field by addressing research gaps in post-explosion gas analysis and emphasizing the necessity of precise monitoring and control of gas concentrations, thereby offering novel insights and substantial theoretical and practical contributions to the prevention of gas explosion incidents in underground coal mines.

Principal investigation on the surface chemistry of phosphated zinc coatings treated by hot active plasma

The effect of hot active plasma (HAP) on phosphated zinc coated steel was studied in detail with x-ray photoelectron (XPS) and scanning Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) combined with electron microscopy. In order to extend the scope of the methods from the surface down to the bulk of the coating, Ar+ ion sputter depth profiling coupled with XPS was utilized. While a mild surface cleaning effect was observed for weak treatments, increased HAP intensity caused significant chemical and structural changes on the coating surface. Initially, a partial decomposition of zinc orthophosphate (Zn3(PO4)2), as the sole surface constituent of the untreated coating, led to a mixed zinc metaphosphate (Zn(PO3)x) and zinc oxide (ZnO) phase, highly localized in randomly distributed micrometer sized spots on the treated surface. Finally, the most intensive HAP treatment, leading to a temperature rise of the treated sample up to 700 °C as revealed by in-situ temperature measurements, caused a complete transformation of the zinc phosphate material into a porous and rough ZnO layer. Moreover, the heat contribution of the HAP treatment induced remarkable modifications within the bulk of the coating – mixing of zinc with the underlying steel substrate – an effect mimicking a galvannealing process.