Ripening Varieties Research Articles

Genotyping-by-sequencing-based high-resolution mapping reveals a single candidate gene for the grapevine veraison locus Ver1.

Veraison marks the transition from berry growth to berry ripening and is a crucial phenological stage in grapevine (Vitis vinifera): the berries become soft and begin to accumulate sugars, aromatic substances, and, in red cultivars, anthocyanins for pigmentation, while the organic acid levels begin to decrease. These changes determine the potential quality of wine. However, rising global temperatures lead to earlier flowering and ripening, which strongly influence wine quality. Here, we combined genotyping-by-sequencing with a bioinformatics pipeline on ∼150 F1 genotypes derived from a cross between the early ripening variety "Calardis Musqué" and the late-ripening variety "Villard Blanc". Starting from 20,410 haplotype-based markers, we generated a high-density genetic map and performed a quantitative trait locus analysis based on phenotypic datasets evaluated over 20 yrs. Through locus-specific marker enrichment and recombinant screening of ∼1,000 additional genotypes, we refined the originally postulated 5-mb veraison locus, Ver1, on chromosome 16 to only 112 kb, allowing us to pinpoint the ethylene response factor VviERF027 (VCost.v3 gene ID: Vitvi16g00942, CRIBIv1 gene ID: VIT_16s0100g00400) as veraison candidate gene. Furthermore, the early veraison allele could be traced back to a clonal "Pinot" variant first mentioned in the seventeenth century. "Pinot Precoce Noir" passed this allele over "Madeleine Royale" to the maternal grandparent "Bacchus Weiss" and, ultimately, to the maternal parent "Calardis Musqué". Our findings are crucial for ripening time control, thereby improving wine quality, and for breeding grapevines adjusted to climate change scenarios that have a major impact on agro-ecosystems in altering crop plant phenology.

Evaluating the Growth and Development Ability of 5 Late Ripening Varieties of Coffee (Coffea Canephora Pierre) in Lam Dong – Vietnam.

Purpose: To improve the quality of Vietnamese coffee, many synchronous solutions are needed can solve problems such as: Technical, economic, management... In which, changing the varieties of coffee to suit current weather conditions has contributed significantly to improving yields and quality.
 Methodology: Experiments and the comparison among 5 late ripening varieties of coffee was implemented in Lam Dong province (TR10; TR14; TR15; TR16; TR6) .The experiment was carried out RCBD with 5 treatments, and 3 replications and three replication. TR10, TR16, TR14, TR15 are suitable for the conditions of Bao Loc, Lam Dong.
 Findings: The TR10, TR14, TR15 Robusta in the commercial stage have a yield of > 4 tons of core/ha, the yield between trees in the same line is quite uniform, the rate of R1 type seeds is > 99%, and there is no rust disease.
 Unique Contributor to Theory, Policy and Practice: It is recommended that the authorities consider and allow large-scale trial production in some areas with suitable conditions in Lam Dong province

Evaluation of rice collection samples <i>Oryza sativa</i> L. in the Russian Far East

Relevance. Early-ripening varieties breeding is a constant task in the selection of rice in the Russian Far Eastern rice-growing zone, since the duration of the vegetation period is the main limiting factor in the region. Mediumand late-ripening forms, although more productive, often do not reach the full maturity phase. Early ripening varieties, as a rule, are less productive. Despite a certain negative relationship between productivity and precocity, it is necessary to select precisely these properties of rice plants.Methods. In the work, 157 samples of the updated rice collection Oryza sativa L. from 22 countries were studied. Varieties Primorsky 29 and Dolinny were used as control. Rice was sown in 2022 in a growing area in 1.54 m2 pots filled with soil. Each sample was placed in rows with row spacing of 15 cm, 10–12 plants in a row (randomized) in double repetition. Standard biometric measurements were taken. The sample size of each sample was 5–10 plants in replication. A total of 2194 plants were analyzed in the work.Results. Based on the first year results studying of the rice collection in the Primorsky Krai conditions, 39 accessions were identified that exceeded the standards in terms of main panicle grain mass and/or plant grain mass. Four of them exceed both standards in productivity (UkrNIS 9706, UkrNIS 3455, DON 7790, Nika Zulanzon). Nine early maturing accessions were identified with a vegetation period of 101–106 days, which is 2–8 days lower than the standards, which retained the productivity of panicles and plants at the control level (Zeravshanika, Onne Mochi, Mu 07-980, Mu-07-1055, Ussur, Uzros 24-24, No. 24, Kascade, Long Jing 15). Samples No. 24 are superior in main panicle grain mass, Mu 07-980 in grain mass of both control plants.

Introduction and adaptation of quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Willd.) cultivars in Krasnodar region of Russia

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a cultivated plant of the Amaranthaceae family of Peruvian origin with high nutritional value. The Krasnodar region of Russia is a region with favorable climatic conditions for growing quinoa. The studies were carried out on the basis of Quinoa Center LLC, located in the Novokubansky district of the Krasnodar Territory. Four quinoa varieties were used as research material: Blanca de Juli, White Peru, Salcedo, the local variety Seva (included in the State Register of the Russian Federation in 2017) served as the standard. Various morphological parameters of plants were assessed and phenological observations were carried out.The results showed statistically significant differences between varieties in plant productivity. The White Peru variety responded positively to the new conditions and was introduced without irrigation. The productivity of the panicle was on average 100 g, for the standard variety Seva - 70 g. In the dynamics of the ontogenetic development cycle of four quinoa varieties, it was established that the optimal sowing time in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory is May. The tested varieties were also assessed for grain quality. In the conditions of the Krasnodar region they showed good results, thanks to selection for white grain and panicle uniformity. However, not all of them can be adapted, since they need constant watering and for late-ripening varieties autumn rains negatively affect their yield. The local early ripening variety Seva is of interest to Peru. In Peru, the main problem reducing production is low yield caused by frost in the Puno Peru region. The Seva variety reaches phenological phases: the beginning of panicle formation (R6), panicle formation (R7), flowering (R8) and full panicle ripening, physiological maturity (R12) and due to its early ripening it avoids frost. Therefore, the Seva variety can be recommended for sowing in the Puno-Peru region, since it has a gene pool that provides cold resistance but this requires detailed study. In general, to optimize the introduction of quinoa in Russia further research on adaptability in the Krasnodar region is necessary.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СОРТА ВИНОГРАДА ВАРЮШКИН В РЕГИОНЕ ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ

The article presents the results of a 17-year study of autochthonous Don grapevine variety Varyushkin. The studies were carried out in 2006−2022 at Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region). The variety is cultivated in a grafted (rootstock Kober 5BB) covering cul-ture, the scheme of planting bushes is 3.0 × 1.5 m. The study was carried out using methods generally accepted in viticulture and State Standarts. An ampelographic description of the variety (crowns of a young shoot, leaf, bunch, berry) and an analysis of meteorological condi-tions of the research are given. According to the results of long-term observations, the Don autochthonous grapevine variety Varyushkin has a high agrobiological potential in the climat-ic conditions of the Lower Don region (71 % of blossoming buds, 58 % of fruitful shoots, fruit-ing coefficient 0.8, average bunch weight 253 g, yield 109 c/ha). Medium ripening variety (141 days). When reaching technological ma-turity, it accumulates sugars of 22.3 g/100 cm3 with a titratable acidity of 8.2 g/dm3. It has the following characteristics: bunch length 17.2 cm, bunch width − 9.2 cm, berry length − 14.7 mm, berry width − 13.9 mm. The average weight of 1 berry was 2.1 g. Dry red wine from Varyush-kin variety has a harmonious taste and has a tasting score at the level of wine from the clas-sic Pinot noir variety (8.6 points). Therefore, the variety can be used to expand the raw material resource in order to produce high-quality wines that help meet the needs of the population, as well as a valuable genetic material for breeding.

EVALUATION OF VITICULTURE AND WINEMAKING REGIONS OF CRIMEA IN ACCORDANCE WITH CLIMATIC FACTORS, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPES

A grape plant is capable to adapt, grow and produce crops in different environmental conditions. At the same time, agro-climatic conditions of grape growing area have a significant effect on the product quality. Environmental climatic conditions of Crimea contribute to cultivating grapes from very early to late ripening varieties. Diverse range of abiotic conditions allows choosing an optimal terroir for the formation of necessary grape conditions depending on the application target. Significant spatial climate variability within the region makes it possible to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on biosynthetic and accumulative properties of grapes.
 The purpose is to study changes in the profile of carbohydrate-acid complex of wine grape varieties under the influence of agro-ecological growing conditions.
 Materials and methods. Study objects were white and red grape varieties growing in various viticulture and winemaking regions of Crimea. A research for grape plant response to the variability of environmental factors basing on a long-term comparative study of chemical composition of its fruits, determining the varietal biochemical identity and technological properties in a particular region, was carried out.
 Results and conclusion. As a research result, the cumulative effect of agro-ecological factors on the accumulation of components of carbohydrate-acid grape complex was established, and in particular years it was possible to identify the dependence between their quantitative content and individual environmental factors. Accumulation of the mass concentration of sugars in grape berry directly correlated with the Huglin index value (r = 0.7). With regard to the mass concentration of titratable acids, an inverse correlation was revealed with the Winkler index value (r = -0.59). A comparative analysis of the results shows that one grape variety grown under different climatic conditions may show different ability to synthesize the components of carbohydrate-acid complexes, determining its suitability for various output production. There is a direct correlation of the mass concentration of sugars on the average air temperature for the last month before harvest (r=0.70) within the variety.

Productivity of soybean varieties of different maturity groups depending on plant density under drip irrigation in the South of Ukraine

Soybeans are a leading leguminous crop for universal use, therefore, measures aimed at increasing their productivity, including the reasonable selection of varietal resources and optimisation of planting density, will make a significant contribution to the creation of sustainable food production systems. The research aims to determine the effect of plant density on the productivity of soybean varieties of different maturity groups. Field laboratory and statistical (correlation and regression analysis) methods were used in the study. The field experiments were conducted during 2018-2020 on dark chestnut soil of a private agricultural enterprise of the agricultural company “Syvash” in Novotroitsk district of Kherson region. Its maximum values for the cultivation of early ripening varieties were ensured by a plant density of 700 thousand/ha, medium early varieties – 500-700 thousand/ha, and medium ripening varieties – 500 thousand/ha. A strong and very strong correlation between yield and soybean yield index was established. Increasing the length of the growing season contributed to the growth of yields. In the group of early maturing soybean varieties, the Monarch variety was determined to be the most productive. There was no significant difference in the level of yield of varieties within other maturity groups. For each variety, the optimum planting density was determined, at which the maximum grain yield was formed. Longer vegetation contributed to a greater accumulation of protein and fat in the grain. In terms of protein content, the difference between varieties of the same maturity group did not exceed 0.2%, but varieties differed in terms of conditional protein yield per hectare of crops. There was no difference in the fat content of mid-season soybean varieties. Among the early-ripening varieties, the Monarch variety was distinguished by higher oil content, and among the mediumearly varieties – by Aratta. The maximum conditional fat yield per hectare of crops was also determined for these varieties. A very strong and strong correlation was found between soybean grain yield and protein and fat content, respectively. A very strong correlation was also found between the protein and fat content of the grain. To ensure sustainable production and efficient use of soybeans and soybean by-products, it is advisable to take the results of the study into account in production conditions

Pre-sowing seed treatment of soybean seeds as approach to increase crop yield

Soybean holds a leading position in the world ranking of the agricultural crops. The cultivated areas for this crop have been expanding in all countries of the global leaders in its production. In Kazakhstan, in recent years the cultivated areas have decreased from 139.5 thousand hectares in 2019 to 113.3 thousand hectares in 2021. This is due to the difficulty to grow the early-season varieties in the northern region of the Republic. The average crop yield of soybean by region ranges from 3.0 c/ha in the north to 24.8 c/ha in southeastern Kazakhstan. The crop yield of the developed and approved for production varieties can be increased by the additional agronomic techniques, including the pre-sowing seed treatment with the biologically active substances. This paper demonstrates the results of the effect of soybean seed treatment for different groups of maturity with the nitrogen-fixing inoculant HiStick and micronutrients of Co and Mo. Profitability of the conducted treatments was calculated. The pre-sowing treatment with salts of molybdenum and cobalt is profitable to use for early-season variety Ivushka and full-season variety Lastochka. For the early ripening variety Birlik KV, the highest profitability was observed for the combined seed treatment with nitrogen-fixing inoculant HiStick and salts of Mo and Co. In Zhansaya soybean variety, the application of the additional treatments decreases the profitability of production.

Yield and quality of Panicum virgatum (Panicum virgatum L.) seed depending on varietal characteristics

The article presents the results of research on millet seeds the crop formation and the quality, depending on its varietal characteristics. It was experimentally proven that in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the passage of phenological phases of growth and development of millet depended both on varietal characteristics (groups of varietal maturity) and on the number of effective temperatures. The crop yield and quality depended on the phenological phases of growth and development, particularly the phases of flowering and seed formation and their conditions. On average, over three years, early and late ripening varieties had signifcantly lower seed yield compared to other variety samples. Early-ripening, mid-early and mid-late varieties had signifcantly higher seed yield. The lowest productivity was in the very early sample of Dakota – 88.3 kg/ha. The yield of very late varieties – Nezalezhnist, Kanlow and Lyadivske – made 89.7, 88.3 and 99.4 kg/ha, respectively. The study on factors affecting seed yield established that the influence of the factor "variety" was the largest and amounted to 61.1 %, and the factor of "growing conditions" affected the crop less – 11.9 %. Germination energy and seed germination, as well as its yield, depended on the maturity groups of the variety samples. Very early, early-ripening and medium-ripening varieties had the highest quality indicators, no signifcant difference was found depending on varietal characteristics. The mid-late varieties had signifcantly lower quality indicators, and the lowest quality was the very late Kanlow variety. The study on factors affecting seed quality established that the influence of the "year conditions" factor on germination energy and germination was the greatest and was 37.6–48 %, and the "variety" factor was 33.8 and 30 %, respectively. It was found that the later is the variety is of the maturity group, the higher is the sum of effective temperatures it needs and, accordingly, the longer the onset of the phenological phases of growth and development of the crop, which affects the features of seed formation and ripening and, accordingly, its quality and yield. The mid-late varieties had signifcantly lower quality indicators and the lowest ones were observed in the very late variety. Mid-late, late and very late varieties do not ripen biologically, which affects the seeds quality its germination is very low. Key words: variety samples, maturity groups, germination energy, germination, phenological phases of growth and development.

Grain yield and protein content in different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat using various types and doses of fertilizers

Purpose. To study of yield formation and protein content in the grain of different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat under the condition of using various types and doses of fertilizers. Methods. Field and laboratory (determination of protein content), calculation (collection of protein), mathematical and statistical. Results. It was found that different fertilization systems reliably increased the grain yield of soft winter wheat. The use of N75 increased this indicator by 1.2 times and N150 by 1.4 times in the varieties studied, compared with the no-fertilizer variant. Yield with incomplete return of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer was only 2–3% lower than with complete mineral fertilizer. With the nitrogen-phosphorus and nitrogen-potassium fertilization systems, the yield was 5–7% higher than with the nitrogen system. At the same time, this indicator was 6% lower than in the full mineral fertilizer version of the trial. The use of 75 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer per year increased the protein content to 13.5%, or by 10% compared to the control. In the double dose nitrogen fertilizer variant, the protein content increased to 14.2% or by 15%. The use of nitrogen fertilizers with phosphorus-potassium only contributed 2–4% to the increase of this indicator. Cultivation of winter wheat under the condition of application of N75 increased the collection of protein up to 724 kg/ha or by 33%, and with a double dose of nitrogen fertilizer – up to 848 kg/ha or by 55% compared to the option without fertilizer. In the N75P30K40 variant, protein yield increased by 10% compared to the nitrogen system. The application of a complete mineral fertilizer (N150P60K40) increased this indicator by 12%. Conclusions. It was found that the use of N75P30K40 increased the grain yield of soft winter wheat by up to 5.9 t/ha, or 7%, compared to the option where only 75 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer was applied. Yield development in soft winter wheat varies considerably from variety to variety. For example, this indicator was 35% higher in the ‘KWS Emil’ variety than in the ‘Prino’ line. In addition, the grain yield of both varieties is reliably influenced by the weather conditions during the growing season. The protein content of soft winter wheat varies considerably depending on the variety and the weather conditions. When growing soft winter wheat varieties, the protein content can vary by 12.8–15.1%. Weather conditions during the growing season can change this indicator by 13.1–14.7%. The protein content index in the grain of the ‘Prino’ line is significantly higher than that of the ‘KWS Emil’ variety. According to the protein yield per hectare indicator, the ‘KWS Emil’ variety (896 kg/ha) has a significant advantage over the ‘Prino’ line (774 kg/ha).

Molecular cloning and functional analysis of Chinese bayberry MrSPL4 that enhances growth and flowering in transgenic tobacco.

Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) is an important tree in South China, with its fruit being of nutritional and high economic value. In this study, early ripening (ZJ), medium ripening (BQ) and late ripening (DK) varieties were used as test materials. Young leaves of ZJ, BQ and DK in the floral bud morphological differentiation periods were selected for transcriptome sequencing to excavate earliness related genes. A total of 4,538 differentially expressed genes were detected. Based on clustering analysis and comparisons with genes reportedly related to flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana, 25 homologous genes were identified. Of these, one gene named MrSPL4 was determined, with its expression down-regulated in DK but up-regulated in ZJ and BQ. MrSPL4 contained SBP domain and the target site of miR156, and its total and CDS length were 1,664 bp and 555 bp respectively. The overexpression vector of MrSPL4 (35S::35S::MrSPL4-pCambia2301-KY) was further constructed and successfully transfected into tobacco to obtain MrSPL4-positive plants. Based on the results of qRT-PCR, the relative expression of MrSPL4 was up regulated by 3,862.0-5,938.4 times. Additionally, the height of MrSPL4-positive plants was also significantly higher than that of wild-type (WT), with the bud stage occurring 12 days earlier. Altogether, this study identified an important gene -MrSPL4 in Chinese bayberry, which enhanced growth and flowering, which provided important theoretical basis for early-mature breeding of Chinese bayberry.

Формирование урожайности сортов сои различных групп спелости под влиянием способов посева и норм высева

Purpose: to study the influence of sowing methods and seeding rates on soybean development and productivity under irrigation conditions on Rostov region soils. Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out on meadow-chernozem soils in Rostov region under irrigation conditions in 2020–2022. Experiment scheme was the following: factor A – soybean varieties: early ripening variety Selecta 201 and medium early variety Selecta 302; factor B – soybean sowing methods with a row spacing of 0.70; 0.45 and 0.15 m; factor C – seeding rate: 800, 600 and 400 thousand viable seeds per 1 ha. The studies were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods, taking into account zonal features. Results. It has been determined that the highest yield in the early variety Selecta 201 was obtained in the variant with a row spacing of 0.45 m and a seeding rate of 600 thousand units/ha – 4.69 t/ha, that exceeds the data of the control variant by 0.30 t/ha. Such an yield was formed due to the high field germination of seeds at the level of 95 %, linear growth indicators – 123 cm, leaf area duration – 74.8 thousand square meters/ha and a relatively high plant green matter – 7.06 t/ha. It is also possible to single out an option with a row spacing of 0.15 m and a seeding rate of 800 thousand units/ha – 4.67 t/ha. The medium early variety Selecta 302 has a high field germination of seeds at the level of 94 %, linear growth rates – 127 cm, leaf area duration – 74.2 thousand square meters/ha and plant green matter – 6.99 t/ha allowed to form a high yield of soybean seeds 4.87 t/ha at a seeding rate of 600 thousand units/ha and a row spacing of 0.45 m. Conclusion: a comparative assessment showed that the best option when culti-vating varieties Selecta 201 and Selecta 302 is the sowing method with a row spacing of 0.45 m and a seeding rate of 600 thousand units/ha with an yield of 4.69 and 4.87 t/ha respectively.

The influence of genotype and year conditions on the transgressive variability of stem length in popu-lations of the second generation of soft winter wheat

In 2019–2020, in the conditions of the experimental field of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, populations of F2 hybrids, created by crossing soft winter wheat varieties that differ in the duration of the growing season, were studied. The aim of the work was to establish the degree and frequency of transgressions in the length of the main stem depending on the meteorological conditions of the year and the parental forms selected for hybridization, and to select selectively valuable recombinants for further research. In 2019, in 40 out of 42 F2 populations, only a positive degree of transgression was established in terms of the length of the main stem, from 2.5 % (Myronivsk early/Kolchuga) to 53.8 % (Zolotokolosa/Shchedra nyva). With the use of maternal cytoplasm of early ripening varieties in four populations, all plants exceeded the extreme maximum values of the parents, and with the hybridization of mid-early, mid-ripening, mid-late varieties, 13 such combinations were studied. In the conditions of 2020, positive transgressive recombinants were isolated only in six out of 20 populations based on hybridization with the maternal form of early-ripening varieties, and negative ones – in nine. Negative transgressive recombinants were selected in 13 of 21 populations created by crossing mid-early, mid-maturing, mid-late varieties. At the same time, no positive transgressions were found. The selection of parental pairs differing in precociousness before hybridization expands morphogenesis in F2 populations of soft winter wheat and promotes the selection of both positive and negative transgressive recombinants by the length of the main stem. A significant influence of meteorological conditions and initial forms of hybridization on the formation of stem length and the manifestation of extreme maximum and minimum values in populations of the second generation of soft winter wheat was established. The use of early-ripening cytoplasm in hybridization has a greater effect on the positive transgressive variability of the length of the main stem in F2 populations compared to medium-early, medium-maturing and medium-late maternal forms. Key words: degree and frequency of transgressions, soft winter wheat, maturity groups, parent forms, main stem length, F2 populations.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON YIELD OF SWEET SORGHUM SEEDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST-STEPPE OF WESTERN SIBERIA

Sorghum occupies a significant place in world agriculture and is of particular value in intensive feed production. The selection of agricultural practices for increase of seed productivity is relevant and current, since the availability of own seeds is of decisive importance in reduction of feed production cost. The studies were carried out in Omsk region in 2013, 2015–2017 in a stationary field experiment in eight-field crop rotation. The aim of the work is to study the influence of mineral nutrition conditions on yield of sweet sorghum seeds, water and nutritional regimes of meadow-black soil in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia. The experiment included a three-factor scheme: the supply of soil with mobile phosphorus according to Chirikov (factor A) - average, 50-100 mg/kg (background 0); increased, 100-120 mg/kg (I) and 140-150 mg/kg (II); high, 150-200 mg/kg (III); phosphorus fertilizer (factor B) - P0, P60; nitrogen fertilizer (factor C) - N0, N30, N60. The field experiment was implemented by mutual method of pre-sowing application of mineral fertilizers and different levels of phosphorus in the soil. The soil is meadow-black soil, medium-thick, medium-humus, heavy loamy. The reaction of the soil environment in the arable layer is neutral, the depth of groundwater in spring is 2.86, in autumn - 3.09 m. The climate of the southern forest-steppe of Omsk region is suitable for sweet sorghum cultivation with insufficient moisture in some years and uneven distribution of precipitation during the growing season. The yield of sweet sorghum seeds ranged from 2.93 to 3.46 t/ha on average for 3 years, depending on the background, the largest yield increase was noted on 0 background (N60P60) with a natural level of mobile phosphorus and pre-sowing application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. It is possible to obtain seeds of sweet sorghum in the southern forest-steppe of Omsk region. To achieve high yields on soils with an average content of mobile phosphorus, it is necessary to use nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. It is also indispensable to select an early ripening variety capable of forming high quality seeds in the specific conditions of Siberia.

Variety of narrow-leaved lupine (<i>Lupinus angustifolius L.</i>) Mezenat

The purpose of the study was to create of an early ripening variety of narrow-leaved lupine with a seed and green mass yield above the standard, resistant to unfavorable biotic and abiotic environmental factors in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. As the result of many years of breeding, an early ripening variety of narrow-leaved lupine Metsenat has been developed. In a competitive varietal trial conducted in the conditions of the Leningrad Region, the seed yield of the variety Metsenat averaged 4.3 t/ha in 2015-2017 that was 1.1 t/ha higher than the standard (Kristall), the yield of green hay was 48.4 t/ha (13.9 t/ha higher than the standard). According to the results of the structural analysis of plants, the variety Metsenat was characterized by an increased number of seeds per plant (90.4 pcs.) and a good seeding of the beans (4.4 pcs.). It is a variety of universal use, with a low content of alkaloids (0.0072 %), it is technological, resistant to lodging (7 points), to cracking of beans and shedding of seeds on the vine, resistant to anthracnose (9 points). It is characterized by a rapid growth rate of plants in the initial period of vegetation. In 2018 the Metsenat variety was included into the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation approved for use in agricultural production in 12 regions (Patent No. 9559).

Amino acid content in the grain of naked oats under various cultivation conditions

The results of studying the formation of yield and amino acid content in the grain of naked oats varieties of different ripeness groups under the influence of different sowing dates are presented. The research was carried out in 2018-2020 in field and laboratory experiments on the medium early Gavroche variety and the mid ripening Ofenya variety in Western Siberia. A significant advantage of early sowing dates of naked oats varieties has been revealed: the Gavroche variety has an average of 25.9-29.6%, the Ofenya variety has 16.2-21.6% relative to later dates. At the same time, a significantly higher yield was formed in the mid ripening variety Ofenya, by 0.1-0.4 t/ha. A greater number of essential amino acids in the Gavroche variety was noted at a late sowing period – 4.51% (at an early and average term of 4.39 and 4.45%, respectively), and interchangeable amino acids – at an early term – 8.83% (at an average and late – 7.80 and 8.46%, respectively). In the Ofenya variety, the content of essential amino acids was 4.82-6.49 g/kg, interchangeable 7.28-9.49%. At the same time, this variety has a tendency to increase the quantitative composition of amino acids in the grain from the early sowing period to the late one. Differences in the influence of moisture conditions on the accumulation of amino acids in the varieties of naked oats were revealed. The highest content of essential and interchangeable amino acids in the medium-ripened variety Ofenya is formed at elevated values of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) in the period of seedling – tillering (r = 0.9467 ... 0.9999 at R = 0.6660), reduced values in the period of booting – flowering (r = -0.9338...-0.9987 at R = 0.6660), with an increase in HTC during the filling – ripening period (r = 0.4335... 0.7888 at R = 0.6660). In the early-maturing Gavroche variety, a higher content of essential amino acids was noted at an early sowing period under conditions of low values of HTC during the period of seedling – tillering, increased - during the period of booting-flowering and arid conditions of the period of filling–ripening - r = -0.8812, 0.8626, -0.6087 at R = 0.6660, respectively. The high content of interchangeable amino acids in the Gavroche variety was formed at late periods in the years with reduced values of HTC during the period of seedling – tillering, the presence of precipitation during flowering and their absence during the period of filling-ripening (r = -0.8287, 0.8068, -0.6860 at R = 0.6660, respectively).

Dissection of the Pearl of Csaba pedigree identifies key genomic segments related to early ripening in grape.

Pearl of Csaba (PC) is a valuable backbone parent for early-ripening grapevine (Vitis vinifera) breeding, from which many excellent early ripening varieties have been bred. However, the genetic basis of the stable inheritance of its early ripening trait remains largely unknown. Here, the pedigree, consisting of 40 varieties derived from PC, was re-sequenced for an average depth of ∼30×. Combined with the resequencing data of 24 other late-ripening varieties, 5,795,881 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified following a strict filtering pipeline. The population genetic analysis showed that these varieties could be distinguished clearly, and the pedigree was characterized by lower nucleotide diversity and stronger linkage disequilibrium than the non-pedigree varieties. The conserved haplotypes (CHs) transmitted in the pedigree were obtained via identity-by-descent analysis. Subsequently, the key genomic segments were identified based on the combination analysis of haplotypes, selective signatures, known ripening-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and transcriptomic data. The results demonstrated that varieties with a superior haplotype, H1, significantly (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.001) exhibited early grapevine berry development. Further analyses indicated that H1 encompassed VIT_16s0039g00720 encoding a folate/biopterin transporter protein (VvFBT) with a missense mutation. VvFBT was specifically and highly expressed during grapevine berry development, particularly at veraison. Exogenous folate treatment advanced the veraison of "Kyoho". This work uncovered core haplotypes and genomic segments related to the early ripening trait of PC and provided an important reference for the molecular breeding of early-ripening grapevine varieties.

DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNARIA BLIGHT IN POTATO AGROCENOSES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF STRESSFUL FACTORS

The article presents the data on potato agrocenoses affected by Alternaria blight under the influence of various factors that have a stressful effect on the host plant and contribute to the damage of the crop by the disease. It’s established that potato nematodes increase the plant susceptibility to the disease, promoting epiphytotic development of Alternaria at earlier stages of the crop ontogenesis. Under the conditions of a natural infectious load of Alternaria pathogens under the influence of weather conditions epiphytotic development of the disease was observed on plants of the early ripening variety Breeze – 75,0 %, moderate – of the mid ripening variety Skarb and mid-late variety Nara – 40.0 % and 35,0 %, respectively. In the republic, a high prevalence of the disease is observed in the plants of the studied varieties, varying on average from 62,0 to 100 %. From Alternaria spp. fungi the dominant species on potatoes are A. alternata (77,8 %) and A. solani (52,8 %). With a high prevalence of Alternaria blight, reaching on average 93.3–100 % for potato varieties, the dominance of A. alternata was established with a frequency of occurrence of 100 %.

Еnvironmental plasticity, ultrastability and breeding value as a sign of yield of new potato varieties

Aim. To study new varieties of potatoes according to the parameters of ecological plasticity, stability, ultrastability and breeding value under changing abiotic factors of the environment in the conditions of the central Polissya of Ukraine. Methods. Field and laboratory, breeding and statistical. Results. Potato varieties that combine a high genotypic potential and a stable manifestation of yield level and are better under a complex of unfavourable conditions, as well as with a positive reaction to the improvement of growing conditions, have been identified. It was established that in the years of research favourable for the hydrothermal coefficient, the highest yield was observed among potato varieties of different ripeness groups: early ripening – Bazaliia, Opillia and Radomysl; middle early – Fanatka, Mezhyrichka 11 and Sontsedar; mid ripening: – Avanhard, Rostavytsia, Volodarka and Alians. In less favorable years, the highest yield was characterized by the following potato varieties: early – Opillia, Radomysl and Bazaliia; middle early – Fanatka; mid ripening – Alians and Volodarka. It was established that the following potato varieties showed the most stable ecological plasticity when the external growing conditions changed (the smallest value of σd2): Tyras, Sontsedar, Radomysl, Fanatka, Lietana, Bazhana and Avanhard. A high value of the σd2 indicator is characterized by: Alians, Volodarka and Rostavytsia. According to the results of the evaluation of the parameters of ecological plasticity (bі) and stability (σd2), potato varieties are divided into six groups, according to their reaction to the growing conditions at the place of research. The most valuable for productivity breeding are the following potato varieties: Tyras, Radomysl, Sontsedar, Avanhard and Vzirets. It was established that the highest average productivity during the years of research was characterized by the following potato varieties: Volodarka, Sontsedar, Fanatka, Opillia and Radomysl. It was established that the highest numerical index of ultrastability and the lowest value of σ in potato genotypes up to the average of the corresponding ripeness group were shown by: Opillia, Radomysl, Bazhana and Fanatka. Significant variability and low ultrastability were found in potato varieties: early – Tyras and Vzirets; middle early – Mezhyrichka 11 and Sontsedar; mid ripening – Rostavytsia and Alians. Conclusion. Genotypes with the highest value of average yield, ultrastability and breeding value were identified among early ripening varieties: Opillia and Radomysl; middle early: Fanatka and Sontsedar; mid ripening – Avanhard, Alians and Volodarka. We recommend these promising varieties to producers of various forms of ownership for cultivation in the conditions of the central Polissya of Ukraine.

Peculiarities of the seed quality formation in switchgrass varieties of different maturity groups under the effect of weather conditions

Purpose. The article presents research results on the influence of weather conditions on the seed quality formation in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) of different maturity groups.&#x0D; Methods. Laboratory, measuring and weighing, mathematical and statistical.&#x0D; Results. Switchgrass is one of the promising perennial grasses for biofuel production. Its propagation is possible by seeds and rhizomes; however. the most favorable way is a reproduction by seeds. This crop has relatively small seed size with a high level of dormancy. At a high level of dormancy, seed germination can be only 5% and such seeds do not germinate at all in field conditions. The reasons that cause a state of biological dormancy are very diverse. For the purpose of a comprehensive assessment of the influence of average daily temperatures and the level of moisture for a certain growing season, the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) was used. Thus, the vegetation season of 2018 was the most favorable for seed formation of both maturity groups. Vegetation seasons of 2019–2021 were less favorable, especially for late and very late ripening varieties, which affected the seed quality. The analysis of weather conditions based on HTC as a whole during the vegetation season does not sufficiently reveal the influence of weather conditions on the seed quality formation during individual stages of organogenesis. Therefore, weather conditions were analyzed according to the main interstage periods of plant growth and development, specifically in the seedlings – throwing of panicles and the seed formation and ripening interstage periods and the flowering stage. In the most favorable year 2018, the interstage period - seedlings – throwing of panicles was excessively moistened (HTC 1.8), which contributed to the intensive growth and development of plants. The flowering stage was characterized by optimal moisture (HTC 1.1), and the seed formation and ripening interstage period was dry (HTK 0.9).&#x0D; Conclusions. For the high-quality switchgrass seeds formation, the optimal conditions during the stages of growth and development of the crop are the following: in the interstage period seedlings – throwing of panicles excessive moisture that ensures intensive growth and development of plants; in the flowering stage close to optimal or optimal moisture; and the in the interstage period seed formation and ripening dry.