Rigorous Qualitative Research Research Articles

An Implementation-Focused Qualitative Exploration of Pharmacist Needs Regarding an Opioid Use Disorder Screening and Brief Intervention.

Screening and brief interventions (SBI) can help identify opioid safety risks and healthcare professionals can accordingly intervene without a significant increase in workload. Pharmacists, one of the most accessible healthcare professionals, are uniquely positioned to offer SBI. To design an effective intervention with high potential for implementation, we explored pharmacist needs and barriers regarding SBI for opioid use disorders. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), we conducted 11 semi-structured 60-minute interviews with community pharmacists. We used a purposeful sample of English-speaking pharmacists practicing in varied pharmacies (small independent, large-chain, specialty-retail) and positions (managers, owners, full-time/part-time pharmacists). Transcriptions were analyzed using deductive content analysis based on CFIR constructs, followed by inductive open coding. Utilizing a theoretical framework for data collection and analysis, a diverse sample of pharmacist roles, peer debriefing, and 2 independent coders for each transcript, altogether increased the credibility and transferability of our research. Data collection and analysis continued until data saturation was achieved. Pharmacists described good working relationships with colleagues, organization cultures that were open to new initiatives, and believed the SBI to be compatible with their organization goals and pharmacy structure, which are facilitators for future SBI implementation. Pharmacists were motivated by improved patient outcomes, more patient interaction and clinical roles, representing facilitators at the individual level. They also described stigma toward patients, mixed need for change, and lack of knowledge regarding SBI, which are potential barriers to be addressed. Pharmacists believed that the SBI model was adaptable, not complicated, and benefits outweighed implementation costs. We addressed current SBI literature gaps-mainly lack of focus on implementation and contextual data, through rigorous implementation-focused qualitative research. Our exploratory findings have direct implications on future pharmacy-based SBI implementation.

D2WFP: A Novel Protocol for Forensically Identifying, Extracting, and Analysing Deep and Dark Web Browsing Activities

The use of the unindexed web, commonly known as the deep web and dark web, to commit or facilitate criminal activity has drastically increased over the past decade. The dark web is a dangerous place where all kinds of criminal activities take place, Despite advances in web forensic techniques, tools, and methodologies, few studies have formally tackled dark and deep web forensics and the technical differences in terms of investigative techniques and artefact identification and extraction. This study proposes a novel and comprehensive protocol to guide and assist digital forensic professionals in investigating crimes committed on or via the deep and dark web. The protocol, named D2WFP, establishes a new sequential approach for performing investigative activities by observing the order of volatility and implementing a systemic approach covering all browsing-related hives and artefacts which ultimately resulted in improving the accuracy and effectiveness. Rigorous quantitative and qualitative research has been conducted by assessing the D2WFP following a scientifically sound and comprehensive process in different scenarios and the obtained results show an apparent increase in the number of artefacts recovered when adopting the D2WFP which outperforms any current industry or opensource browsing forensic tools. The second contribution of the D2WFP is the robust formulation of artefact correlation and cross-validation within the D2WFP which enables digital forensic professionals to better document and structure their analysis of host-based deep and dark web browsing artefacts.

Navigating Rigor: An Autoethnographic Exploration of Templating and Crystallization

In this autoethnographic exploration, we engage in a dialogic investigation to examine how templating and crystallization shape rigor in qualitative research. The use of templates in qualitative research has been widely used as a means of enhancing rigor in organizational research design yet comes with caveats especially when wanting to push boundaries. With the interplay of templates and crystallization, the researcher is encouraged to apply iterative and reflexive modes. The aim here is to inspire and invite researchers to pursue the multiplicity offered by qualitative methodologies and expand the discipline through authentic, trustworthy, and credible approaches. To explore the development of rigor we reflect on five narrative vignettes to abductively review the interplay of templating and crystallization within our academic experiences. The autoethnographic lens provided the scope to engage in our discourse, and practices and to question our emerging insights in pursuit of informed understandings. Whilst the focus is limited, we bring an organizational research view that highlights some of the challenges of the discipline. Three themes that we term tenets – purpose, reflexivity, and transparency – were key in the interplay of templates and the appreciation of crystallization. We found that utilizing a template is a valuable starting point for structure or direction, but the researcher must move beyond to find purpose, extend knowledge, and advance thinking. Transparency is essential to evidence the rigor, authenticity, and transferability of findings. This autoethnographic exploration adds value to the body of qualitative research as we call for rigor especially when there is a tendency for overuse or misuse of templates. To be clear, crystallization is not about doing as you please, but fostering rigor to encourage new ways of sense-making.

The shift from quantitative to qualitative thinking-problems and prospects as viewed from Husserl's and Hegel's philosophy.

This article contrasts the views of the philosophers Husserl and Hegel on quantification in science and compares their proposals for conducting rigorous qualitative research. Both deem quantification integral to science, but furthermore proposed methodologies to investigate qualitative necessities achieved by a shift in conscious activity and awareness. However, their methodologies differ significantly. While Husserl rejects idealization and instead proposes intuitive means to ideate qualitative essential relations, Hegel suggests idealizing less one-sidedly, namely, qualitatively over and above quantitatively. The article first examines how quantification is achieved and how it contrasts with measuring. This contrast reveals that measuring implies knowledge of qualities. These qualities, however, thus far remain oddly external to the mathematical relations linking the various established equations. The article then follows Husserl's reconstruction of the development of science to illustrate the dismissal of many experiential qualities and how philosophy further amplified skepticism about science on qualities. Husserl's notion of the life-world and the method of eidetic variation are then introduced as means to counterbalance mathematical proceedings in science. However, this method reveals both eidetic qualitative structures and psychical structures without being able to distinguish between them. It is thus susceptible to idiosyncratic, traditional, and cultural biases. Subsequently, Hegel's description of the shift in conscious experience that sets qualitative from quantitative thinking apart is introduced. This shift may overcome the biases, but it faces skepticism that calls for further investigation of the experience of different kinds of thinking.

An Introduction to Educational Research through Scholarly Bricolage

A variety of different approaches, theories and philosophies can be used to engage in diverse range of projects through bricolage (Sharp, 2019). The use of bricolage employs difference in research methods and stimulates creativity (Kincheloe, 2011). Projects have spanned a range of scholarly activities and included learning about an assessment and evaluation research group and supporting KMB of research group activities through reporting and website design. Gathering information on awards, funding as well as activities and publications from our group members enables us to summarize key information and reflect comprehensive work in visual and written reports. We focused on the content, graphics, structure and navigation aspects of our website. Research within assessment and evaluation plays an important role in teaching and learning process. By conducting data analysis on testing student competency development in an evaluation course, we translated the research question into the language of statistical tests of hypotheses. Paired two-sample t-test and two-way ANOVA test are generated using statistical programming language R. After processing the data, we took authorship roles in a peer-reviewed publication and presentation to write the findings based on the results and interpret the ultimate impact. Our findings have identified the evaluator competencies are improved apparently through the evaluation course where the findings are supported by the data of pre- and post-course scores. Overall, this summer learning opportunity allowed us to piece together a different understanding that demonstrated the power of collaboration when diverse skill sets are brought together to advance and make visible educational ideas.
 References
 Kincheloe J. L. (2011). Describing the bricolage: Conceptualizing a new rigor in qualitative research. In Steinberg S. R., Kenneth T. (Eds.), Key works in critical pedagogy (pp. 177–189). Brill Sense. Crossref. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-397-6_15
 Sharp, H. (2019). Bricolage research in history education as a scholarly mixed-methods design. History Education Research Journal, 16(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.18546/HERJ.16.1.05

Reshaping Societies: The Vital Role of Sociological Studies amid Globalization

The swift and profound societal changes triggered by the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated rapid adaptations in individual behaviors within daily life routines. This study addresses the vital role of sociological studies in reshaping societies amid globalization within the New Normal Era. Employing a sociological lens grounded in Talcott Parsons’ functionalism theory, this study employs a meticulous and rigorous descriptive qualitative research design. This study investigation draws upon an extensive and systematic collection of diverse bibliographic sources, encompassing previous scholarly research that sheds light on behavioral shifts before and after the pandemic, alongside credible information from mainstream media outlets. The intricate dynamics of societal metamorphosis during the New Normal epoch are intricately intertwined with the inherent complexities of the prevailing social system, actively grappling with the diverse and enduring aftermath of the coronavirus. Notably, Parsons’ AGIL framework emerges as pivotal in facilitating the establishment of a fresh and adaptive social equilibrium. The realization of the New Normal paradigm hinges on the ethical evaluation and calibration of precisely defined indicators, fostering seamless collaboration and integration among diverse community constituents. Ultimately, this study underscores sociological studies’ indispensable and central role in deeply understanding, critically analyzing, and effectively reshaping societies amidst the profound and multifaceted challenges posed by globalization and the transformative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Qualitative Research Methodology and Applications: A Primer for the Otolaryngologist.

Qualitative and mixed methods methodology is becoming more commonplace in otolaryngology as the field strives to understand more complex concepts of the ear, nose, and throat. This methodology can have tremendous utility in studies directed at patient-centered care by offering practical insights and granular detail-directly from patients-which may not be realized by quantitative approaches. Narrative Review. This review focuses on what questions can be answered by qualitative research, the basics of the underlying principals and different methodologies utilized, and describes the pearls, pitfalls, and rigor of qualitative research. This understanding of qualitative inquiry is critical for the otolaryngologist to stay current on what is published and have the ability to include this in their research repertoire. Laryngoscope, 134:27-31, 2024.

A-Methodological Saturation: A Grounded Theory Analysis

The purpose of this qualitative study was to develop an abstracted theoretical model concerning how counseling and counselor education researchers utilize saturation in their qualitative research. Given the importance of rigor and trustworthiness in qualitative research, this study addresses saturation, a method for ensuring methodological rigor and trustworthiness. The qualitative study included 23 participants from a range of social locations, methodological expertise, and research agendas. The findings from this qualitative study were analyzed and presented using Straussian grounded theory and resulted in the development of an abstracted theoretical model, which included the following: causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening conditions, actions, consequences, and a core category. The abstracted theoretical model can aid researchers in the process and practice of saturation. Advances in saturation can support the development of rigorous qualitative research design and methodological integrity. Discussion and implications are discussed across the areas of practice, education, advocacy, and research.

The Effect of The Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on The Learning Situation

The global pandemic of Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) adversely affected the various aspects of human life. There was a severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the academic years 2076, 2077, and 2078 BS in the Nepalese education system. Though other sectors of the nation have been affected by such a pandemic, significant influence of it has been seen in the education sector. In this regard, this paper aims to explore the effect of the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on classroom instruction and to find out the challenges of virtual and face-to-face modes of school education. This research work follows qualitative design. Purposive sampling method was used to select the participants and the data were collected through open ended interviews, observation checklists, and focus group discussion. The analysis has been made in thematic way following the rigor of qualitative research. The study shows a great effects of the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the school education of Gorkha municipality. The virtual mode of instruction has been seen less effective during COVID-19 pandemic situation in the study area. Physical classes were effectively conducted before and after the pandemic. Several challenges have been noted in the virtual mode of instruction. They include the lack of internet access, limited access to electronic devices, and a lack of electricity in the district. The findings of the study entail that the blended mode could be more suitable to the students studying in the schools of Gorkha Municipality which could create opportunities for face-to-face and virtual learning together if they can be supported with easy access to the internet and electronic devices.

Laboratory Life: Twenty Years of Experimental Research with Locals and New Comers in Remote Rural Areas

Through the Latour concept of philosophy of science of laboratory life, the life course of a (geo) ethnographer researcher is analyzed, in order to establish the emotional or more personal dimensions that do not usually appear in research papers, but that have notable relevance in qualitative research. The text is structured in three large parts: A conceptual vision of the new experimental geography; the experimental geo-ethnography in old social, new social and place scenarios; and finally, the most personal and emotional dimension of the research. The first part establishes the geo-ethnographic experimental context and the assumptions in fieldwork, in addition to the geo-ethnographic reconciliation process. In the second part, the main qualitative research problems related to mobility, resistance and dynamics in place are established. Finally, in the third part the research perceptions, the personal experiences, and the emotional dimension of the research in remote rural areas are established. The laboratory life of a researcher, allows one to establish scalar conclusions and rigor in qualitative research.

A Phenomenological and Clinical Description of Pandemic Grief: How to Adapt Bereavement Services?

Some studies suggest that individuals having lost a loved one during the COVID-19 pandemic report higher levels of grief reactions than people bereaved from natural causes. Little is known about the lived and subjective experience of individuals who lost a loved one under confinement measures. This research aims to provide a phenomenological description of pandemic grief (PG) that can be useful in clinical settings and bereavement services. Seventy-six qualitative phenomenological interviews have been conducted with 37 individuals who have lost a loved one during the first wave of the pandemic. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was performed following Tracy's criteria for rigorous qualitative research. The experience of PG comprises clinical manifestations and can be described as "a type of grief occurring in the context of a pandemic, where applicable public health measures have precedence over end of life and caregiving practices as well as funeral rituals, overshadowing the needs, values, and wishes of the dying individuals and those who grieve them." This study is the first to provide a phenomenological and experiential understanding of PG. Our phenomenological description can be helpful in clinical settings such as bereavement services within palliative care teams.

Finding a path in a methodological jungle: a qualitative research of resilience

ABSTRACT Qualitative research provides an in-depth understanding of lived experiences. However, these experiences can be hard to apprehend by using just one method of data analysis. A good example is the experience of resilience. In this paper, the authors describe the chain of the decision-making process in the research of the construct of “resilience”. s The authors justify the implications of a multi-method, pluralistic approach, and show how the triangulation of two or more qualitative methods and integration of several qualitative data analysis methods can improve a deeper understanding of the resilience among people with chronic pain. By combining the thematic analysis, narrative analysis, and critical incident technique, lived experiences can be seen from different perspectives.Therefore, the thematic analysis describes the content and answers to “what” regarding resilience, the narrative analysis describes the dynamics of resilience, and answers to “how”, while the critical incident technique clarifies the most significant experience and the answers to “why” changes happen. This integrative approach could be used in the analysis of other psychological constructs and can serve as an example of how the rigour of qualitative research could be provided.

Balancing Autonomy and Collaboration in Large-Scale and Disciplinary Diverse Teams for Successful Qualitative Research

Large scale, multi-organisational collaborations between researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds are increasingly recognised as important to investigate and tackle complex real-world problems. However differing expectations, epistemologies, and preferences across these teams pose challenges to following best practice for ensuring high-quality and rigorous qualitative research, while maintaining goodwill and team cohesion across team members. This article presents critical reflections from the real-world experiences of a team navigating the challenges of collaborating on a large-scale, cross-disciplinary interview study. Based on these experiences, we extend the literature on large team qualitative collaboration by highlighting the importance of balancing autonomy and collaboration, and propose eight recommendations to support high quality research and team cohesion. We identify how this balance can be achieved at different times: when centralised decision-making should be prioritised, and autonomy can be allowed. We argue that prioritising time to develop shared understandings, build trust, and creating positive environments that accept and support differing researcher perspectives on qualitative methods is paramount. By exploring and reflecting on these differences, teams can identify how and when to support autonomy in decision-making, when to move forward collaboratively, and how to ensure that shared processes reflect the needs of the whole team. The reflexive findings, emanating from practical experience, can inform large research teams undertaking qualitative studies to explore complex issues. We make an original contribution to qualitative methods research by arguing that balancing autonomy and collaboration is the key to promoting high quality research and cohesion in large teams.

Corporate governance and cultural diversity in Lebanese banks

This study’s scholarly significance lies in its exploration of the intricate connection between culture and corporate governance within Lebanon’s banking sector. Utilizing Hofstede’s established cultural dimensions model and employing a rigorous qualitative research methodology, the study investigates ten Lebanese banks, delving into specific cultural elements like “wasta”, social belonging, and quota. It uncovers the complexities of Lebanon’s cultural landscape, revealing that a uniform corporate governance model is unsuitable due to its cultural diversity. The research advocates extending Hofstede’s model to incorporate Lebanese-specific cultural dimensions, such as wasta and group affiliations, recognizing their pivotal roles. By addressing these cultural nuances, the study contributes to both academia and practical application within Lebanese banks, enhancing our understanding of corporate governance and cultural diversity in a concise manner.

How Did They Get There? What Perspectives From the Top Tell Us About Developing Women Leaders in Academic Anesthesiology.

How Did They Get There? What Perspectives From the Top Tell Us About Developing Women Leaders in Academic Anesthesiology.

Qualitative research in pediatric urology

Qualitative studies have become increasingly common in the pediatric urology literature due to their ability to enhance our understanding of physicians' and patients' preferences, attitudes, and beliefs. The pediatric urology literature currently lacks clear guidelines for reporting qualitative research. In their absence, it is challenging to judge the quality of these studies. The objectives of this educational article are to define what is involved in rigorous qualitative research studies, help readers recognize high-quality qualitative research, and provide practical skills in designing and implementing qualitative research. Acknowledging researcher biases, taking steps to reduce bias and increase reflexivity, and clear descriptions of research and data collection methods all contribute increased rigor and trustworthiness of qualitative studies. Proper selection of qualitative methodology, derived from the research question to be answered, establishes a foundation for reliable and meaningful data. As the field continues to grow, the standardization of reporting of these essential parameters becomes paramount so readers can gauge how findings can be appropriately applied to clinical practice.

Do you see what I see? Enhancement of rigour in qualitative approaches to inquiry: a systematic review of evidence

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to synthesise current literature on the conceptualisation of rigour within qualitative studies and to identify factors which contribute to the enhancement of rigour for the practical implementation of qualitative research.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents an interpretivist stance in line with a qualitative approach to research. A systematic review method was adopted to provide a structured and rigorous selection of relevant literature. Data was analysed using a thematic synthesis method, as outlined by Thomas and Harden (2008).FindingsThe results of the thematic synthesis identified seven descriptive themes in the literature: conceptualising rigour, conceptualising truth and value in knowledge generation, participant trust and communication of truth, rigour in research design and implementation, subjectivity, reflexivity and researcher identity, reader confidence and transparency and strategies for enhancing rigour. These descriptive themes were further developed into three analytical themes: ethical co-construction, methodological alignment and multi-perspective interpretation.Originality/valueThis paper presents an interdisciplinary exploration of the concept of rigour in qualitative research. The themes identified are applicable across fields and provide an original application of thematic synthesis.

Volunteer Experiences of Pediatric Palliative Care among University Students: A Phenomenological Approach.

This phenomenological analysis was conducted to explore the experiences of college student volunteers in the field of pediatric palliative care. In-depth interviews were conducted with nine study participants who had experience volunteering with children receiving pediatric palliative care. The study analysis was conducted using the Colaizzi method, a rigorous qualitative research method, to develop "intra-group" comparisons among the study participants. Through an analysis of the data, 51 themes, 18 theme clusters, and five main categories were derived. The results confirmed that the experience of university student volunteers in pediatric palliative care can be summarized as "awareness of the role of a volunteer," "difficulties encountered while volunteering," "efforts to overcome the difficulties of volunteer work," "personal reflection," and "awareness of life and death." The results of this study can be used as a practical guide for the effective management of volunteers in the pediatric palliative care setting.

Conducting caregiver focus groups on autism in the context of an international research collaboration: Logistical and methodological lessons learned in South Africa.

Most of the autism research to date has been conducted in high-income countries, with children and families typically from White, upper-middle-income backgrounds. However, we know there are significant inequalities that exist which influence how autistic individuals from diverse, underserved communities can access services they need. As many of these individuals have not been included in the majority of autism research to date, there is much we do not know about these individuals' life experiences, which are critically needed to better inform the development and implementation of care for families from historically underrepresented groups. In this article, we describe the research process we took to conduct focus group discussions with 22 caregivers of young autistic children living in Cape Town, South Africa. We specifically describe the lessons we learned in implementing these focus groups and provide recommendations aimed at how to best reduce logistical and methodological challenges moving forward to improve research conducted in similar low-resource contexts.

Experiences of Older Veterans Who Participated in a Multicomponent Telehealth Program: Qualitative Program Evaluation

Background Older veterans have greater medical complexity, lower physical function, and less daily physical activity compared to age-matched civilians. Telehealth programs offer promising approaches to address these complex needs and improve access for diverse patient populations. Objective The purpose of this program evaluation was to understand veterans’ experiences of the telehealth program’s quality, feasibility, safety, and effectiveness. Methods Interviews were conducted by a provider and external evaluator who had expertise in qualitative methods; veterans were interviewed following completion of the 12-week program. Questions were designed to explore both positive and negative experiences of the program and its 4 components, which were physical therapy, biobehavioral intervention (coaching), social support, and technology. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Team-based–directed content analysis, using deductive and inductive thematic analysis, was conducted to identify themes; analysis was supported by structured debriefs following each interview and using Dedoose software. Results Twenty-one veterans enrolled in the program (n=14 completed). All 14 completers and 1 withdrawer completed the interviews (mean 60.4, SD 8.2 minutes); interviewees were mostly male (73.3%), White (60.0%), and non-Hispanic (86.7%). The following 6 domains were identified (subthemes to follow): (1) technology, (2) social network, (3) therapeutic relationship, (4) access, (5) feasibility, and (6) patient characteristics. Technology—although veterans noted varying levels of technology competency and satisfaction, most felt encouraged and held accountable to being active by the technology. Social Network—this domain highlighted themes surrounding veterans’ social support both within and outside of the program, which reportedly enhanced motivation and commitment to regular exercise. Therapeutic Relationship—interviewees shared specific ways that providers significantly contributed to their overall experience and their progress. Access—older veterans described the pros and cons of telehealth and noted the program made it possible to begin physical therapy sooner than they would have in person. Telehealth also made it easier for them to fit physical therapy sessions into their workdays, and for some, it provided a solution to overcome mental and physical health issues precluding in-person care. Feasibility—themes of preparedness, fit with daily routine, manageability, and outcomes of the program emerged. Patient Characteristics—motivation, self-efficacy, attitudes and beliefs, and expectations influenced the perceived benefits, overall experience, and therapeutic relationship experienced by the veterans. Finally, many veterans provided constructive feedback to improve the program (eg, organizing group sessions based on functional ability and further integrating technology and wearable data). Conclusions This program evaluation identified impactful aspects of the telehealth program and mechanisms of how those aspects contributed to participants’ satisfaction and outcomes. Veterans offered suggestions to inform ongoing quality and operational improvements, with implications for staffing, training, and patient engagement. Qualitative feedback from the program evaluation identified additional questions to explore through rigorous qualitative research. Conflicts of Interest None declared.