Rice Brown Planthopper Research Articles

Effect of different meteorological parameters on seasonal abundance of rice brown planthopper under Punjab conditions

Effect of different meteorological parameters on seasonal abundance of rice brown planthopper under Punjab conditions

Volatile Profiles as Affected by Rice Brown Plant Hopper and Yellow Stem Borer in Rice Landraces

Rice (Oryza sativa L.,) plants release a complex profile of volatile organic compounds. Present study investigates the differences in volatile compounds from four rice landraces viz., Karuthakar, Norungan, Thavala Kanan and Varappu Kudaichan each under four conditions like healthy, mechanically damaged, and the ones infested by the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal and yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Wlk.). The volatiles were collected using air entrainment method and characterized by the GCMS. Statistical analysis tools like clustering, principal component analysis and partial least square discriminant analysis were applied. Clear differences among the treatments were observed and certain volatile compound groups like terpenoids (squalene), unsaturated fatty acids (n-hexadecanoic, tetradecanoic and pentadecanoic acids), alkanes (heptacosane, tetracosane) were found. The statistical test of Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis was found to be satisfactory in determining the compounds responsible for variations in treatments.

Result of purification for the Te do rice variety of Dien Bien province

Te do is a local rice variety planted in some districts of Dien Bien province (Tuan Giao, Muong Cha, Tua Chua...). This variety has high nutritional content, very good drought tolerance and is resistant to some major pests and diseases such as rice blasts, leaf blight, and brown planthopper. Te do is considered to have great potential in the set of varieties to be included in the agricultural production technology solutions to adapt to climate change, and at the same time increase economic value for growers in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam. The purification process of this rice variety was carried out from 2018 to 2020. From the results of monitoring in the field, 200 individuals (with the same flowering and maturing day) were selected for futher laboratory evaluation; then, 30 G1 lines with the same total growth duration and many similar traits were selected for the next growing season. After evaluation of 30 G1 lines, 10 satisfactory G1 lines were selected for the next growing season (G2). In the G2 generation, the best 6 qualified lines were selected from the 10 initial evaluation lines and the seeds of these 6 lines were mixed to get 400 kg which was tested and certified as registered seeds by the Center for Testing of Variety, the National Plant based on the national technical regulations on the quality of rice seeds.

Contrasting National Plant Protection Needs, Perceptions and Techno-Scientific Capabilities in the Asia-Pacific Region

Pests and pathogens inflict considerable losses in global agri-food production and regularly trigger the (indiscriminate) use of synthetic pesticides. In the Asia-Pacific, endemic and invasive organisms compromise crop yields, degrade farm profitability and cause undesirable social-environmental impacts. In this study, we systematically assess the thematic foci, coherence and inclusiveness of plant protection programs of 11 Asia-Pacific countries. Among 23 economically important diseases and 55 pests, survey respondents identified rice blast, rice brown planthopper, citrus greening disease, Tephritid fruit flies and fall armyworm as threats of regional allure. These organisms are thought to lower crop yields by 20–35% and cause management expenditures up to US$2,250 per hectare and year. Though decision-makers are familiar with integrated pest management (IPM), national programs are invariably skewed toward curative pesticide-intensive control. Pesticide reductions up to 50–100% are felt to be feasible and potentially can be attained through full-fledged IPM campaigns and amended policies. To rationalize farmers' pesticide use, decision criteria (e.g., economic thresholds) wait to be defined for multiple crop x pest systems and (participatory) training needs to be conducted e.g., on (pest, disease) symptom recognition or field-level scouting. Efforts are equally needed to amend stakeholder perceptions on ecologically based measures e.g., biological control. Given that several Asia–Pacific countries possess robust techno-scientific capacities in various IPM domains (e.g., taxonomy, molecular diagnostics, socioeconomics), they can take on an active role in regionally coordinated campaigns. As such, one can reinvigorate IPM and ensure that preventative, non-chemical pest management ultimately becomes the norm instead of the exception throughout the Asia–Pacific.

Efficacy of a New Combination Insecticide Against Rice Brown Planthopper <i>Nilaparvata Lugens</i> (Stal)

Efficacy of a new combination insecticide against rice brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stal revealed that among all the treatments, significant reduction in the incidence (76.91% reduction over control) and higher grain yield (5.37 ton/ ha) was obtained with buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 875 ml/ ha. It was at par with buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 750 ml/ ha followed by buprofezin 25%SC @ 800 ml/ ha. Although maximum grain yield was obtained from buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 875 ml/ ha, maximum cost benefit in term of ICBR was observed with buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 750 ml/ ha (1:6.11) besides considering the environmental effect. Buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 750 ml/ ha was found to be most optimum one for BPH management.

Synergistic and Additive Interactions of Zhongshengmycin to the Chemical Insecticide Pymetrozine for Controlling Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).

Management of the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål is challenging because it can rapidly adapt to new pesticides within several generations. Combined use of chemical insecticides and antimicrobials was proposed as an alternative strategy to control N. lugens. Our previous experiments identified two effective agents (chemical insecticide: pymetrozine and antimicrobial: zhongshengmycin) that act on different targets in N. lugens. However, conditions and effectiveness of combinations of antimicrobials and insecticides against N. lugens are still unknown. Here, we evaluated separate and combined effects of pymetrozine and zhongshengmycin on third instar nymphs of N. lugens under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Results showed that zhongshengmycin exerts significant inhibitory effects on the three endosymbionts Pichia guilliermondii, Cryptococcus peneaus, and Pichia anomala cultured in vitro of N. lugens. Combinations of pymetrozine and zhongshengmycin under laboratory conditions produced additive or synergistic effects on N. lugens and caused higher mortality in third instar nymphs than either of them used alone. Experiments under greenhouse conditions further demonstrated that effective component quality ratio of pymetrozine to zhongshengmycin of 1:10 and 1:40 with co-toxicity coefficients of 221.63 and 672.87, respectively, also produced significant synergistic effects against N. lugens. Our results indicated that chemical insecticides combined with antimicrobials may provide a potential novel strategy for controlling N. lugens by inhibiting its endosymbionts.

Evaluation of Insecticide Rotations Against Rice Brown Planthopper nilaparvata lugens (Stal)

Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of certain insecticide rotations against rice brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh during kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18. The results revealed that fipronil (1000 ml/ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ha), buprofezin (800 ml/ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ha) and acephate (750 g/ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ha) were the most effective insecticide rotations in a crop season. These also gave higher grain yields. The insecticide rotations, acephate (750 g/ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ha) and fipronil (1000 ml/ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ha) gave the maximum cost benefit ratio of 1: 6.01 and 1: 6.03, respectively.

Status of insecticide resistance in rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in Punjab

The present study was undertaken in 2017–18 at the entomological Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana to determine the status of insecticide resistance and the role of enzymes in imparting resistance in Nilaparvata lugens. Toxicity of insecticides, viz. imidacloprid, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, buprofezin and lambda cyhalothrin against the susceptible and field populations of N. lugens were evaluated. Based on LC50 values calculated, the susceptible population showed the highest sensitivity to buprofezin with lowest LC50 value of 0.0007% while the lowest sensitivity was observed for chlorpyriphos (0.0010%). Buprofezin proved most effective against planthopper population collected from Ludhiana and Patiala with LC50 values of 0.0032% and 0.0036% and toxicity ratios of 4.40 and 2.75, respectively, whereas quinalphos proved effective against Kapurthala population with LC50 value of 0.0027% and toxicity ratio of 2.85. Imidacloprid was the least effective insecticide at all test locations (LC50 values ranged from 0.0077% to 0.0141%). N. lugens population showed moderate level of resistance development to imidacloprid at all the test locations, viz. 19.09-folds in Ludhiana, 14.14-folds in Patiala and 11-folds resistance in Kapurthala. The resistance ratio for buprofezin was the lowest (4.57-folds) in case of Ludhiana population, whereas in case of Patiala and Kapurthala populations, resistance to quinalphos was the lowest (4.39 and 3.00-folds, respectively). The activity of esterases was significantly higher in the field populations collected from Ludhiana whereas the activities of acetylcholinesterase in resistant populations of Ludhiana and Patiala were significantly higher than in the susceptible population, indicating their probable role in imparting resistance.

Mathematical Model of Pest Control Using Different Release Rates of Sterile Insects and Natural Enemies

In the framework of integrated pest management, biological control through the use of living organisms plays important roles in suppressing pest populations. In this paper, the complex interaction between plants and pest insects is examined under the intervention of natural enemies releases coupled with sterile insects technique. A set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is developed in terms of optimal control model considering characteristics of populations involved. Optimal control measures are sought in such a way they minimize the pest density simultaneously with the control efforts. Three different strategies relating to the release rate of sterile insects and predators as natural enemies, namely, constant, proportional, and saturating proportional release rates, are examined for the attainability of control objective. The necessary optimality conditions of the control problem are derived by using Pontryagin maximum principle, and the forward–backward sweep method is then implemented to numerically calculate the optimal solution. It is shown that, in an environment consisting of rice plants and brown planthoppers as pests, the releases of sterile planthoppers and ladybeetles as natural enemies can deteriorate the pest density and thus increase the plant biomass. The release of sterile insects with proportional rate and the release of natural enemies with constant rate are found to be the most cost-effective strategy in controlling pest insects. This strategy successfully decreases the pest population about 35 percent, and thus increases the plant density by 13 percent during control implementation.

Toxicity of Imidacloprid 17.8%SL and Triflumezopyrim 10%SC to Rice Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

The rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.) is a threat to rice growers and it has developed resistance to many insecticides. Hence, newer molecules like triflumezopyrim 10%SC are available. Its toxicity has been investigated in this study, with four populations from Tamil Nadu along with imidacloprid 17.8%SL using rice seedling dip method. Lower LC50 values of 0.538 ppm and 0.280 ppm were observed with the susceptible populations against imidacloprid 17.8%SL and triflumezopyrim 10%SC, respectively. LC50 values were in range of 0.280-0.848 ppm for triflumezopyrim 10%SC indicating its superior toxicity. Nagapattinam population exhibited moderate resistance (15.36 folds) to imidacloprid 17.8%SL and low resistance (3.02 folds) to triflumezopyrim 10%SC.

Bio-Efficacy of Chrysoeriol7, a Natural Chemical and Repellent, against Brown Planthopper in Rice.

Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) is the most damaging rice pest affecting stable rice yields worldwide. Currently, methods for controlling BPH include breeding a BPH-resistant cultivar and using synthetic pesticides. Nevertheless, the continuous cultivation of resistant cultivars allows for the emergence of various resistant races, and the use of synthetic pesticides can induce environmental pollution as well as the emergence of unpredictable new pest species. As plants cannot migrate to other locations on their own to combat various stresses, the production of secondary metabolites allows plants to protect themselves from stress and tolerate their reproduction. Pesticides using natural products are currently being developed to prevent environmental pollution and ecosystem disturbance caused by synthetic pesticides. In this study, after BPH infection in rice, chrysoeriol7 (C7), a secondary metabolite that induces resistance against BPH, was assessed. After C7 treatment and BPH infection, relative expression levels of the flavonoid-related genes were elevated, suggesting that in plants subjected to BPH, compounds related to flavonoids, among the secondary metabolites, play an important role in inducing resistance. The plant-derived natural compound chrysoeriol7 can potentially thus be used to develop environmentally friendly pesticides. The suggested control of BPH can be effectively used to alleviate concerns regarding environmental pollution and to construct a relatively safe rice breeding environment.

Assessment of IPM module on brown planthopper incidence in rice crop

The experiment was carried out in 4.0 ha with active participation of farmers with an objective to assess the integrated management module for the management of brown planthopper in rice for three years. Maximum temperature, morning relative humidity, rainfall and evening relative humidity favours BPH population. Minimum temperature impacted the BPH. The mean incidence of BPH population/hill was lower in IPM module (2.97 and 12.03 at tillering and panicle initiation stage respectively) as compared to farmers practice (13.34 and 30.62 at tillering and panicle initiation stage respectively). The mean yield of IPM module was 70.7 q/ha with net returns and C:B ratio of Rs. 62604/ha and 1:2.15, respectively. Whereas, farmer's practice recorded a mean yield of 61.5 q/ha with net returns and C:B ratio of Rs. 48357/ha and 1:1.89, respectively. The increase in yield over farmer's practice was 14.9%.

Bioactivities of Lamiaceae, Myristicaceae, and Myrtaceae plant oils against Nilaparvata lugens Stâl. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Essential oil (EO) plants have properties as botanical insecticides. Some of them come from the families of Lamiaceae, Myristicaceae, and Myrtaceae. A plant belonging to the Lamiaceae includes patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), while the Myristicaceae includes nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), and the Myrtaceae includes clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cajuput (Melaleuca cajuput subsp. cajuputi). This research aimed to evaluate toxicity, feeding inhibition, and oviposition deterrent from four EO plants from the Lamiaceae, Myristicaceae, and Myrtaceae to brown rice planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), the main pest of rice. The results showed that cajuput and patchouli oil gave more potent toxicity to N. lugens with LC50 and LC95 were 0.016% and 4.87% for cajuput oil and 0.019% and 5.25% for patchouli oil. Cajuput oil at 0.002% deterred oviposition 51.74% and inhibited feeding on 0.016% as many as 71.52% with strong enough criteria to the fourth instar nymphs of N. lugens. Patchouli oil deterred oviposition from 0.002% as much as 61.15% and inhibited feeding on 0.019% as many as 68.73% with strong enough criteria. The highest oviposition deterrent was 83.2% on patchouli oil at the concentration of 0.188%, whereas the highest feeding inhibition was 82.78% on cajuput oil at the concentration of 0.169%.

Temperature driven development of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Temperature driven development of rice brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) population (biotype 4) was examined at seven constant temperatures (15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 32 and 35°C). Complete development of BPH from egg to adult was observed at constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 32°C with linear development observed till 30°C. Total immaturedevelopmental duration decreased from 74.4 days at 15°C to 22.4 days at 30°C. Linear and non-linear models fitted to describe developmental rates of life stages as a function of temperature, gave estimates of bioclimatic thresholds (lower, optimum and upper temperature thresholds). Thermal constants estimated from Campbell linear model for egg, nymph and cumulative immature development to adult were, 198.8, 275.5 and 473.9 degree days, respectively. Among empirical non-linear models, Lactin 2 model was selected for estimates of upper temperature threshold at 35°C based on higher coefficient of determination. Application of thermodynamic SSI model explained the observed nonlinear relationship of development of BPH life stages at temperatures higher than 30°C. The estimated thermal constants and bioclimatic thresholds were used in developing temperature dependent phenology model based on Campbell equation. Phenology model predicted closely the occurrence of different life stages of BPH with those observed under field conditions.

Future scenarios of rice brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) under changing climate

Abundance of brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvatalugens (Stål) (Delphacidae: Homoptera) is modulated by prevalent weather conditions of rice growing seasons and locations. Categorization of BPH adults caught in light traps (nos/week/trap) into low, moderate and high and formulation of criteria accounting weather variables [maximum/ minimum/ mean temperature (ÚC), morning/evening/mean relative humidity (%), rainfall (mm) and sunshine hours (h/day) and wind speed (km/h)] during kharif of2011-16 for four locations viz., Ludhiana (Punjab), Chinsurah (West Bengal), Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Aduthurai (Tamil Nadu) with associated rules for weather based BPH prediction. Validation of BPH predictions for kharif 2017 indicated 96, 87, 73 and 61% accuracies in respect of Aduthurai (TN), Raipur (CG), Ludhiana (PB) and Chinsurah (WB). Future weather based predictions of BPH based on climatic projections of representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 for 2020, 2050 and 2080 indicated absence of high population at Chinsurah (WB) during all time periods of 2020-2080. Progressively reducing BPH abundance from past (2011) to all future periods was noticed at Aduthurai (TN). ‘High’ BPH from 2020 and beyond over 2011 and 2016 at Raipur (CG) and reducing ‘high’ but increasing ‘moderate’ category between 2020-2050 but the reverse in 2080 at Ludhiana (PB) were predicted indicating requirement of continued monitoring strategies put in place at these locations. The observed spatial variability of climate change influence on BPH implied a need for zonation mapping of rice insects including BPH for India.

Genome-wide Analysis of Alternative Gene Splicing Associated with Virulence in the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).

Alternative splicing of protein coding genes plays a profound role in phenotypic variation for many eukaryotic organisms. The development of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics algorithms provides the possibility of genome-wide identification of alternative splicing events in eukaryotes. However, for the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a destructive pest of rice crops, whole-genome distribution of alternative splicing events and the role of alternative splicing in the phenotypic plasticity of virulence have not previously been estimated. Here, we developed an analysis pipeline to identify alternative splicing events in the genome of N. lugens. Differential expression analysis and functional annotation were performed on datasets related to different virulence phenotypes. In total, 27,880 alternative splicing events corresponding to 9,787 multi-exon genes were detected in N. lugens. Among them, specifically expressed alternative splicing transcripts in the virulent Mudgo population were enriched in metabolic process categories, while transcripts in the avirulent TN1 population were enriched in regulator activity categories. In addition, genes encoding odorant receptor, secreted saliva protein and xenobiotic metabolic P450 monooxygenase showed different splicing patterns between Mudgo population and TN1 population. Host change experiment also revealed that an isoform of a P450 gene could be specially induced by the stimulation of resistant rice variety Mudgo. This research pioneered a genome-wide study of alternative gene splicing in the rice brown planthopper. Differences in alternative splicing between virulent and avirulent populations indicated that alternative splicing might play an important role in the formation of virulence phenotypes in N. lugens.

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals a New Quantitative Trait Locus in Rice Related to Resistance to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål).

Simple SummaryThe brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) is one of the main rice pests in Asian areas. The development of rice varieties harboring resistance genes is the most economical and effective method of managing BPH. In this study, 123 rice germplasms were identified for resistance and durable resistance by using the rice planthopper resistance identification system. Forty-two of the 123 rice varieties were classified as resistant to brown planthopper, and among them, twelve rice varieties had a long, durable resistance period. One potential durable resistance to brown planthopper locus on chromosome 2 was found by a genome-wide association study (GWAS). There are 13 candidate genes at this locus, and several of them are related to disease and pest resistance. Our study found a potential durable resistance locus to BPH, which has guiding significance for subsequent resistance breeding.The brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the main pests endangering rice yields. The development of rice varieties harboring resistance genes is the most economical and effective method of managing BPH. To identify new BPH resistance-related genes, a total of 123 rice varieties were assessed for resistance and durable resistance. Three varieties were immune, and nine were highly resistant to BPH. After whole-genome resequencing of all 123 varieties, 1,897,845 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay analysis showed that the average LD of the SNPs at 20 kb was 0.30 (r2) and attenuated to half value (~0.30) at a distance of about 233 kb. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of durable resistance to BPH was conducted using the Fast-MLM model. One quantitative trait locus, identified on chromosome 2, included 13 candidate genes. Two candidate genes contained a leucine-rich repeat and CC-NBS-LRR or NB-ARC domains, which might confer resistance to pests or diseases. Interestingly, LOC_Os02g27540 was highly expressed and was induced by BPH; GWAS identified potential rice genes coding for durable resistance to BPH. This study helps to elucidate the mechanism of durable resistance to BPH in rice and provides essential genetic information for breeding and functional verification of resistant varieties.

A Way Forward to Combat Insect Pest in Rice

The damage caused by insect pest is the continual factor for the reduction of rice production. To date, 232 rice insect pest species are identified in Bangladesh and more than 100 species of insects are considered pests in rice production systems globally, but only about 20 - 33 species can cause significant economic loss. The major goal of this study is to explore all the possible ways of developed and proposed technologies for rice insect pests management and minimize economic losses. Insect pests cause 20% average yield loss in Asia where more than 90% of the world's rice is produced. In Bangladesh, outbreak of several insects such as rice hispa, leafroller, gallmidge, stem borers and brown planthopper (BPH) occurs as severe forms. Based on previous reports, yield loss can reach upto 62% in an outbreak situation due to hispa infestation. However, BPH can cause 44% yield loss in severe infestested field. To overcome the outbreaks in odd years and to keep the loss upto 5%, it is necessary to take some preventive measures such as planting of resistant or tolerant variety, stop insecticide spraying at early establishment of rice, establish early warning and forecasting system, avoid cultivation of susceptible variety and following crop rotation. Subsequent quick management options such as insecticidal treatment for specific insect pest should also be broadcasted through variety of information systems. Advanced genomic tool can be used to develop genetically modified insect and plants for sustainable pest management. In addition, to stipulate farmers not use insecticides at early crop stgae and minimize general annualized loss, some interventions including training rice farmers, regular field monitoring, digitalization in correct insect pests identification and their management (example; BRRI rice doctor mobile app), and demonstration in farmers field. Each technology itself solely or combination of two or more or all the packages can combat the insect pests, save natural enemies, harvest expected yield and contribute to safe food production in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Rice J. 25 (1) : 1-22, 2021

Effect of insecticides on the feeding and fecundity of rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

Stimulatory effect of some insecticides on feeding and reproductive rate of rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) was investigated in the laboratory experiment during kharif 2020 and rabi, 2020-21 at RARS, Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh. Brown planthopper excreted significantly higher amount of honeydew on deltamethrin (278.67mm2 ) and fipronil (231.17mm2 ) treated rice plants. Deltamethrin also resulted in enhancement of reproductive rate of BPH and consequently resulted in resurgence (resurgence ratio>1), whereas the remaining insecticides i.e., flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole (foliar and granular), fipronil, carbofuran and cartap hydrochloride did not influence the reproductive rate of BPH (resurgence ratio<1). Hence, insecticides barring deltamethrin can be used judiciously against insect pests of rice with periodical monitoring for development of resistance and induction of resurgence. ><1). Hence, insecticides barring deltamethrin can be used judiciously against insect pests of rice with periodical monitoring for development of resistance and induction of resurgence.

Phytopathogenic infection alters rice-pest-parasitoid tri-trophic interactions.

Plant pathogens and pests often occur together, causing damage while interfering with plant growth. The effects of phytopathogenic infections on plant-herbivore-natural enemy tri-trophic interactions (TTIs) have been extensively investigated, but little is known about how the interval of infection influences such relationships. Here, the effect of rice plants infected by the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani on the herbivorous rice brown planthopper (BPH) and associated egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae over a temporal scale was examined. Our results showed that rice plants infected by R. solani showed increased volatile profiles and significantly attracted BPH and A. nilaparvatae at 5-15 days post infection (DPI) and 5-10 DPI, respectively, when compared with healthy plants. Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid content decreased significantly in BPH-damaged plants after 15 DPI, whereas oxalic acid accumulated soon after 5 DPI when compared with healthy plants. To adapt to adverse environment, BPH laid more eggs and developed into macropterous adults. Under field conditions, R. solani infection had no substantial effect on the arthropod community when compared with healthy plants. Taken together, R. solani infection altered rice-pest-parasitoid TTIs over a temporal scale. This result will shed more light on our understanding of plant pathogen-insect cross-talk essential for developing novel pest management strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.