Work Rhythm Research Articles

The Fragile Allure of Reference

In spite of sometimes difficult working conditions, reference services continue to have an allure, both for prospective and experienced librarians. This attraction is explained in terms of a number of factors, including the archetypal role of reference, the various roles public service librarians perform, the positive feedback they experience, the different work rhythm of a reference desk, and the encounters with reality the desk provides. Yet the allure is fragile, and the same factors that give the reference desk its attraction also threaten the pleasures it can provide.

The Making of COBRS 2.0

Abstract Recently introduced advances in microcomputer technology offer opportunities for improving child welfare agencies' access to powerful case assessment and program evaluation tools. This paper discusses the process of fitting a child behavior outcome measurement system to a menu driven microcomputer program. Traditional strategies for measuring outcome effectiveness, managerial priorities and operational constraints are examined in terms of their bearing on the introduction of new microcomputer technology. The developmental process is traced to show how these factors influenced the addition of a number of user options to the basic program to enhance its adaptability to specific agency needs. Initial user feedback indicated general satisfaction with the basic program and the applicability of its output, little or no experimentation, as yet, in adapting the system, and, a minor need to adjust the sequencing of operator activities to better fit the realities of agency work rhythms.

And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry by John P. Hoerr

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 141 And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry. By John P. Hoerr. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988. Pp. xiv + 689; illustrations, notes, sources, index. $39.95 (cloth); $14.95 (paper). John Hoerr presents a clear and cogent account of the decline of the American steel industry in the 1980s. Two elements provide the core and the particular value of the book. The author describes and analyzes the collective bargaining process of the early 1980s and demonstrates its pivotal role in producing the severe problems that faced the industry later in the decade. He also portrays the rise, glory years, and decline of the steel industry with an emphasis on McKees­ port and other steel towns in the Monongahela Valley around Pitts­ burgh. This promotes a better appreciation of how a once-vibrant industry with an innovative technology, a large and productive labor force, and a creative management failed to adjust to changing cir­ cumstances and paid the price of its intransigence. The collective bargaining sessions come alive as Hoerr draws character sketches of the major principals, offers details about the outlooks and agendas of both parties, and presents a description of the final agreements and their consequences. These re-creations draw on extensive interviews and voluminous printed materials and include assessments as well as analysis and descriptions. For example, Lloyd McBride (former president of the United Steelworkers of America) and Lynn Williams (current president) receive accolades, while several top officials of U.S. Steel and Ronald Weisen (president of Local 1397, United Steelworkers of America, Homestead, Pa.) receive condemna­ tion. A key to these different assessments is attitude toward labormanagement cooperation. The company executives and the local union dissident took adversarial stances while McBride, Williams, and some of their business counterparts adopted the more flexible pos­ tures that Hoerr regards as essential in coping with the changing face of the international economy. But few details are provided about how the process operates. The human implications of the steel story are in the vivid depiction of life in McKeesport. At one time the industrial and work rhythms of the National Tube Works energized the city. The mill not only provided jobs but sustained the commerce of a thriving business district. By the 1980s, however, decay permeated its urban core of closed mills, a deserted business district, and an increasingly impotent local union. The human costs of industrial decline become graphic in the interview accounts of current McKeesport residents. These accounts are engrossing. However, Hoerr neglects important aspects of the process of steel industry decline. The book includes little information and analysis about the role of government, the importance of the new international economy for the steel industry, and the rise of a new steel heartland in the Chicago-Gary area. Hoerr 142 Book Reviews TEC.HNOI.OGY AND CULTURE discusses the industry’s shortsighted business strategies and briefly recounts a big mistake made in the 1950s when the domestic industry overexpanded and also built large open hearths rather than installing the more efficient basic oxygen furnaces. This was the beginning of a period of inattention to technological developments that led to increased competition from Japanese and European firms in the 1970s and 1980s and from South Korea and other developing nations in the 1980s. This coverage of technology, of particular concern to readers of this journal, is accurate, if brief, but it suffers from important omissions. Hoerr neglects the pivotal role of continuous casting in transforming modern steel technology and the effects of its slow implementation on the declining international competitiveness of the major integrated steel companies. He also overlooks the greater willingness of foreign producers to invest “patient” money in new technology in anticipation of low but long-term profits. For the technological side of steelmaking, we must continue to rely on standard sources such as: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Technology and Steel Industry Competitiveness, 1980; Robert W. Crandall, The U.S. Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis; Donald F. Barnett and Louis Schorsch, Steel: Upheaval in a Basic Industry; David Ault, “The Continued Deterioration of the Competitive Ability of the U.S. Steel Industry: The Development...

Revivalism and the Advent of Cash Economy on the Georgia Coast

in the very year that the black community was firmly catapulted into participation in the national economy recalls various efforts to understand religious revivalism as a response to sudden and disturbing changes in a group's socioeconomic circumstances. Perhaps the best known of such accounts-E. P Thompson's description of the Methodist response to the industrialization of England-convincingly illustrates the manner in which such religious movements may accommodate individuals to the demands of new work rhythms. However, the evidence from St. Simons Island, Georgia, suggests that in other instances the implicit ideology ofa religious movement may present challenges to dominant conceptualizations of the social order. The ostensive otherworldliness ofAfrican-American Pentecostalism may militate against overt challenges to the status quo in the here and now; yet on the ideological level it withholds validation of dominant precepts by seeking meaning in the sphere of sacred relations and by attributing circumstances and events to forces beyond the control of individuals. In 1928, a year that heralded far-reaching economic changes for the island of St. Simons, Georgia and the adjacent mainland town of Brunswick, two "revival" movements appeared. In the island's black community, the first Pentecostal "saints" received the Baptism of the Holy Ghost. Simultaneously, members of the English Church Army-an evangelizing movement established in the early part of the century to renew the interest of the working class in the Anglican Churchvisited the white Episcopal churches of Brunswick and held a series of wellattended, exuberant out-door revival meetings. Scholars have consistently associated the history of innovative religious movements among African-Americans with experiences of social dislocation and disorganization. From slave religion to African-American Pentecostalism, the effort to understand "ecstatic" or "enthusiastic" religious practices has focused on the way in which they "compensate" individuals for the experience of deprivation. In this century, those African-American religious movements which, due perhaps to their lack of denominational stature, are usually referred to as "sects" or "cults" have been regarded as the response of people suffering the social dislocations caused by migration, industrialization, urbanization, or marginalization. This is true of the writing of those who have attempted to address more general questions about the nature of African-American religion (Clark 1937, Fauset 1944, Frazier 1963), as well as of those who have written specifically about African-American Pentecostal

Sex segregation of work in Finland and the quality of women's work

AbstractThe Finnish labor market is sharply segregated by sex. This is a statistically well‐documented fact and holds true for all Western European market economies. The aim of this article was to find out whether women profit (regarding the quality of their work) from performing the same sort of work as men. The qualitative aspects of work were the following: autonomy at work; lack of routinization of work; the compulsory rhythm of work; and the demands for social skills. We also analyzed monthly pay and its variation according to functional segregation of work. The empirical data came from the Finnish Study on Working Conditions (1984) which is a representative sample of the Finnish wage‐earning population with 4502 persons of whom 48 per cent were women and 52 per cent men. Our results indicate that women often profit from the fact that they perform the same sort of work as men. This profit was more apparent for white‐collar than for blue‐collar women. For men the effects of segregation on job characteristics were the opposite. They often profit from sex segregated work. Social status played a major role regarding the qualitative aspects of work.

Work Rhythm and Breathing Rhythm in a Repetitive Perceptual–Motor Task: The Effects of Synchronization on Performance

A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine if synchronization between the work rhythm and the respiratory biorhythm benefits perceptual-motor performance. The effect of work-respiratory (W–R) synchronization on reaction time, error rate, and perceived difficulty was evaluated for a visual choice reaction time task. Interstimulus intervals were chosen to induce a work rhythm. Prior to the experiment, the task was performed in a self-paced mode so that a baseline work rate could be identified for each subject. Each subject (N=22) then performed the task at 3 machine-paced work rhythms; 1) equal to the work rhythm of the baseline work rate, 2) 33% faster than the work rhythm of the baseline work rate, and 3) 33% slower than the work rhythm of the baseline work rate. Each condition consisted of two, 4 min trials separated by a brief rest break. Work rate (in responses per minute) was held constant across conditions through adjustments in task structure. Regression analysis revealed that W–R synchronization was associated with a 1% reduction in error rate and a 15 msec reduction in reaction time. These results suggest that W–R synchronization benefits perceptual–motor performance of repetitive tasks.

Lorry driver's time habits in work and their involvement in traffic accidents.

Abstract Using representative samples of drivers operating in freight transportation, the sociological features of lorry drivers, the process of formation of this group, and their work conditions are described. In many ways they are similar to other blue collar workers. The analysis of career evolution shows the existence of social processes of selection, whereby some people leave this sort of work, while others stay in it but try to improve their working conditions by migrating to firms offering better salaries and/or easier conditions. As ‘normal’ durations and rhythms of work are known, it was possible to calculate the risk exposure to road accident involvement (according to the time at which the drivers are at the wheel and in relation to the amount of work already carried out) and to compare it, using a representative sample of the drivers involved, to the time features of the driver's activities prior to the accident. This demonstrated that the risk of involvement in an accident increases with the n...

La résistance de l'Assemblée nationale à l'abaissement de son rôle

While the National Assembly accepted after 1958 the increasing importance of the executive and the corollary reduction of its own, it has, since the mid 1970s, tried to stem the tide. Issuing more reports and setting up new councils in which they are represented, endowing themselves with autonomous information agencies, developing questions to the government, the deputies are no longer passive witnesses to a policy implemented without their participation. They also impose on the executive the need to respect their work rhythms, demand changes in the agenda, substantially amena the government's bills, and if necessary delay their adoption. The National Assembly is again becoming a real partner for the government.

Romantic Lyrics in Landscape: Constable and Wordsworth

C ONSTABLE'S painting Gleaners, Brighton and Wordsworth's poem The Solitary Reaper illustrate both artists' practice of choosing simple, basic aspects of human experience and nature's familiar views as subjects for their art. For both Constable and Wordsworth meaning resides in and can be revealed in the most ordinary scenes. Constable's harvest scene shows an enduring and recurrent, in a sense timeless, human occupation. Two women stand and bend, sun-scorched and wind-blown, in the stubble of a wheatfield, gathering the last of the harvest. They exemplify the ongoing, common human experience of work, as they toil to take sustenance from the earth. They participate in the basic rhythm of sowing and harvest that uses, as it harmonizes with, the cycles of the natural world. painting is a simple image of the natural-human life at its foundations, responsive to the seasons and the changes of the land. Wordsworth's poem, too, is a simple icon. Its scene shows a girl who sings as she works alone in a field, cutting and binding grain. Her work is the same common labor that Constable's gleaners engage in. Her song flows from the natural human impulse to sing to the rhythm of work. Although the poet refuses to define and delimit the nature of her song, suggesting that it might deal with heroic events far away and long ago, he says still that it may also as well be a more humble lay that treats of the Familiar matter of to-day.' basic patterns of human experience are common. If her song deals with grief, grief is natural. Perhaps she

Recent Poetry Selections

POETRY REVIEW RECENT POETRY SELECTIONS / Carolyne Wright Naomi Shihab Nye. Hugging the Jukebox. New York: E.P. Dutton (The National Poetry Series), 1982. Selected by Josephine Miles. 63 pages. $12.50 Cloth, $5.95 Paper. Alberto Rios. Whispering to Fool the Wind. New York: The Sheep Meadow Press (Walt Whitman Award for 1981), 1982. Selected by Donald Justice. 72 Pages. $13.95 Cloth, $5.95 Paper. David Wojahn. Icehouse Lights. New Haven: The Yale University Press (Yale Series of Younger Poets, #77), 1982. Selected by Richard Hugo. 69 Pages. $9.95 Cloth, $4.95 Paper. William Hathaway. The Gymnast of Inertia. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982. 71 Pages. $12.95 Cloth, $5.95 Paper. Denis Johnson. The Incognito Lounge. New York: Random House (The National Poetry Series), 1982. Selected by Mark Strand. 79 Pages. $12.95 Cloth, $5.95 Paper. EACH OF THESE books is a recent winner or selection of a national competition; each is the first major publication for its author. All of the poets are young, and all live or have spent substantial portions of their lives in the Southwest or the South. To varying degrees they have allowed the imagery and modes of life particular to these regions to impress themselves upon their work. All (with a few formal exceptions) have written primarily in open form and rely on the freshness and quality of surprise of their images. Each poet has succeeded in varying measure in making the rhythms of the spoken phrase work for him. We can attribute such success in part to the "character" of the various speakers of the poems: their personalities, their senses of humor (or lack thereof), their degrees of isolation from or cohesion with the greater world of social and political relationships, as well as of the realm of nature. The speaker's character is of primary importance here because these poets themselves are, as often as not, their own major characters. Although this "solipsistic" speaking self, in its extremes, has been done to death in the work of the so-called "confessional" poets (Lowell, Sexton, Snodgrass, and the like) and even more so in the work of their imitators (whose names are legion), it is nonetheless a valuable stance for the poet whose first need is to face the world with only himself as focal point and fulcrum. The gap between isolated individual sensibility and the larger sensory universe used to be the sole terrain of the Romantic poets; now it is frequently an early (but not the only) phase of a younger writer's ongoing career. The poets here seem less concerned with getting out of their lives, The Missouri Review · 43 either through death or through metaphysical transcendence, than with entering more fully into them. In Icehouse Lights, David Wojahn expresses this motif as the struggle to come to terms with a sense of displacement from what he intuits his life should be: And we learn sometimes to accept our breath, calm and pale as milk in snow: I'm standing at the window where I'm always made to stand, where this life is sometimes my own. ("Ice-Mist") And in The Gymnast of Inertia, William Hathaway recognizes—after he and his children have watched acrobat Karl Wallenda plummet to his death on live television—that "there is no art in falling, the beauty/ is to stay" ("For the Soul of Karl Wallenda"), although he does concede, in a line that echoes Keats, that "I'm half in love with your easeful sleep." The staying power of the ordinary informs Naomi Shihab Nye's Hugging the Jukebox, a 1982 selection of the National Poetry Series. Commenting on her own work, Nye has written that her primary sources of poetry are "local life, random characters met on streets, our own ancestry sifting down to us through small essential daily tasks." Of these five poets, she seems the most at home within the world ("I live like I know what I'm doing"), most confident of its accessibility and innate benevolence beneath the vicissitudes of human and natural existence: Out here it's impossible to be lonely. The land walking beside you is your oldest friend...

Etude du fonctionnement des Commissions Départementales dʼEducation Spéciale

The study of the functioning of the Regional Commissions for Special Education (C.D.E.S.), which were established by the Loi d'Orientation (orientation law) of 1975, was carried through within a three years' period by a team of researchers from the areas of Public Health and Education. The following main results were found: (1) A statistical analysis of 800 dossiers from the Commissions resulted in findings which are in accordance with corresponding epidemiological data from France: in the population aged 0-20 the frequency of handicap is 11,5%. (2) Three quarters of the children had additional handicaps. (3) Of the children living in unfavourable social-familial conditions caused by severe behavior disturbances and light or moderate intellectual limitations 8,7% were found to be excluded from school. The hypothesis elaborated by the researchers was that the Loi d'Orientation of 1975 has caused a unifying change in the practice of social action. This assumption was confirmed by the observations and evaluations: the Commissions for Special Education are aware of 90% of the needs of the corresponding population, without creating inadequate needs. They are a place of concertation, bringing together all partners: representatives of parents, representatives of institutions, from the areas of Public Health and Education, and Administration. The integration of the handicapped in regular schools makes progress, not so much in a quantitative but in a qualitative way. At the same time the study points at a number of unsolved problems: the contact with parents is not always well established; the work rhythm of the Commissions and working groups is too quick, the availability of their members is insufficient; finally, the reticence of maintaining accurate dossiers and of keeping to the rules of professional secrecy impede concerted action and coherence of decisions, as much in respect to educational orientation as to the allotment of means. In conclusion, the engaged unifying change should be favored by new means of personnel and by establisheing new methodological and deontological tools which are well adapted to a concerted medico-social action.

Effects on health of monotonous, forced-pace work in slaughterhouses.

The aim of the current investigation by questionnaire was to study the occupationally dependent effects on health of monotony and forced rate of working on slaughterhouse operatives. The population investigated comprised 320 slaughterhouse operatives working in the County of Funen (Fyn), aged between 20 and 59 years. The response amounted to 89 per cent. That portion of the respondents who considered that the pace of their daily work was too high and at the same time regarded the work as monotonous were defined as the ‘monotonous, forced-pace work’ group. The monotonous, forced pace of work was associated with the conditions of pay and employment. Among both male and female employees, there was a significant over-representation of monotonous, forcedpace work amongst those on piece-rates when compared with those on hourly wage rates. Rate of occurrence of sickness was compared with the work rhythm. After adjustment for age and sex, there was a significant excess frequency of occurrence of a series of locomotory system complaints in the group employed on monotonous, forced-pace work. The results suggest that manual labour, in association with a high working pace and monotony, is a contributory factor in a wide range of complaints of the locomotory system.

Women's Occupational Choices and Lifetime Work Rhythms: Are We Still Making Progress?

This article reviews women's present and expected future place in the world of work. It considers two issues that grow out of changes that have taken place in women's economic roles: (a) expansion of the range of occupations in which women engage; and (b) work structure flexibility that responds to the intertwined nature of work and family lives. The article recommends a number of initiatives to ensure that social changes that have occurred will result in more life satisfaction rather than just more life complexity.

Economic Research on Women and Families

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe New Scholarship about Women: Review EssaysEconomic Research on Women and FamiliesHilda KahneHilda Kahne Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 3, Number 3Spring, 1978 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/493508 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 10Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1978 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Flora L. Williams Research in family financial counseling, Lifestyles Family and Economic Issues 10, no.33 (Jan 1989): 181–204.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989506RICHARD D. ASHMORE, FRANCES K. DEL BOCA Toward a Social Psychology of Female–Male Relations, (Jan 1986): 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-065280-8.50006-3Carol J. Ireson Feminism, Scholarship, and the University Curriculum, The Review of Education 9, no.11 (Jul 2006): 53–58.https://doi.org/10.1080/0098559830090110 Marianne A. Ferber Women and Work: Issues of the 1980s, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 8, no.22 (Oct 2015): 273–295.https://doi.org/10.1086/493963Lauri Steel, Ronald P. Abeles, Josefina J. Card Sex differences in the patterning of adult roles as a determinant of sex differences in occupational achievement, Sex Roles 8, no.99 (Sep 1982): 1009–1024.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00290025Glenna D. Spitze, Linda J. Waite Labor Force and Work Attitudes, Sociology of Work and Occupations 7, no.11 (Sep 2016): 3–32.https://doi.org/10.1177/009392858071001Nona Glazer Overworking the working woman: the double day in a mass magazine, Women's Studies International Quarterly 3, no.11 (Jan 1980): 79–93.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-0685(80)92675-5M. Ann Hall Intellectual Sexism in Physical Education, Quest 31, no.22 (Nov 1979): 172–186.https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1979.10519936HILDA KAHNE Women's Occupational Choices and Lifetime Work Rhythms: Are We Still Making Progress?, Journal of Employment Counseling 16, no.22 (Feb 2012): 83–93.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.1979.tb01174.xSheila Kishler Bennett, Glen H. Elder Women's Work in the Family Economy: a Study of Depression Hardship in Women's Lives, Journal of Family History 4, no.22 (Jun 1979): 153–176.https://doi.org/10.1177/036319907900400205

Effects of industrialization on working schedules.

Recent increase in industrialization has resulted in attention being drawn to diversity of working schedules and their interrelation with content of work. The results of joint research revealed that adaptation to industrial jobs is made difficult because of urban conditions and modern work-control systems, such as workers in flexible-working-time systems who apparently favored regular daily working cycles. Long overtime work in smaller undertakings and the spread of shift systems are two important features of industrial work schedules, each being dominant among skilled and non-skilled jobs. Another important facet is the problem of intra-shift work-rest schedules significant for machine operations and vigilance tasks. It is suggested that phases of work that become intolerable are correlated with unnatural work rhythms. More emphasis should thus be laid on both phase-shifted work and non-self-governing work, the key factor being the relevance of attained data to real work in the whole course of schedules of work and rest.

Determination of mercury in water, rocks, coal and petroleum with flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry

A method for the quantitative determination of Hg in water, rocks, coal and petroleum is described. The Hg is separated from the sample by volatilization and formation of Au amalgam, redissolved and concentrated by electrolysis on gold cathodes. The gold cathodes are heated in the graphite atomizer such that the Hg is volatilized but the cathodes are preserved. The sensitivity of the method is high (0.05 ng/1 % absorption). A certain disadvantage is the long time required for the electrolysis. This, however, can be compensated, first, by the short time (a few minutes) required for the AAS measurement and second, by a rational working rhythm.

Problems in determining rest allowances: Part 1: Use of modern methods to evaluate stress and strain in static muscular work

After mentioning today's practice in handling the problem of setting rest allowances, definitions are given for the terms of fatigue, recovery and degree of fatigue. Discriminating between stress and strain leads to the possibilities in determining both. Measurable effects of fatigue in static muscular work are discussed. The procedure for determining optimal working rhythms by measuring stress and strain in static muscular work is explained.

Circadian rhythms in man in the U.S.S.R. and their peculiarities under conditions of industrial work (a review)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeAbstracting key words: Circadian rhythmsindustrial work rhythms

The Natural Rhythm of Work, Play and Rest

In our frenzy to revamp the schools so that we can keep pace with Russia, is there not a real danger that we lose much of the progress made in fostering over-all development of the child? We must not lose sight of the “how” of learning when we are re-thinking the “what” of learning. The child not only brings his family problems, his fatigue, his peer problems, his concerns about his development but also his need for work … for rest … for play.

Work Patterns in a Mayo Village

IN HIS Economic Anthropology, Melville Herskovits disagrees with what he labels coconut tree theory concerning work habits of peoples, the point of view that holds 'savage' to be a man who ... neither is required to exert himself nor is willing to do so when he can obtain even necessary minimum to support life by abstaining from effort. Using quantitative data found in several ethnographic descriptions, Herskovits shows that considerable effort is expended by primitive peoples in productive activities. He therefore takes exception to inconsistency of those like Thurnwald, who, while claiming that peoples often do more work than is necessary for survival, feel that they lack concentration and discipline, acquired only through working with machinery, that would compel them to overcome tendency to yield to feeling of fatigue. According to Herskovits, peoples, like ourselves, do as much work as they feel they must to meet basic demands of getting a living, plus as much more as desire to achieve any given end not encompassed by those basic demands calls for. Unlike workers in a machine economy, however, they take ease at own pleasure.2 In this paper we shall present additional case material on subject of work patterns among peoples as a further test of validity of Herskovits' generalization. The field data presented here were gathered during 1948 in Mayo Indian village of Tenia, which lies on southern coast of state of Sonora, Mexico, about twenty-five miles south of Mayo River. While Tenia is both a nonliterate and a nonmachine village, it provides an example of a community which has become fully participant in a cash economy but whose members still adhere to pattern of taking their ease at own pleasure. We shall begin with a description of village economic activities and family variation in those activities, followed by presentation of quantitative data on daily rhythm of work and leisure. Tenia is a village of some two hundred inhabitants divided among thirtytwo households. Economic activities of men include deer hunting, fishing, gathering, agriculture, cattle raising, cutting and selling firewood, and manufacture of maguey fiber products (carrying bags, saddle pads, woven saddle girths and hammocks), etc. Women occasionally gather wild plant food in thorn forest near homes or in fields, keep poultry, sheep and goats, and weave blankets. Only eleven men in village still hunt deer and most of these hunt only after winter rains when deer are fat and tracks are clear. Six family heads do a limited amount of fishing during lisa season from July to September, wading into surf with circular casting nets. Gathering of wild plant food is engaged in to a limited degree by twenty-six