Work Rhythm Research Articles

The reality of the women who make our lives easier: experience in a company that assemblies electric motors in Venezuela

intervene a workline throughout ergonomic approach to diminish incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). an ergonomic intervention study was developed in workstations with highest index of musculoskeletal disorder (MED) associated to cumulative trauma. The Deparis method, Reba and Ocra check list methods were used, also morbility reviewes. National and international ethics criteria were carried out. workers identified 3 fundamental issues using the Deparis method: repetitive activities, postures adopted and uncomfortable furniture. The analysis of the workstation with Reba and Ocra methods before the changes, evidenciated that 56% of postures adopted were high risk postures, the 44% remaining were medium and low-risk. Following the active pause program (APP), furniture changes and work rhythm decrease, was noted that the risk of suffering MED decreased. The morbility review, drop in consults of musculoskeletal system (MES) related to CTS observed. The APP was well accepted by women, but not initially men. the research show that when the work rhythm decreases, the symptom of MES related to CTS have a remarkable decrease, also that changes in the furniture, generate great ergonomic differences and changes in the work environment are not possible if workers don't empower the tools to make-it.

Accessibility and management of information sources in contexts: A case study among research engineers

AbstractAssuming that workplace significantly affects information seeking and information management patterns, this study explores accessibility and management of information sources among a group of research engineers. The study analyses how these engineers, who belong to the R&D entity of a major energy group, require, search and manage information sources in given professional contexts. Furthermore, it strives to identify the contextual factors that shape information practices. This empirical study is based on a qualitative approach: following exploratory inquiries, semi‐structured interviews and observations were conducted with 15 actors in their proper workplace. Our integration within the team facilitated the participant observation stance. The study provides an analytic cartography of the various components of the organizational and informational environments whereby the activities and tasks of the above mentioned actors take place. A wide range of practices has been identified via interviews but also through the activities and work rhythms observed. An appreciative methodological framework is currently developed to analyze the practices of access to information produced and used; it underlines the contextual factors that may become driving dimensions to support an innovative perspective on information management structures. The study attempts to provide an innovative approach for the analysis of information practices in contexts, oriented toward the design of a facetted and collaborative information management system.

Tender for the night: After-dark cultural complexities in the night-time economy

The concept of the night-time economy emerged in Britain in the early 1990s in the context of strategies to counter de-industrialization and inner-urban decline. Despite registering a shift towards more fluid, fragmented and diversified structures and rhythms of work, leisure and urban space, a framework that acknowledges cultural complexity has not, in practice, characterized night-time economy policy. After-dark cultural complexity has been obscured, instead, by a discursive concentration on those night-time economy leisure practices entangled with rapid, high-level consumption of alcohol, especially among young people. This reductionist discourse – oscillating between stimulating and controlling leisure cultures – has restricted policy development within a complex governance environment composed of many (in)formal organizations and levels of government. This article addresses the confusing, contradictory influence of a polarized night-time economy policy agenda and exposes the contrasting multilayered complexities of the diverse cultural practices of urban nightlife. By engaging with cultural complexity as integral to the city after dark, new conceptual trajectories are proposed that can point the way towards a more effective framework for understanding the lived experience of night-time culture.

Relative Peace

Relative Peace K. L. Cook (bio) When I found out what happened to Gene, I was flipping the ribs in the barbecue pit my father welded for the restaurant, the heavy iron lid propped open with a crowbar, the heat rising steadily over the meat, so hot the air rippled in front of my eyes like a flag. The mesquite underneath the crusted grate splintered into red and orange before shrinking into white ash. It was five in the morning, and I'd been at work for nearly two hours, cutting and cooking the ribs and beef and pork, mixing coleslaw, molding hamburger patties. Most days during the week, I come in at five. But Saturdays get busy because the restaurant is located in the mall. On these mornings I have to get a head start on the extra supply of barbecue for the day. Besides, I like the early morning silence. Saev, the Vietnamese man who prepares the batter and seasons the steaks and patties for me, doesn't usually arrive until eight, so I work several hours alone. I love the solitude, love the ritual of preparation before the cooks and waitresses arrive, before the hectic and sometimes maddening frenzy of the day: the lunch and dinner runs, the last-minute catering trips, the small kitchen tragedies, and my own temper. I like this time to focus. In my life before this one, I rarely felt a moment's peace. What I came to love, what I always really loved, was the simple rhythms of work. For the past eight years, ever since the fire, I'd been a new person: new marriage, a new start with this restaurant. I felt I'd been delivered, somehow, into a new life, and that life demanded the silence and peace of these mornings. It'd been raining all through the night, a late autumn storm. Hail thumped against the roof. Wind whimpered down the vent chutes. Flipping the last side of ribs, I heard the back door open. I turned my head from the oven and rubbed with my sleeve the heat tears. I was surprised to see Cheryl, my wife, and Rich, my youngest brother, standing in the doorway, drenched. Cheryl wore her yellow [End Page 123] slicker, her hood off. Water ran down her coat in thin rivulets. Rich wore a light blue coat with our Steak 'n' Taters logo on the side, dark in patches because of the rain. His normally bushy hair clung to his head in dripping ringlets. I was surprised to see Cheryl here—she hates getting up in the dark and had never been to the restaurant this early in the morning—but it was more of a shock to see Rich standing beside her. Rich had worked for me the last four and a half years as my floor manager and had quit only a month ago. It'd been coming for a while. But the final argument flared over something inane. I came in one afternoon to find him mixing a large tub of potato salad for a catering job. He'd poured in twice the amount of mustard and paprika, and the blob of potatoes was obviously ruined, a sickly yellow-red paste. It seems stupid now, but a ruined tub of potato salad is like flushing money down the toilet. The argument led to shouting, chest pokes. He swung for my head and missed. I shoved him against the serving line, clutched his throat until the veins in his forehead pulsed, and then he kneed me in the groin, and I fell to the tile. He slung a huge metal meat pan that shattered a tray of tea glasses and tumbled across the serving line. And then he was gone, the door slamming behind him. I hadn't seen or heard from him since. Despite the nastiness of our fight, I wasn't upset about him being here now. When I hired Rich, he'd just gotten out of prison after serving seven months of an eighteen-month term for assault and kidnapping, which was worse than it sounds. He and his wife, Babs, had separated. Still somewhat delusional...

Precarização do trabalho e os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos

O artigo objetiva descrever a dor musculoesquelética como expressão do desequilíbrio entre capacidades humanas e modalidades de organização do trabalho. Através da articulação dos resultados epidemiológicos e da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET), discute os efeitos da precarização do trabalho, sendo a estratégia de aliar essas duas abordagens metodológicas promissora para o diálogo interdisciplinar. Caracterizaram-se 14 fábricas do ramo plástico da Região Metropolitana de Salvador, através do estudo do funcionamento e da organização da produção e do componente epidemiológico com desenho de corte transversal e uma amostra aleatória de 557 trabalhadores. A AET ocorreu no setor de acabamento de uma das fábricas. Constataram-se alterações na organização da produção que ocorreram à custa da intensificação do trabalho, com aceleração do ritmo dos trabalhadores, ao mesmo tempo em que realizavam tarefas com força, repetitividade e posturas anômalas. O uso excessivo do corpo permitiu entender o surgimento e a manutenção da dor, cujas prevalências revelaram um enorme contingente de trabalhadores obrigado a continuar trabalhando sob as mesmas condições geradoras do seu sofrimento.

Trabajolismo: Radiografía contingencial de una adicción

The contingency language developed by Mechner (2008) is proposed for examining variables responsible for production and maintenance of addictive behavior for work. Three associated terms are examined: workaholism, burnout and passion for work from specialized literature in the field of Health and Organization Psychology. A diagram with symbolic elements is presented to facilitate visual detection of iterative relationships that maintain these tendencies at different stages, the first where the employee exhibits an intense rhythm of work in the absence of stimulus control that prevents detachment from work, even outside working hours. Positive and negative consequences at different scenarios are depicted, as a result of this life style, to be followed by a major health crisis that leads to rehabilitation. As a conclusion the use of contingency diagrams is proposed for the interdisciplinary study of workaholic behavior, that will aid in the prevention of this health problem.

Mudanças nas formas de produção na indústria e a saúde dos trabalhadores

This study aimed to identify determinants of health in workers of plastic industries. Production organization, machinery from maintenance and productive areas, and workers' characteristics of 14 plastic industries from Greater Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, were described. Data were collected about development policy of each company; marketing, operational procedures; production and quality requirements, and formal rules of work organization. High strain management techniques for production time reduction have been implemented. The increase of work rhythm, reduction of break time, and a situation of high cognitive demand impose to workers anomalous body positioning for performing tasks that imply repetitive movements. Physical and psychosocial demands (repetitive work, lower control of the worker on his own tasks, time pressure and job dissatisfaction) compose a complex of conditions adverse to workers' health. Changes in production management, personnel and business impose new strains into the development of task by the workers and bringing in new risk factors to workers' health.

Organization of Time in the Chinese Countryside: Labor, Rhythms and Gender in the Later Maoist Period (1958-1978)

This paper deals with the question of how the state policies during the later Maoist period, from the beginning of the Great Leap Forward (1958) to the introduction of the Modernization Reforms (1978), affected the organization of time in the Chinese countryside. After abandoning the initial Soviet model of modernization, based on the exclusive strengthening of heavy industry, the China’s leadership developed a strategy of parallel development of agriculture and industry, wherein the former would additionally support the modernization of the latter. The study is focused on the ways the longer term state plans and shorter term economic, social and ideological policies and campaigns jointly influenced the rhythms of life of Chinese peasants. The domains in which these influences became visible were: (1) the intensification of agricultural practices, (2) the introducing of the small-scale industry, and (3) the politicizing of the spare time. In the analysis the characteristic rhythms of work and rest within the daily, weekly, seasonal, and annual time spans are followed in detail.

The effect of Nepeta cataria on kittens' behavior

CityUniversityofNewYork,CollegeofStatenIslandNY,USA*Corresponding author: lieve.meers@ugent.beFor about 25 years prisons in the United States and South-Africa have used animals in rehabilitation programs. Studiesreportpositiveoutcomesaswellasevidenceforalinkbetweenanimal abuse and violent behavior towards humans. Thisleavesuswonderingwhethertheseprogramscanguaranteethewelfare ofthe animals involved. The aim of this study was togather information on programs for offenders in Flanders.In Flanders (Belgium) there are 32 facilities, of which 15prisons and 17 rehabilitation centres which are responsiblefor prisoners. Twenty-nine (91%) of them replied to ourtelephone-survey.Twenty-three (79%) facilities offer animal-assisted interven-tions (AAIs). Institutions either work with shelter animals(17%) or have residential animals (83%). The latter are farmanimals (56%), parrots (19%), cats (8%), dogs (6%), fishes(6%), turtles (2%), or gerbils (2%). Only two of the AAI-programs excludeprisoners with psychotic problems or thoseshowing aggression towards the animals. One program in-cluded only offenders with severe psychiatric diseases. AAIgoals differed widely: learning to show affection, breakingdown psychological barriers, facilitating social contact,developing working skills, developing a daily work rhythm,facilitate socialskills,etc.Allprograms focused solely ontheprisonersandnonekeptrecordsontheanimalsinasystematicway. Six (25%) facilities report occasional negative effects inan anecdotal way: management problems, negligence withfeedingprocedures,breedingwithoutpermissionoftheguards,biteaccidentsinvolvingrabbitsanddogs,stresssignals,hidingand running away from prisoners, et cetera. These resultsconstitutesourcesofconcernandwarrantfurtherinvestigation.Key words: animal-assisted intervention; animal-assistedtherapy; prison; welfare

La Vida Matizada: Time Sense, Everyday Rhythms, and Globalized Ideas of Work

SUMMARYThis article explores three instances of the frictions and negotiations that are sparked by specific transnational encounters with global capitalist temporality. Capitalist ideas about the proper ways to organize time and labor have long dominated global practices. Such ideas simultaneously force acceptance of a limited model of the proper relationships between work and everyday life. This article provides ethnographic descriptions of the work rhythms of three men in interconnected contexts—those of an indigenous Saraguro (Ecuador) man, the experience of a migrant Saraguro man who works in industrial agriculture in the United States, and the author's experience as an academic.

Henri Matisse Drawing: An Eye-Hand Interaction Study Based on Archival Film

Henri Matisse (1869–1954) attached fundamental importance to his drawings, in particular to the famous Themes et Variations series. These were accomplished following a precise method, starting with arduous life studies and evolving into brilliant spontaneous drawings. A 1946 archival documentary film showing the artist drawing four portraits of his grandson Gerard was shot in such a way as to allow the present author to undertake a detailed eye-hand interaction analysis of the drawing process. It was found that Matisse's temporal working rhythm and use of motor memory resulted in a more direct approach than that used by most painters. Taken together with remarks the artist made throughout his lifetime, these results provide a cognitive interpretation of his drawing method.

A temporal perspective of the computer game development process

Abstract. This paper offers an insight into the games software development process from a time perspective by drawing on an in‐depth study in a games development organization. The wider market for computer games now exceeds the annual global revenues of cinema. We have, however, only a limited scholarly understanding of how games studios produce games. Games projects require particular attention because their context is unique. Drawing on a case study, the paper offers a theoretical conceptualization of the development process of creative software, such as games software. We found that the process, as constituted by the interactions of developers, oscillates between two modes of practice: routinized and improvised, which sediment and flux the working rhythms in the context. This paper argues that while we may predeterminately lay down the broad stages of creative software development, the activities that constitute each stage, and the transition criteria from one to the next, may be left to the actors in the moment, to the temporality of the situation as it emerges. If all development activities are predefined, as advocated in various process models, this may leave little room for opportunity and the creative fruits that flow from opportunity, such as enhanced features, aesthetics and learning.

Distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos e as atividades de trabalho em uma empresa de reciclagem: um enfoque em aspectos físicos

Musculoskeletal disorders still common at work and still a worry related to health promotion at work. The objective of this study was to investigate risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in activities of production operator workers of a recycle company. The methods of this study consisted in selection of the tasks perceived as a big physical effort from workers, application of a questionnaire containing: demographic data, questions related to work, questions from the Musculoskeletal Nordic Questionnaire, validated in Brazil (Pinheiro et al, 2002); investigation about the tasks and systematic activities observations, based on Ergonomics (Guérin et al, 1997). Participated in the study six workers, male, and age between 18 and 33 years. The tasks selected for the observations were: empty the trucks (3 types) and putting the packs in the pallets. To complement the observations were used the following instruments: video and digital camera (for registering postures), metric band (measures of the packs), chronometer (time/ velocity, pauses/times). In the results were found next to workers musculoskeletal pain in shoulders, elbows, and vertebral spine (lumbar region). Presence of organizational aspects: intense rhythm of work, time pressure, insufficient pause's time, poor relationship with the supervisor; which supports the appearance of musculoskeletal disorders; also found general "insatisfaction" of work. The conclusion is that is important to give attention to organizational and psychosocial aspects of work for prevention.

Identification of invariant factors that determine labour output on the production line

The efficiency of the production line system has been investigated by gaining a complex insight into a large number of variables affecting its functioning. The basic hypothesis of this paper concerns the existence of invariant factors that determine labour output on the production line. Applying factor analysis to constructed databases, the factors are extracted that confirm the basic hypothesis of this paper. In this research, multivariant analysis has been applied: cluster analysis to display the validity of ramification of the primary sample to small subgroups and factor analysis has been applied to the primary sample and the subgroups. The results of the application of the software package SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) show that there are stable invariant factors that determine labour output on the production line. Invariant factors that determine labour output on the production line include: motivation of workers for production line work; elimination of adverse effects of work on the production line; rhythm of work; and psychophysical fatigue. The identified invariant factors provide a deeper insight into labour output as well as enabling the planning of activities that can improve production line work and make it more efficient.

The Peculiar Life of Sundays (review)

Reviewed by: The Peculiar Life of Sundays Alexis McCrossen The Peculiar Life of Sundays. By Stephen Miller. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2008. Pp. x, 310. $27.95. ISBN 978-0-674-03168-5.) Stephen Miller’s The Peculiar Life of Sundays is a general-interest book that provides snapshots of the Sundays of a handful of Anglo-American figures based on their personal diaries and public utterances. The title refers to Wallace Stevens’s characterization of Sunday in a personal letter. The book opens with a description of Billie Holiday’s classic rendition of “Gloomy Sunday,” but then contrasts Sunday gloom (and even suicide) with a recent poll’s discovery that more than three-quarters of Americans find Sunday “the most enjoyable day of the week”(p. 2). The introductory chapter moves without resolution between tropes of Sunday Gladness and Sunday Gloom, a pattern that characterizes the book as a whole. Woven into the book is an overview of the civic and religious regulation of Sunday since Constantine. The book’s central chapters survey the Sundays of a dozen or so historical figures, wherein Miller demonstrates his strength as a gentle interlocutor and synthesizer. The final chapter, about contemporary Sundays, quietly laments the loss of the Sabbath. The Peculiar Life of Sundays is not a book that scholars should add to their shelves, as it makes no new contribution to our scholarly understanding of Sunday, religion, Sabbatarianism, or Anglo-American culture. What is more, it is peculiar in its preoccupation with all things “pagan.” The book is laced with the word: for example, “Emersonian paganism” (p. 247),“a pagan great awakening” (p. 197), and Stevens’s embrace of “paganism” (p. 214). The lengthy list of entries under paganism in the index, at three-and-a-half inches long, outstrips the other entries, including those for Lord’s Day, Sabbatarianism, and Puritanism. It seems that Miller is aware that “pagan” is inaccurate: he notes that it “was initially a pejorative term” that “some historians are wary of using” (p. 58). Would that he had been. Nevertheless, Miller is a sympathetic reader of diaries, letters, essays, memoirs, and poetry. His discussion about Samuel Johnson’s Sunday dilemmas, including a transcription of 1755 resolutions forming, in Johnson’s words, “a scheme of life for the day” (pp. 101–02), is fascinating. However, Miller’s interpretations founder because he employs a typology of Christian commitment that in the end does little to explain why Sunday poses so much hope and so much despair for so many people. In his view, those who despaired in Sunday had little faith and were even pagans. Had Miller looked [End Page 580] more carefully at the rhythm of work and rest that his historical subjects encountered, rather than at where they belonged on a calculus of Christian commitment, he might have been better able to explain their particular outlooks concerning Sunday. For example, doing so likely would have enhanced Miller’s interpretation of Thoreau’s sly affront to the Sunday-Sabbath, for in nearly every written word, Thoreau challenged the American devotion to a narrowly defined field of work. In all, The Peculiar Life of Sundays exemplifies one problem with nonfiction trade publications, particularly those undertaken by university presses: because the authors do not know enough about the subject that they have decided to write about, they lean too heavily on inappropriate sources (The Wall Street Journal for ideas about religion, for example), borrow too liberally from the work of others, and use anachronistic terms. None of these alone is a grievous misstep, but in the end together they point to the failure of an underprepared author and a profit-driven press to do justice to a subject and thus to the reading public as well as the scholarly community. Alexis McCrossen Southern Methodist University Copyright © 2009 The Catholic University of America Press

The Role of the Avian/Exotic Animal Technician

Venipuncture. Radiographs. Syringe feeding. Client education. All of the routine but essential procedures that we take for granted every day in our veterinary practices. These are typically the duties of veterinary technicians, the people without whom we veterinarians could not properly perform our jobs. Conscientious, motivated technicians are often hard to come by, and conscientious, motivated technicians who love avian and exotic pet medicine are even more difficult to find. Veterinarians often underestimate or even forget the importance of the technicians we depend so heavily on every day. It often takes years for a veterinarian and a technician to establish the right working rhythm in the hospital; I know that after 7 years of working with the same technician, I am finally able to anticipate her next step and she mine. But this relationship has only been achieved after investing endless hours educating and training her in the ever-evolving world of avian and exotic pet medicine, and my responsibility to train my technician is never complete. If I want her to stay abreast of the latest technology and techniques in exotic animal medicine, I must provide her with the tools to do so.In this vein, I have asked 4 veterinarians and 1 veterinary technician, all of whom work with birds and exotic pets, to comment on the role of the exotic animal technician in veterinary practice. The participants are M. Scott Echols, DVM, Dipl ABVP (Avian Practice), The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA, USA; Peter Fisher, DVM, Pet Care Veterinary Hospital, Virginia Beach, VA, USA; Margaret Fordham, DVM, Mathew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lorelei Tibbetts, LVT, The Center for Avian and Exotic Pet Care, New York, NY, USA; and Suzanne Topor, DVM, Livingston Animal and Avian Hospital, Lutz, FL, USA. In hearing about how they educate the avian and exotic animal technicians with whom they work, I hope that we will all reevaluate the roles that these technicians play in our practices and how short-term investments in these technicians can actually lead to long-term benefits to our practices.

Lesões por esforços repetitivos/distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho de cirurgiões-dentistas: aspectos biomecânicos

As patologias denominadas genericamente Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos/Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho (LERs/DORTs) e que apresentam sinais e sintomas de inflamações dos músculos, tendões, fáscias e nervos dos membros superiores, cintura escapular e pescoço, entre outros, têm chamado a atenção não só pelo aumento de sua incidência mas por também existirem evidências de sua associação com o ritmo de trabalho. O exercício profissional obriga que cirurgiões-dentistas utilizem na execução de suas tarefas os membros superiores e estruturas adjacentes, frequentemente com repetitividade de um mesmo padrão de movimento, compressão mecânica das estruturas localizadas na região e a adoção de posturas incorretas, utilizando força excessiva e, na maioria dos casos, trabalhando, ainda, sob a pressão do tempo de realização. O presente estudo utilizou a análise biomecânica, através da cinemetria e da eletromiografia, para buscar evidências da relação entre as tarefas executadas pelo cirurgião-dentista e as LERs/DORTs. A análise dos dados cinemáticos revelou que as principais atividades realizadas pelos cirurgiões-dentistas submetem duas ou mais regiões do corpo do profissional a posturas consideradas de risco médio e alto, sendo que a análise dos sinais eletromiográficos revelou um grande comprometimento dos grupamentos musculares flexores e extensores do carpo e do trapézio. Finalmente, o presente estudo é mais um indicativo de que a atividade desses profissionais os expõe a risco considerável de adquirir LERs/DORTs.

Shift Work and Metabolic Syndrome: Respective Impacts of Job Strain, Physical Activity, and Dietary Rhythms

The impact of shift work on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and metabolic syndrome are not yet completely understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of shift work on metabolic syndrome according to two different definitions in a population of strictly rotating shift workers (3×8 h) compared to paired counterparts working only day hours, and to study whether shift work itself is a determinant of metabolic syndrome after taking into account a large panel of confusing factors. We conducted a cross‐sectional study comparing 98 strictly rotating shift workers to 100 regular day‐workers (all subjects had a long experience of their working rhythms) within the same petrochemical plant. Clinical, behavioral, occupational, and biological data were collected, and a detailed nutritional investigation was done. Shift and day workers were comparable in terms of major CVD factors, and both had a 10 yr Framingham risk scoring of 11%. Shift workers reported an increased job strain and higher total and at‐work physical activity. Alterations in metabolic parameters were evident with a rise in triglycerides, free fatty acids, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and lower HDL‐cholesterol. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that shift work was associated with occurrence of metabolic syndrome, as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program‐ATPIII criteria, OR: 2.38 (1.13–4.98), but not using the more recent score from the International Diabetes Federation, which gives a major emphasis on abdominal obesity. Total energy intake and contributions of the major nutrients did not differ between the two groups, with the notable exception of saturated lipids (+10% in shift workers). Meal distribution was clearly different: energy intake was more fractionated within the day, with a lesser contribution of breakfast and lunch but with increased intakes during intermediate light meals, particularly in the afternoon and night. Multivariate analyses were performed to test for the influence of dietary rhythms on the development of an NCEP‐ATPIII metabolic syndrome. Dietary intakes at breakfast and during intermediate light meals appear to be “protective” against metabolic syndrome, while a high load at dinner favors its occurrence. A high intake at lunch is particularly deleterious to shift workers. However, in all tested models, shift work remained significantly associated with metabolic syndrome, after taking into account potential covariates like job strain, physical activity, quantitative dietary parameters, and meal distribution. A specific follow‐up of shift workers should be recommended to occupational physicians.

Sovietinės ideologijos diegimas Kauno mokyklose XX a. 7–9 dešimtmečiais

This work analyses the implementation of Soviet ideology in Kaunas schools. By comparing guidelines from official papers and reports with recollections of teachers and schoolchildren, it was made a different complexion on process. The examples from linguistic sources represent obtained practices and extend the actual positions in paper. Ideological treatment with children is a sequential system, comprised of specific content and various methodology of propaganda. This process still hasn’t been properly studied in the literature on the history science of independent Lithuania. Through all time-period of current work, the implementation of ideology at schools was liable to the political climate of communist’s party of all Soviet Union. To make an effectual ideological education of young generation, the system of institutes and ideologist’s chain existed. School was the ground-level of system. Moreover, communistic education system was controllable and also ensured a steady rhythm of pedagogue work. To go further into the matter, ideological education had to justify Lithuania’s incorporation into Soviet Union and to motivate socialism, as the best regime. Essentially, the goal of ideological education system was to create “new man” – homo sovieticus. Every schoolchild had to become loyal, obedient and active member of communistic society. By trying to protect young generation from any enemy of communism, whatever outside influence was undesirable, particularly from family. Finally, one of the most appropriate methods in ideological education system was full employment and spare-time control. Equally, we might say that both forcible and innocent methods had been used in the ideological treatment of schoolchildren.

Working Time on Mars

AbstractThe constancy of clock time as an effective work support technology has made it almost impossible to imagine a modern organization where time, specifically standard clock time, is not a component of the organizational infrastructure. Demonstrating the degree to which clock time has become embedded within the organizational sphere are the ways in which clock time operates as though it were a natural phenomenon, rather than a human-built technology (Adam, 1990; Anderson, 1964; Bluedorn, 2002; de Grazia, 1964; Zerubavel, 1981). The naturalization of clock time within organizations is evidenced by the reified assumption technology of clock time is fixed and cannot be modified to support contextually based temporal rhythms of work. The opportunity to challenge particular notions about the relationship between time and work is found in the organization of NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers mission (MER). In addition to standard clock time, the MER mission employed an extra-terrestrial version of standard clock time, known as “Mars time,” to track the presence and absence of sunlight on Mars. Drawing on empirical data, I foreground the inadequacies of the time support technologies that led me to question the use of standard clock time as a way of ordering the experience of time on Mars. I argue that the naturalization of clock time within post-industrial organizations contributed to this occasion in which the scientific exploration of Mars was conducted according to an agrarian era temporal rhythm but for which work support was organized around an industrial era time/work relationship.