Rhizophora Apiculata Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Mangrove Root Extracts from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Denpasar-Bali

The increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance in the past decades has motivated the search for novel antibacterial compounds to overcome infectious diseases. Among diverse natural sources, mangrove ecosystems offer untapped sources of biological active compounds for future antibacterial medicine. This research was aimed to evaluate antibacterial activities of crude extracts of four dominant mangrove plants from the Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest namely Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba. Roots of these four plants were extracted using methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. These crude extracts were tested against two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) and two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli dan Klebsiella pneumoniae) by disc difussion assay. We found that 3 mg/mL of N-hexane crude extracts from R. apiculata yielded the highest zone of inhibition of 8.64 mm against S. aureus. While, 3 mg/mL of chloroform crude extract of R. apiculata yielded the highest inhibition of 19.83 mm against S. mutans. Unfortunately, no zone of inhibition was observed when crude extracts were tested against Gram negative indicator strains. Our results indicate that the root crude extracts of R. apiculata yielded the highest zone of inhibition against Gram positive indicator strains compared to root crude extracts of R. mucronata, S. alba, and A. marina. Further research is required to determine the antibacterial activities of the mangrove crude extracts against other bacterial indicator strains to determine their spectrum of activities.

Fauna Biodiversity as Indicator of Mangrove Forest Health on Moti Island, Moti District, Ternate City

The health condition of mangrove forests can be determined by assessing forest health indicators. One of the indicators used in determining the health of mangrove forests is faunal biodiversity. Measurement of forest health is a step that can be taken to ensure forest functions and benefits. The study's objectives were to determine the composition of mangrove species and mangrove forest fauna (birds and epifauna), to determine the structure of the fauna community which includes species diversity and species dominance and to determine the health condition of mangrove forests on Moti Island, Ternate Island District. This research was conducted on Moti Island, Moti District, Ternate City, North Maluku Province for six months, April - September 2021. A Sampling of mangroves was carried out using the "spot check" method. Meanwhile, the method used to assess mangroves' health condition refers to the FHM (Forest Health Monitoring) method. There are nine species of mangrove, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, Avicennia offincinalis, A. marina and Nypa fruticans. While the composition of fauna species is as many as 18 species consisting of Epifauna (Gastropoda = 12 species, Bivalve = 2 species) and birds as many as four species. The diversity of mangrove forest fauna species in all research locations is moderate and no species dominate. The health status of mangrove forests, both Tafaga and Figur villages, has 60% good condition, 20% moderate and poor conditions.

Distribution of mangrove plants in Con Ong Trang, Ca Mau Cape National Park

Mangrove forest in Con Ong Trang, Ca Mau Cape National Park is an ecosystem formed in the natural process with the distribution of typical mangrove plant species. This study aimed to identify distribution types of plant species in communities and the impact of soil characteristics on plant distribution. The results showed that there are 11 true mangrove species belonging to 5 families in the study area, and most of these species distributed aggregately. The distribution of the three dominant species, namely Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera parviflora, in various tide inundations and soil types was analyzed. This provided database for mangrove ecosystem development, including forestation area planning and selection of mix communities for afforestation.Keywords: Con Ong Trang, distribution, mangrove plant, Ca Mau Cape National Park.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS MANGROVE DI PESISIR DESA TATENGESAN, KECAMATAN POSOMAEN, KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA

The purpose of this study was to examine the structure of the mangrove community on the coast of Tatengesan, Posomaen District, Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi. The data collection of the mangrove community structure used the line transect quadratic method measuring 10 m x 10 m 5 times. The research implementation period is 6 (six) months in 2021, starting from the preparation of proposals, data analysis, examination of research results, and the implementation of thesis examinations. Based on the results of the study, found 3 types of mangroves, namely: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. The value of the highest species relative density was found on transect 2 with a value of 88.33% by R. mucronata. For the value of the highest relative frequency of species on transects 1,2 and 3 by R. mucronata, namely 8.3 cm/m. The highest relative species cover was R. mucronata with a value of 76.99% on transect 2. The highest important value index was found in R. mucronata, which was 220.88 on transect 2. The highest diversity index was found on transect 3 with a value of 0.85. The highest evenness index was found on transect 1 with a value of 0.99. For further research, it is necessary to conduct an inventory of mangrove species using the roaming method to find out all the species in the research location.Keywords: Mangrove, Tatengesan, Community, Diversity and Evenness

The suitability analysis of mangrove ecotourism in Balang Baru Village, Jeneponto District

The potential of mangrove ecosystem resources in the Balang Baru village, Torowangi subdistrict, Jeneponto district is one of the mangrove ecosystem areas that is thought to meet the criteria to be developed into a mangrove ecotourism area, when viewed from both bioecological and socio-economic aspects. This research was conducted from February to March 2020. The purpose of the study was to identify the potential for ecotourism and analyze the suitability of ecotourism in the Balang Baru village, Jeneponto regency. Data collection was carried out through field surveys and interviews using a questionnaire. The data analysis used is the analysis of the suitability of the area for coastal tourism in the mangrove ecotourism category. The results showed that the potential for ecotourism in the Balang Baru mangrove ecosystem is that it has a mangrove forest area of about 50 ha. The mangrove species Avicennia alba and Rhizophora apiculata were found and various types of organisms, such as birds, reptiles, fish, molluscs and crustaceans, thus providing an attraction for the development of ecotourism in the Balang Baru village. Based on the results of the land suitability analysis with the mangrove ecotourism category, the mangrove area in Balang Baru is in the appropriate category to be developed into a mangrove ecotourism area.

The Critical Level of Mangrove Ecosystem in Lariang Watershed Downstream, West Sulawesi-Indonesia

Critical land is a land whose soil condition has experienced or is in the process of physical, chemical, or biological damage which ultimately endangers hydrological, orological functions, and agricultural production. This research purposes were to determine the level of criticality of mangrove ecosystems, as the basis for sustainable management. Determination and delineation of the location were carried out photogrammetrically using Landsat 7 ETM + Band 542 imagery and maps, as well as terrestrial by direct measurement in the field. The species inventory and identification, tree/pole potency, saplings and seedlings used the line plot sampling and spot check methods. The results showed that the mangrove ecosystem area was of 577.07 ha, condition of dense (uncritical) vegetation reached an area of 138.16 ha (23.94%), followed by a rare (critical) condition of 286.63 ha (49.67%), while a damaged condition (very critical) 152.28 ha (26.39%). The dominant mangrove species were Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicenia marina, and Rhizophora mucronata. The main determinant of the mangrove ecosystems criticality was the mangrove cover area reduction as the non-mangrove land (ponds) impacts. To improve the quality of mangrove forest ecosystems, sustainable conservation is needed, one of which is the preparation of basic mangrove critical data and community empowerment. They are needed to restore, maintain and improve the function of forests and mangrove forest lands in order to increase their carrying capacity, productivity and their role in maintaining life support systems through rehabilitation programs.

Mangrove Zonation Study In Carocok Mangrove Forest, West Sumatra : a case study combining field data and UAV

Research on mangrove zoning studies using drones in the Carocok mangrove forest area has been carried out from March to June 2021 in the Carocok area, Koto XI Tarusan, Pesisir Selatan Regency. This study aims to analyze the zonation of the mangrove forest in the Carocok area using drones and field surveys. This research was carried out by taking pictures using a drone and making plots in the field at the tree and sapling level. Based on the results of research with field surveys, Rhizophora apiculata is a type of tree that dominates in this region were found to have a degree of dominance more than 90%. In this study, two mangrove zones were found, namely the front zone and the back zone. The front zone is always inundated by water while the back zone is flooded. It's only flooded at high tide. The results of this study indicated that the observation of mangrove zonation using drones is quite good for calculating the height of mangroves and describing the profile of mangroves on a wide scale, while the observation of mangrove zoning in field surveys is very good for calculating the number of individuals, stem diameters and classification of mangrove species, it is highly recommended by field surveys. For maximum results, higher studies are needed by combining drones with NDVI cameras.

Association of aquatic biota with mangrove plants in the land transfer area of Lino Tolongano Village, South Banawa District, Donggala Regency and as a media for public information

Mangrove forest is a unique natural ecosystem with high ecological value. The mangrove ecosystem is one of the areas with high productivity due to the presence of litter and litter decomposition occurs and produces detritus. This study aims to describe aquatic biota associated with the remaining stands of mangrove plants in the area of land conversion in Lino Tolonggano Village, South Banawa District, Donggala Regency, so that the surrounding community can be informed about the importance of the existence of mangrove forests. This type of research is descriptive quantitative research, with survey method with purposive sampling technique. The data obtained were analyzed using the association determination formula as well as additional posters that will be used as information material to the public regarding the existence of mangroves in the area of land conversion. The results obtained in this study indicate that the types of mangroves and associated aquatic biota are Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata for the mangrove group and Nerita sp, Telescopium telescopium L, Uca sp and Periophthalmus modestus for the aquatic biota group. Data analysis showed that there were associations between plant species in the form of negative associations. This indicates that the aquatic biota found are not biota that use mangroves as a place to live.

Crustacean and mollusk species diversity and abundance in the mangrove communities of Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia

Abstract. Setyadi G, Rahayu DL, Pribadi R, Hartati R, Wijayanti DP, Sugianto DN, Darmawan A. 2021. Crustacean and mollusk species diversity and abundance in the mangrove communities of Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4146-4157. A mangrove crustacean and mollusk species diversity study was carried out in four mangrove estuaries in Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia. Two locations were selected on each estuary; for each location, samples of crustaceans and mollusks were collected from 5 m × 5 m plots, and mangrove trees were recorded on 10 m × 10 m plots at a distance of 10 m, 250 m and 500 m perpendicular to the riverbank. This study recorded a total of 41 species of crustaceans and 32 species of mollusks the latter comprising three species of bivalves and 29 gastropod species. The number of crab species found was among the highest compared to similar studies in the world. The average number of species collected from each 25 m2 plot was 7.6 ± 4.2 species for crustaceans, with an average abundance of 87 ± 3.5 individuals; for mollusks, it was 3.3 ± 3 species with an average abundance of 28 ± 48.4. Crustacean abundance and species composition were influenced by inundation frequency. There was a strong correlation between the crab Parasesarma cricotum and the association of Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangroves, and Clistocoeloma amamaparense and the association of B. gymnorrhiza, R. apiculata, and Bruguiera parviflora mangroves. For mollusks, correlations were found between Terebralia palustris and Ellobium aurisjudae and the association of R. apiculata and B. parviflora mangroves. The highest crustacean Shannon-Wiener diversity index was associated with Sonneratia alba and Avicennia marina mangroves, and the highest mollusk Shannon-Wiener diversity index was associated with R. apiculata and B. gymnorrhiza mangroves.

Diversity, biomass, covers, and NDVI of restored mangrove forests in Karawang and Subang Coasts, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Suwanto A, Takarina ND, Koestoer RH, Frimawaty E. 2021. Diversity, biomass, covers, and NDVI of restored mangrove forests in Karawang and Subang Coasts, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4115-4122. Indonesia has been recognized as the country with greatest diversity of mangrove species with significant amount of carbon sink and biomass. In few recent decades, mangrove forests have been deforested significantly. One of the solutions to deal with mangrove deforestation is through restoration. West Java north coasts are one of the areas that have experienced deforestation, however and mangrove restorations have been conducted mainly in Karawang and Subang coasts. Correspondingly this research aims to assess the mangrove diversity using index and biomass resulted from restoration program in those coasts. To assess the mangrove diversity in each coast on June 2021, 6 sampling stations containing 3 replicated sample plots of size 10 m × 10 m were located. In total 8 species with 1549 trees were been sampled. In Subang the order of mangrove species from common to less-common species were Avicennia marina > Rhizophora mucronata > Sonneratia caseolaris > Acanthus ilicifolius > Bruguiera gymnorhiza. While the order in Karawang was Avicennia marina > Rhizophora mucronata > Rhizophora apiculata > Sonneratia caseolaris > Bruguiera gymnorhiza. The mangrove diversity (H)’ was significantly different (p = 0.000, F = 2.216) with diversity in Subang Coast (average H' = 1.326, 95% CI: 1.15-1.5) was higher than in Karawang (average H’ = 1.063, 95%CI: 0.934-1.2). Estimated restored mangrove covers in Subang were 3.612 km2 and 0.46 km2 in Karawang. R. mucronata was mangrove species that has the highest biomass with the value of 1337.91 mg ha-1 and the lowest was A. marina with value of 14.3 mg ha-1. The results suggest that restoration areas in Subang and Karawang have significant contributions to maintain mangrove diversity, biomass, and covers.

Floristic composition and stand structure of mangrove forests with varying vegetation conditions in Sungai Apit, Siak, Riau, Indonesia

Abstract. Fatonah, Hamidy R, Mulyadi A, Efriyeldi. 2021. Floristic composition and stand structure of mangrove forests with varying vegetation conditions in Sungai Apit, Siak, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3972-3983. Mangrove forest in Sungai Apit Sub-district, Siak District, Riau is one of mangrove ecosystems that is still partly natural with some parts being damaged or rehabilitated. Degraded mangrove forest is a mangrove forest that has been disturbed by human activities and natural factors. This study aimed to investigate the floristic composition and stand structure of trees and seedlings in mangrove forests in Sungai Apit, Siak District, Riau Province, Indonesia in three vegetation conditions, i.e., natural, degraded, and rehabilitated forests. Line Transect Plot Method was used to collect data in three stations (i.e., Rawa Mekar Jaya, Sungai Rawa and Mengkapan villages) where each station consisted of three transects with a size of 10 x 100 m. A total of 20 species belonging 11 families were recorded in the studied sites with Rhizophora apiculata was the most dominant species in all forest conditions. The natural forest had the highest number of species followed by rehabilitated forest and the degraded forest. Stand structure in terms of tree density, mean diameter of mangrove trunks, and basal area differed significantly across the three vegetation conditions with the natural forest had the highest values followed by the rehabilitated forest, while the degraded forest was the lowest. For the seedling, the lowest number of species was observed in the degraded forest while the highest was in the rehabilitated forest, indicating the result of rehabilitation activities. Yet, seedling density in natural forests was lower than that in rehabilitated and degraded forests. This study provides information that differences in structure, species composition and recruitment of seedlings in mangrove forests in the three conditions and locations can be related to differences in recovery time and degradation levels which may be important for developing mangrove forest management and conservation strategies.

Spatiotemporal Dispersal Study of Mangrove Avicennia marina and Rhizophora apiculata Propagules

The propagule dispersal pattern of the two common mangrove species, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. and Rhizophora apiculata Blume at a mangrove fringed coast, in the southwest tip of Penang Island was examined. Propagule dispersal study of both species were carried out by release and recapture method, while early developments of propagule were observed by an on-site tethering system. A. marina propagules recorded higher dispersal rate as compared to R. apiculata. After 60 tidal cycles, almost all propagules had moved away from the initial release site under the influence of strong wave current. The A. marina propagules were observed to grow better and faster than the R. apiculata propagules. However, the propagules of both species eventually failed to establish at the study site due to strong wave effect as well as unfavourable soil condition. A. marina and R. apiculata were found to adopt different strategies in propagule dispersal and early growth. A. marina was notably better adapted to thrive in the coastal environment. In a similar open coastal area, wave current and soil condition are suggested to be the most critical factors affecting the mangrove propagule dispersal and early establishment.

Bioprospecting of Selected Mangrove Fruits Based-Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Element Properties to Support Functional Food Materials for Pulau Sembilan Coastal Communities, Indonesia

Mangrove plants are popularized for their edible and vital source of food. Mangroves in Pulau Sembilan, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia were supported by the high plant diversity. These major tree species were provided in mangrove fruits annually and assist in finding a new variety of functional food materials. Bioprospecting was denoted the exploration of bioresources material to useful derived mangrove products. The present study aims to assess bioprospecting based-nutritional parameters, antioxidant content, and elemental analysis (micronutrient and macronutrient) in fruits of eight mangrove plants: <em>Avicennia officinalis</em>, <em>Bruguiera cylindrica</em>, <em>Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, R. stylosa, R. mucronata,</em> <em>Xylocarpus granatum and Sonneratia alba </em>in Pulau Sembilan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Out of seven nutritional parameters, <em>A. officinalis</em> recorded the highest in three parameters (protein, total sugar, and non-reducting sugar), <em>X. granatum</em> recorded highest in two parameters (fat and moisture content), among all studied species followed by<em> R. mucronata, </em>and <em>R. stylosa </em>in one parameter (ash and reducing sugar), respectively. Among the antioxidant content, <em>R. mucronata</em> exhibited the highest ascorbic acid content and phenolic acid. Beta carotenoid was maximum in <em>C. tagal</em>. The highest macro element varied among the mangrove fruits: sodium was recorded in <em>R. apiculata</em>, potassium content was noted in <em>X. granatum, </em>and calcium was in <em>S. alba. </em>Likewise, the highest microelement was spread among the mangrove fruits: <em>X. granatum </em>(iron), <em>R. mucronata </em>(manganese), <em>A. officinalis </em>(cupper), and <em>S. alba </em>(zinc). Thus, this study's findings showed the mangrove fruits have reported prospective values as antioxidants, bio-nutrition, and renewable food sources potential for the adjacent mangrove.

Forest Structure of 26-Year-Old Planted Mangroves

The mangrove ecosystem in Bintuni Bay, West Papua, Indonesia has been sustainably managed for more than three decades for timber utilization. Since there are only few mangrove areas that utilized for logging in Indonesia, data on growth and forest structure of post-harvest mangrove forest could become valuable information as a reference for sustainable management on the ecosystem. This study conducted in a permanent plot (1.6 ha) which established and planted in 1994 using 5 dominant and commercial species in Bintuni Bay. Rhizophora apiculata has the best growth compared to other species, while Ceriops tagal experienced the poorest growth. From all trees individual, 24.27% were categorized as multi stem trees with maximum of 8 stems that could be occurred from one single tree and contributed to increase total volume of the stands up to 33%. Bruguiera gymnorhiza has the highest percentage of multi stem trees covering 65.87% of total trees individual. In general, forest structure was not significantly different in various spacing distance. Merchantable volume for 5 planted species at 26-year-old stand was estimated to be 310.99 m3 ha-1 with extractable biomass of 247.08 ton ha-1. Planted mangroves can provide sufficient standing stock for future utilization in managed mangrove forests.

The Dose Effect of Mangrove Leaf Extract (Rhizophora apiculata) on Anticancer Activity in HeLa Cells

Disease cancer caused by abnormal growth of tissue where there has been an error, fast and out of control. Judging from the fact of gender, more than 270,000 women die every year caused by cervical cancer. To inhibit the growth of cancer cells, a compound is needed that causes the cell cycle to stop so that the ability of cell proliferation decreases. Alkaloid compounds can inhibit proliferation through oxidative inhibition processes that can cause cancer. Mangrove plants have potential as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant. The content of chemical compounds found in mangroves are flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenolites, saponins and tannins. These compounds show high antioxidant activity and are shown to have a real relationship with the properties of the material's bioactivity against cancer cells. One of the mangrove species is Rhizophora apiculata. The purpose of this study was to determine the IC50 value produced by Rhizophora apiculata mangrove leaf extract on HeLa cell viability and to see the effect of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove leaf extract dosage on HeLa cell viability. The method used in this research is the experimental method. The research parameters included yield, proximate test, phytochemical test, toxicity test, total phenol test, cytotoxicity test and LC-MS test. The experimental design used was a simple and complex completely randomized design (CRD) with the Tukey test.The results of this study showed that the highest yield was in the ethanol extract of 5.91%, while the n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts respectively had yields of 1.18% and 1.31%. The results of the proximate test on the water content of leaves and powder were 64.53% and 13.86%, respectively, the results of the ash content in the leaves and powder of Rhizophora apiculata were 3.94% and 8.41%, respectively. while the water content in the extract obtained the highest yield in the ethanol extract of 21.42%, while the n-hexane extract and ethyl acetate extract were 11.08% and 15.42%, respectively. For phytochemical results, it was found that n-hexane extract only contained alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids. Ethyl acetate extract contains steroid compounds. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract contains the most bioactive compounds, namely saponins, flavonoids, tannins and triterpenoids. The toxicity test using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method resulted in the lowest IC50 of ethanol extract at 49.45 ppm while the n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were 251.63 ppm and 920.45 ppm respectively. In the total phenol test, the n-hexane extract was 66.79 mg GAE / 100 gr, 222.97 mg GAE / 100 gr ethyl acetate extract and 929.04 mg GAE / 100 gr ethanol extract. HeLa cell cytotoxicity testing using the MTT method (3- (4,5-dimethiltiazol-2-yl) -2,5-dipheniltetra zolium bromide) assay resulted in the highest cell viability value at a dose of 125 ppm of 46.97%. As for the doses of 250 ppm, 500 ppm 1000 ppm, and 2000 ppm resulted in a percentage of viability of 42.95% 37.70% 35.82% and 32.12%, respectively. The IC50 value of Rhizophora apiculata leaf extract was 64.42 ppm. This value indicates that the Rhizophora apiculata extract is toxic to HeLa cells.

Mangrove diversity and community structure of Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia

Abstract. Setyadi G, Pribadi R, Wijayanti DP, Sugianto DN. 2021. Mangrove diversity and community structure of Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3562-3571. Despite being one the largest mangrove forest in the world, there are few studies on mangrove diversity and community structure in Mimika, Papua Province. The study collected data from 4 estuaries of Mimika Region, i.e. Kamora, Tipuka, Ajkwa and Minajerwi. Mangrove species, tree diameter at breast height and canopy height data were collected in 10 m x 10 m plot with three replicates for distance, specifically 0, 250, and 500m perpendicular to the riverbank. This study found 66 mangroves species consisting of 20 major, 10 minor, and 36 associate mangrove species. Their density ranged from 577-1,345 trees ha-1 with diversity Shannon-Weiner diversity indices (H’) ranging from 0.62-1.19 and Evenness Index (J’) ranging from 0.09-0.18. The canopy height of the mangrove trees was ranged from 9-42.5 m. The highest density species was Rhizophora apiculata (333 ha-1) followed by Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Camptostemon schultzii, while B. parviflora, S. alba, and X. granatum were the least dominant. Regarding basal area, R. apiculata and B. gymnorrhiza were the highest with medians of 7,853 cm2 ha-1 and 5,201 cm2 ha-1 respectively. In the low tidal zone area, mangrove was dominated by A. marina, Sonneratia alba and R. mucronata. Medium low to medium high tidal zones were dominated by B. gymnorrhiza, R. apiculata, and B. parviflora. The high tidal zone was more dominated by Nypa fruticans.

Estimation of aboveground biomass using allometric relationship between DBH and height for mixed mangrove forest in Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, Malaysia

A study was conducted to determine aboveground biomass in a mixed mangrove forest in Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 22 plots were established, diameter breast height (DBH) and height of each of the trees were measured and recorded. A total of three species from Rhizophoraceae and eight species from the non-Rhizophoraceae family were recorded. The highest no. of species for Rhizophoraceae is Bruguiera cylindrica with 189 individuals, meanwhile for non-Rhizophoraceae is Heritiera littoralis with 36 individuals. Linear regression between DBH to height had been done for stem allometry analysis for each species with Avicennia lanata shows good fit (r2 = 0.906). The total aboveground biomass was 5 202.23 kg ha−1. A. lanata recorded the highest (983.78 kg ha−1) total aboveground biomass because of various ranges of DBH and height. Linear regression also had been done between aboveground biomass to DBH and height. Rhizophora apiculata (Rhizophoraceae) and Excoecaria agallocha (non-Rhizophoraceae) show the highest value of regression between aboveground biomass to DBH which are r2 = 0.925 and r2 = 0.948 while B. gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae) and Xylocarpus granatum (non-Rhizophoraceae) show the highest value of regression between aboveground biomass to height with r2 = 0.806 and r2 = 0.839. Overall, non-Rhizophoraceae have higher aboveground biomass as compared to Rhizophoraceae.

Mangrove Biophysical Condition and Community’s Socio-economic Profile as Managers of Mangrove Forest in Tagpait, Aborlan and Bacungan Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines

The mangrove forest in Tagpait, Aborlan, is being managed by the Indigenous Cultural Community (Tagbanua Tribe) through their organization, the Tagpait Coastal Development Association (TACDA). Bacungan Mangrove Eco-tourism Service Cooperative is managing the Bacungan mangrove forest. The area was engaged in tourism activity until now through paddle boating, floating restaurant, mangrove adventure. This study used the household interview to determine the socio-economic profile and quadrat to assess mangrove biophysical condition. Results show that Bacungan is more diverse, with a higher number of species present in the area with 13 mangrove species while eight in Tagpait. The most dominant mangrove species in Tagpait is Rhizophora apiculata (39%), while Rhizophora mucronata in Bacungan (22%). Most of the respondents in Tagpait are fishers, which about 20%, then 14% are involved in buy and sell of marine products, and 5% are engaged in the processing of marine products. In Bacungan, the majority are engaged in fishing livelihood (37%), 13% are involved in buy and sell of marine products, and 4% are engaged in the processing of marine products.

Mapping and Identification of Mangrove in Coastal Area of Wongsorejo District

The northern to southern of Banyuwangi there have the stretches of mangrove, nevertheless only a few of mangrove locations have been identified and mapped based the type and extent of the mangroves. The coastal area of Banyuwangi Regency is the longest in East Java, with mangrove as the priority of tourism program coastal resources, therefore must be conservated. This study aims to determine the types of mangroves on Wongsorejo coastal, mapping the distribution of mangroves on Wongsorejo coastal, and determine the diversity of mangroves on Wongsorejo coastal. The research design used in this research is descriptive quantitative. Methods of data analysis using spatial analysis and analysis of mangrove vegetation. The results showed that there were 18 mangrove species consisting of 10 true mangroves and the remaining 8 associated mangroves, such as Avicennia lanata, Avecennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizopora mucronata, Excoearia agallocha L, Lumnitzera racemose, Willd. var. Racemosa, Phemphis acidula, Wedelia biflora, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Calontropic gigantea, Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn, Hibiscus tiliaceus L, Morinda citrifolia L, Passiflora foetida, Sesuvium portulacastrum. The relative density of mangroves on Wongsorejo coastal was less than 50%, which means that mangroves are few/rare and/or in heavily damaged condition. Meanwhile, diversity based on the analysis carried out shows moderate diversity.Keyword : Identification, Mapping, Mangrove, Wongsorejo Coastal.

Identifikasi Mangrove Di Kawasan Ekowisata Mangrove Gampong Baro, Kecamatan Setia Bakti, Kabupaten Aceh Jaya

This research was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020, aimed atknow the ecological conditions, community structures and types of mangrove forest utilization in the mangrove ecotourism area of Gampong Baro, Setia Bakti District, Aceh Jaya Regency. Data collection was carried out through field surveys. This data analysis uses an important value index (IVI) which is a quantitative parameter that can reflect the role and structure of mangrove vegetation in a location. At the mangrove tree level, saplings and seedlings the Rhizophora apiculata had the highest value. Diversity index (H') is strongly influenced by individuals and the number of species. At the tree, sapling and seedlings level showed a moderate species diversity result. Dominance index (D) at the treel, tillers and seedling level can be categorized as moderate dominance and the environmental conditions are quite stable.