Rhizophora Apiculata Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of gallic acid-loaded PLGA hydrogel as teat sealant for preventing mastitis in dry cows

Gallic acid: An anticandidal compound in hydrolysable tannin extracted from the barks of Rhizophora apiculata BlumeLim Sheh Hong, Darah Ibrahim, Jain Kassim, Suraya Sulaiman

Pengaruh Media Tanam dan Intensitas Naungan terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakau Minyak (Rhizophora apiculata)

Damage to mangrove forests has reduced the size forest area and the diversity of mangrove species. Improvement of mangrove forests require seeds with good growth and resistant to pests and diseases. The shade levels and growing media is a factor that affects plant growth. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of growing media and shade level on the growth of bakau minyak (R. apiculata). The study was conducted for 12 weeks and used a complete randomized design to analyze the data. The first factor was the growing media (A) with 3 levels of treatment, namely mudsoil (A0), mud and compost (A1), and mud, sand and compost (A2). The second factor was the shade level (N) with 3 levels treatment, namely the shade intensity 0% (N0), 50% (N1), and 70% (N2). The result of this study indicate that the shade intensity has a significant effect on the growth of Rhizophora apiculata, and the growing medium does not significantly affect the growth of Rhizophora apiculata. The best shade intensity for growth of R. apiculata is 0% (N0).
 Keywords: growing media, mangrove forest, rehabilitation, Rhizophora apiculata, shade level

Asosiasi Bakau (Rhizophora apiculata Blume.) dengan Jenis-Jenis Mangrove Lainnya di Pantai Bama Taman Nasional Baluran Jawa Timur

Mangroves’s forest at Bama Beach has 95.8 ha. The purpose of this research is to studied the association of Rhizophora apiculata that lives dominant at Bama Beach Baluran National Park East Java. The methods used in data collection is an analytical method of vegetation with terraced path method. This method conducting five paths, each path consisted of 10 plots with 10 m x 100 m which divided into two sub-plots with 5 x 5 m and 10 x 10 m, with total 50 plot (0.5 ha). Data collection consist of diameter and height. The results show that Rhizophora apiculata associated with Rhizophora stylosa at path 1 and 3, however the association type was negative and the association index number categorized as very low. On the other hand, there are some species that not associated with each other but they have a positive association, which founded at path 4 and 5. Path 4 consist of Rhizophora apiculata with Ceriops tagal and path 5 consist of Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Syzygium polyanthum.
 Keyword: association, Baluran National Park, mangrove zonation, Rhizophoraceae,

Mangrove Ecosystem Biodiversity in Malacca Strait and Its Economic Values to Local Community: A Case Study in Riau Coastline

The mangrove ecosystem holds a lot of potentials to be utilized by local communities in the Riau Coastline. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the biodiversity of flora and fauna in the Riau Coastline mangrove ecosystem and its impacts on local communities. The transect was performed to identify soil conditions, distribution, and the dominance of flora species, while field observations and interviews with residents were conducted to determine the presence of fauna and discover the ecosystem’s benefit to the local community's economy. Based on the results, Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata has the highest relative dominance (RDC) and important value index in all observed stations. On the other hand, the fish/water biota species has the highest diversity and have economic that mostly serve as a catch for local fishermen. Ecotourism is also encouraged to boost the community's economy and aid ecological learning for sustainability purposes. The mangrove ecosystem's existence remains sustainable because fisheries are the main commodity, however, logging is less desirable as a source of income.

Kandungan C-Organik Substrat Ekosistem Mangrove di Danau Air Asin Gili Meno Kabupaten Lombok Utara

Gili Meno Lake is one of the salt water lakes located in North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Gili Meno saltwater lake has an area of 6.6 hectares with a diversity of biota (flora and fauna) and unique physical and chemical characteristics of the lake waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the total c-organic content of the mangrove ecosystem and the c-organic content contained in the bottom substrate of mangrove stands. This type of research is descriptive quantitative with purposive random sampling method, which starts with sampling the substrate found under mangrove stands and testing in the laboratory using the Walkley & Black method to obtain carbon content. Based on the results of the study found 5 (five) types of mangroves, namely: 1) Avecennia marina; 2) Bruguera cylindrica; 3) Rhizophora apiculata; 4) Lumnitzera racemosa; and 5) Excoecaria agallocha, with the most dominant species being Avecennia marina. The largest % content of substrate carbon was found in the mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata with a total content of 19.995 %C or equivalent to 307.96 tons C/ha. Meanwhile, the potential for the estimated total carbon content of the substrate in the saltwater lake mangrove ecosystem of Gili Meno is 154.2 ± 99.78 tons C/ha or equivalent to 1020.50 tons C in a total of 6.6 hectares of mangrove ecosystem area of the saltwater lake Gili Meno.

Bioakumulasi Merkuri (Hg) pada Lamun Enhalus acoroides dan Mangrove Rhizophora apiculata di Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu

<strong>Bioaccumulation of Mercury (Hg) in Seagrass <em>Enhalus acoroides</em> and Mangrove <em>Rhizophora apiculata</em> in Pari Island, Seribu Islands. </strong>Heavy metal pollution, especially Hg metal in Jakarta Bay, is feared to have a negative impact on the quality of the waters around the Jakarta Bay waters, one of which is Pari Island in the Thousand Islands. Seagrass and mangroves plants distributed surrounding Pari Island can be used as indicators of heavy metal pollution. The value of bioaccumulation and translocation of Hg metal factors will provide an overview of the ability of plants to accumulate heavy metals in their surroundings. This study aims to determine the bioaccumulation and translocation of the heavy metal Hg factor in <em>Enhalus acoroides</em> seagrass and <em>Rhizophora apiculata</em> mangroves on Pari Island, Seribu Islands. Seagrass and mangrove samples were taken at five sampling points through purposive sampling. The bioaccumulation value was calculated using the ratio of the metal concentrations in each part of the plant body and sediment. Meanwhile, the translocation factor value was calculated by the ratio of Hg concentration in each part of the plant body (roots/rhizomes, stems, and leaves). The results of this study indicate that the bioaccumulation value in seagrass is infinite (bioaccumulation factor, BAF=∞) and in mangroves is 1.57 (BAF>1). The highest <em>translocation factor</em> value in seagrass leaves is 3.86 (translocation factor, TF) >1) and in mangrove leaves is 2.84 (TF>1). This study shows that seagrass and mangrove plants are classified as good bio accumulator and hyperaccumulator plants and accumulate heavy metals, especially Hg in the upper part of their bodies, namely leaves

Where whole-genome duplication is most beneficial: Adaptation of mangroves to a wide salinity range between land and sea.

Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is believed to increase the chance of adaptation to a new environment. This conjecture may apply particularly well to new environments that are not only different but also more variable than ancestral habitats. One such prominent environment is the interface between land and sea, which has been invaded by woody plants, collectively referred as mangroves, multiple times. Here, we use two distantly related mangrove species (Avicennia marina and Rhizophora apiculata) to explore the effects of WGD on the adaptive process. We found that a high proportion of duplicated genes retained after WGD have acquired derived differential expression in response to salt gradient treatment. The WGD duplicates differentially expressed in at least one copy usually (>90%) diverge from their paralogues' expression profiles. Furthermore, both species evolved in parallel to have one paralogue expressed at a high level in both fresh water and hypersaline conditions but at a lower level at medium salinity. The pattern contrasts with the conventional view of monotone increase/decrease as salinity increases. Differentially expressed copies have thus probably acquired a new role in salinity tolerance. Our results indicate that the WGD duplicates may have evolved to function collaboratively in coping with different salinity levels, rather than specializing in the intermediate salinity optimal for mangrove plants. In conclusion, WGD and the retained duplicates appear to be an effective solution for adaptation to new and unstable environments.

Isolation, characterisation, anticancer and anti-oxidant activities of 2-methoxy mucic acid from Rhizophora apiculata: an in vitro and in silico studies

The main objective of the present study is to isolate and characterise the novel bioactive molecule, 2-methoxy mucic acid (4) from Rhizophora apiculate Blume under the Rhizophoraceae family. In this study, the 2-methoxy mucic acid (4) was isolated for the first time from the methanolic extract of the leaves of R. apiculata. Anticancer activity of 2-methoxy mucic acid (4) was evaluated against HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines and they displayed promising activity with IC50 values of 22.88283 ± 0.72 µg/ml in HeLa and 2.91925 ± 0.52 µg/ml in the case of MDA-MB-231, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant property of 2-methoxy mucic acid (4) was found to be (IC50) 21.361 ± 0.41 µg/ml. Apart from in vitro studies, we also performed extensive in silico studies (molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation) on four critical antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members (Bcl-2, Bcl-w, Bcl-xL and Bcl-B) towards 2-methoxy mucic acid (4). The results revealed that this molecule showed higher binding affinity towards Bcl-B protein (ΔG = −5.8 kcal/mol) and the structural stability of this protein was significantly improved upon binding of this molecule. The present study affords vital insights into the importance of 2-methoxy mucic acid (4) from R. apiculata. Furthermore, it opens the therapeutic route for the discovery of anticancer drugs. Research Highlights This is a first report on a bioactive compound identified and characterised; a novel 2-methoxy mucic acid derived from methanolic crude extract from the leaves of R. apiculata from ANI. Estimated binding free energy of 2-methoxy mucic acid is found to be −5.8 kcal/mol to the anti-apoptotic Bcl-B protein. 2-methoxy mucic acid showed both significant anti-cancer and anti-oxidant activity. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Temperature Stress on Physiological and Morphological Traits in Rhizophora apiculata

Global warming has had considerable effects on vital ecosystems, which has also been caused by increased temperatures and CO2 that follow changes in different abiotic factors, which poses threats to mangrove forests environment. This research was conducted to examine the physiological and morphological characteristics of the Rhizophora apiculata mangrove regarding higher air temperature for the variety of tree species that respond to climate change. Seedlings were cultivated for three months in regulated growth chambers with three varying temperatures of 38°C, 21°C under CO2 at 450 ppm, and ambient CO2 concentration i.e., 450 ± 20 ppm under average temperature at 28°C as the control condition. The plants were treated every 48 hours with 3 L of saline water of 28 ppt. After two weeks at high temperature, the mangrove showed positive results for all parameters. The temperature variations resulted in major variations, such as negative for increased temperature resulting in extreme damage to many samples while positive for decreased temperature resulting in slow development. The physiological results show decreased photosynthesis rates compared to controlled samples. These findings indicate that low photosynthetic capability levels could have occurred due to reduced CO2 fixative reaction mechanism, photosynthetic pigment material, and the discrepancy between respiratory and photosynthesis rate.

Characteristics of Microbial Community and Function With the Succession of Mangroves.

In this study, 16S high-throughput and metagenomic sequencing analyses were employed to explore the changes in microbial community and function with the succession of mangroves (Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, and Bruguiera parviflora) along the Merbok river estuary in Malaysia. The sediments of the three mangroves harbored their own unique dominant microbial taxa, whereas R. apiculata exhibited the highest microbial diversity. In general, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Anaerolineae were the dominant microbial classes, but their abundances varied significantly among the three mangroves. Principal coordinates and redundancy analyses revealed that the specificity of the microbial community was highly correlated with mangrove populations and environmental factors. The results further showed that R. apiculata exhibited the highest carbon-related metabolism, coinciding with the highest organic carbon and microbial diversity. In addition, specific microbial taxa, such as Desulfobacterales and Rhizobiales, contributed the highest functional activities related to carbon metabolism, prokaryote carbon fixation, and methane metabolism. The present results provide a comprehensive understanding of the adaptations and functions of microbes in relation to environmental transition and mangrove succession in intertidal regions. High microbial diversity and carbon metabolism in R. apiculata might in turn facilitate and maintain the formation of climax mangroves in the middle region of the Merbok river estuary.

Pharmacological Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Genome Sequences of Bacterial Endophytes from the Mangrove Plant Rhizophora apiculata Blume.

Mangrove plant endophytic bacteria are prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the present study, twenty-three endophytic bacteria were isolated from the fresh roots of the mangrove plant Rhizophora apiculata. The identification of isolates by 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolated endophytic bacteria belonged to nine genera, including Streptomyces, Bacillus, Pseudovibrio, Microbacterium, Brevibacterium, Microbulbifer, Micrococcus, Rossellomorea, and Paracoccus. The ethyl acetate extracts of the endophytic bacteria’s pharmacological properties were evaluated in vitro, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of three high bioactive strains Bacillus sp. RAR_GA_16, Rossellomorea vietnamensis RAR_WA_32, and Bacillus sp. RAR_M1_44 identified major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their ethyl acetate extracts. Genome analyses identified biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) of secondary metabolites of the bacterial endophytes. The obtained results reveal that the endophytic bacteria from R. apiculata may be a potential source of pharmacological secondary metabolites, and further investigations of the high bioactive strains—such as fermentation and isolation of pure bioactive compounds, and heterologous expression of novel BGCs in appropriate expression hosts—may allow exploring and exploiting the promising bioactive compounds for future drug development.

Short Communication: Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in Lembar bay area, West Lombok District, Indonesia

Abstract. Sukuryadi, Harahab N, Primyastanto M, Hadi AP. 2021. Short Communication: Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in Lembar bay area, West Lombok District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5585-5592. One of the potential natural resources of coastal areas in West Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia is the 501.9-ha mangrove ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure and composition of mangroves in the Lembar bay area. The study used field observation methods based on predetermined plots. The results showed that the composition of mangroves in the Lembar Bay area consisted of Avicennia alba Bl, Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh, Bruguiera cylindrica (L) Bl, Ceriop decandra (Griff) Ding Hou, Ceriop tagal (Perr) C.B. Rob, Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voight, Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Var, Phemphis acidula, Rhizhopora stylosa Griff, Rhizophora apiculata Bl, Rhizophora mucronata Lmk, and Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith. The mangrove vegetation at tree level was composed of 12 species dominated by Rhizhopora stylosa Griff and Rhizophora mucronata Lmk, with Importance Value Index (IVI) of 56.05 and 48.89, respectively, at sapling level 9 species dominated by Rhizhopora stylosa Griff, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Rhizophora mucronata, with IVI of 47.46, 33.33, and 31.07 respectively, and at the seedling level 7 species dominated by Rhizhopora stylosa Griff and Rhizophora mucronata Lmk, with IVI of 47.71 and 37.76, respectively.

Pharmacological activities and volatile organic compounds from the endophytic bacteria from the leaves of Rhizophora apiculata

Pharmacological activities and volatile organic compounds from the endophytic bacteria from the leaves of Rhizophora apiculata

Suitability analysis of mangrove conversation areas in Mundu District, Cirebon Regency using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

This study aims to analyze the suitability of mangrove conservation areas in the Mundu District, Cirebon Regency. In this study, we used Sentinel-2A satellite data obtained from ESA Copernicus’s web to analyze the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of mangrove that will be used as a mangrove health indicator and several oceanographic characteristics to assess the suitability of mangrove conservation areas based on weighing-scores systems. All data were then analyzed using image processing combined with geographic information systems (GIS) tools available in the open-access QGIS software. Results show that the health of the mangrove based on vegetation index was in the range of 0.3–0.6. Mangroves in Mundu Region have consisted of two species, Avicennia marina, and Rhizophora apiculata. The substrate in this area is dominated by muddy sand with a pH value of 8 and an average salinity of 32 PSU. The tidal type in Mundu region has mixed semi-diurnal characteristics with an average tidal height of 1.22 m. Based on those parameters and NDVI analysis, the suitability rank for mangrove conservation areas can be classified as suitable with a total score in the ranges of 101-200.

Analysis of marine debris and mangrove forest density in Purnama village, Dumai city, Riau province

Mangrove ecosystems naturally function as trap of waste produced from anthropogenic activities including marine debris. This study aims to analyze marine debris and density of mangrove forests in the Purnama Village. The survey research method was carried out in two stations: Station I (Estuary of Sungai Masjid) and Station II (coastal waters of the Unri Marine Station), which was held from April to July 2021. Marine debris was collected in five plots in a quadrant transect measuring 100 x 50 meter. Identification results of mangrove species in Station I found 3 species of mangrove (Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorriza), while at Station II found 3 species of mangroves (Rhizophora apiculata, Xylocarpus granatum and Avecennia alba). This research results obtained the release of marine debris at Station II is more than that of Station I. While in Station II there are 172 items (marine debris density of 0.172 item/m2), weight of marine debris 12.665 grams/m2 and mangrove density 2222 individu/ha (category very close). At Station I there are 35 items (the density of marine debris is 0.035 item/m2), the total weight of marine debris is 3.194 grams/m2 and the density of mangroves is 1678 individu/ha (category very close).

Local scale climate change mitigation through mangrove revegetation on the south coast of Lombok island

The mangrove vegetation in the coastal environment has a vital role, especially as a regulation for CO2 and O2 gas exchange. Mangrove revegetation has significant relevance for local-scale climate change mitigation. This study aims to assess and describe the success of mangrove revegetation in mitigating climate change at a local scale. Ecological data research methods are through surveys, observations and transect methods. Furthermore, the collection of social data through surveys, interviews, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Meanwhile, the research data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis, and analysis of the mangrove vegetation structure through frequency, density, cover, and essential value index analyses. The study results found seven types of mangroves, namely Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia marina, Bruguira gymnoryzha, Lumnitzara racemosa, and Ceriops tagal. Sonneratia alba and Rizoporastylosaare species with the highest importance value of 194.04 where S. alba found Poton Bako and R. Stylosa found in Tanjung Luar. As for social data and knowledge, people in areas with a distance of 0-50 meters from mangrove forest have a better understanding than people living in areas with an average percentage value perspective of 52 %. Then, most respondents agreed that mangroves could prevent abrasion and reduce heat temperatures, with the percentage of respondents responding more than 41 % and 61 %, respectively in all locations. Based on the essential value index and respondents’ perceptions, it can be concluded that the Sonneratia alba and Rizopora Stylosa are species that have the highest ecological function because they have good adaptability in the coastal areas of South Lombok making them suitable as species for revegetation programs in South Lombok, and for the next revegetation program should be involving people who are close to mangrove forests because they are the ones who know and feel the benefits of mangrove forests.

Carbon stock and vegetation estimation the abandoned pond, Pulau Sembilan, North Sumatra, Indonesia

The purpose of the study was to determine the species vegetation and carbon stock assessment derived from abandoned aquaculture ponds. Analysis of plant (tree, sapling, and seedling) was performed at Pulau Sembilan, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The stage of the seedlings, saplings, and trees was analyzed from four transects. Each transect contained 100 m in length. Each estimated plot of a total of four transects comprised of 30 plots. The abandoned pond was dominated by Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera parviflora, the lowest on the species of Morinda citrifolia and Rhizophora mucronata. The diversity index of Shannon-Weiner was 1.44-1.72. The total biomass in the pond was 4,557.43 k/ha with a carbon potential of 2.10 tons/ha.

Feasibility analysis of mangrove bio-ecosystem for silvofishery in Dabong Village, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan

Studies on bio-ecosystems sustainability and feasibility are urgent because many mangrove ecosystems have been converted into ponds as a source of livelihood. This study aimed to evaluate the sustainability level of the mangrove bio-ecosystem in Dabong Village and formulate the most appropriate strategy in silvofishery development. The method used was a field survey to obtain secondary and primary data. Bio-ecosystem feasibility analysis was carried out descriptively, qualitatively and quantitatively based on data compilation of water quality, soil fertility, macrozoobenthos and mangrove density. SWOT analysis was used in developing the strategies. Based on the study results, the land suitability matrix for silvofishery development in Dabong Village had a very suitable category (69.00%) regarding soil value conditions and water quality. The abundance of macrozoobenthos was 21 individual m2 -1 gatropoda, 30 individuals m2 -1 bivalves, and eight individuals m2 -1 crustaceans. Stand density values of Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia alba ranged from 15-25 individuals m2 -1, 18-27 individuals m2 -1, and 14-24 individuals m2 -1, respectively. According to ecosystem characteristics, the strategy for using mangroves in the research site was to increase the bio-ecosystem strength and minimize the damage or degradation risks as a threat to the impact of mangrove ecosystem utilization using the silvofishery model. Its application could be an alternative for sustainable use of the mangrove ecosystem.

KARAKTERISTIK EKOLOGI MANGROVE DI KAWASAN SILVOAKUAKULTUR

The development of mangrove by silvoaquaculture approach is an integrating between mangrove conservation and economic improvement of coastal communities by aquaculture production. The study aims to determine the ecological characteristics of mangroves in silvoaquaculture areas. The research locations include Karangsong, Brondong, and Pabean Ilir in Indramayu Regency and use a survey technique using the quadrant transect method. The silvoaquaculture pond area in Indramayu Regency has five types of mangroves, namely Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa. Rhizophora mucronata is the dominant mangrove species. The best mangrove ecological conditions are found in empang parit and komplangan ponds, so based on the ecological characteristics of mangroves, it is recommended that the development of silvoaquaculture ponds use empang parit or komplangan type of pond.

Percentage of Mangrove Canopy Cover and Mollusks Abundance in Benoa Bay Mangrove Ecosystem

This research was conducted to determine the condition of the mangrove ecosystem based on its canopy cover and to determine the types of mollusks (Bivalves and Gastropods) associated with the Benoa Bay mangrove ecosystem. Hemispherical photography is a method for observing mangrove canopy cover and line transect method for mollusks. The composition of mangrove species found in the research location were five species, namely Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Avicennia marina. The percentage of mangrove canopy cover in the Benoa Bay mangrove ecosystem is in a good category (average = 76.59%). There are eight types of mollusks found in the research location. There are two types of bivalves (Polymesoda bengalensis and Gafrarium pectinatum) and six types of gastropods (Nerita balteata, Nerita picea, Neritina turrita, Pila ampullacea, Cassidula aurisfelis, and Littoraria melanostoma). The relationship between the percentage of mangrove canopy cover and abundance of mollusks in the Benoa Bay mangrove ecosystem is very strong (r) of 0.920. The higher the percentage value of mangrove canopy cover, the higher the mollusks abundance.