Calamus Rhizome Research Articles

Impact of season on phytochemistry with special reference to β-Asarone content, extract yield and Pharmacognostic parameter in rhizome of Acorus calamus L.

Demand of medicinal plants is growing exponentially due to its extensive use in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The major problem is the variation in quality and quantity of phytoconstituents with the collection of medicinal plants in each batch. Though, the quality and quantity of phytoconstituents in plants are influenced by various factors, chief among them is seasonal variation. Rhizome of Acorus calamus L. is used in treatment of neurological disorder specially in children. The Ayurvedic system of medicine believes blends of constituent imparts therapeutic activities. The main chemical constituent responsible for cognition enhancement is Asarone. An attempt has been taken to record change in Pharmacognostic parameter with season and evaluate the best collection time of rhizome of Acaorus calamus L. with special reference to extractive value and asarone content.

The protective effects of Acorus calamus L. rhizome extracts against rheumatoid arthritis-associated dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and liver injury in rats

ABSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with comorbidities like dyslipidemia and liver damage. Acorus calamus L. is commonly used to treat inflammatory and hepatorenal ailments. Herein, we assessed the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activities of A. calamus rhizome extracts in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats. A. calamus rhizome’s methanol (AME) and n-hexane (AHE) extracts were prepared. In vivo, fifty-four female Wistar rats were allocated into nine groups (n = 6). The AIA was induced by injecting Complete Freund’s adjuvant (100 µL, s.c.) into the rat’s right hind paw. After AIA induction, animals were orally treated with meloxicam (MEL; 3 mg/kg) and graded doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) of AME and AHE for 28 consecutive days. Results showed that both plant extracts dose-dependently restored the body weight and liver index of arthritic rats. Each plant extract significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated hyperlipidemia and atherogenicity in arthritic rats. They also normalized the liver function markers and protein concentrations along with the reduction in hepatic oxidative stress. Histopathological examination of the liver supported the biochemical findings. However, AME exhibited better pharmacological activities than AHE. Our findings conclude that A. calamus rhizome could be used to treat dyslipidemia and liver injury in inflammatory conditions like RA.

Anti-rheumatoid arthritis potential of Acorus calamus L. extract by interleukin-17 inhibition: Molecular insights through an in silico study

Context: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in immunity and inflammation. Aims: To evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of two compounds, magnosalicine and neotatarine, derived from the ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus L. rhizome, against IL-17. Methods: Utilizing LC/MS analysis combining molecular docking simulations, drug likeness, ADME and toxicity analysis. This study explored the molecular interactions and binding affinities of identified compounds from A. calamus with crucial residues of IL-17, including Tyr62, Pro63, Ile66, Gln94, Ile96, Leu97, and Leu99. Results: The results revealed that magnosalicine and neotatarine exhibited remarkable binding affinities of -10.16 kcal/mol and -9.53 kcal/mol, respectively, indicating their strong interactions with IL-17. Moreover, both compounds displayed superior binding energies compared to other extract constituents. Interestingly, this study highlighted that all terpenoid compounds from the A. calamus rhizome extract were capable of interacting with these key residues of IL-17, resembling the interactions observed with the natural ligand (RMK) and methotrexate. Meanwhile, the analysis results revealed a safer ADME and toxicity profile for neotatarine compared to magnolalicine. Conclusions: This research unveils the promising potential of neotatarine as candidates for further exploration in therapeutic interventions targeting IL-17-related pathways. These findings shed light on the molecular insights of Acorus calamus L. compounds, providing valuable information for developing novel treatments for IL-17-associated disorders.

Comparative Analysis of Dry Market Sample of Acorus calamus Linn. Sample with Pharmacopoeial Standards

A comparative analysis of market-available dry Acorus calamus Rhizome samples with pharmacopoeial standards provides valuable insights into the quality and authenticity of these products. The study revealed significant variations in morphological features among the market samples, highlighting the need for stringent quality control measures. The sample was identified as Acorus calamus Linn. While the drug meets API standards, it lacks a few features. Most of the samples are of irregular shape rather than cylindrical, and triangular, transverse leaf scars were absent. These observations suggest potential variations or discrepancies in the market-available samples compared to pharmacopoeial standards. Further investigations and quality control measures are essential to ensure the consistency and efficacy of Acorus calamus products in traditional and modern medicinal practices.

Qualitative and quantitative studies on the chemical changes during Ayurvedic detoxification process of Acorus calamus Linn. (Indian Vacha)

BackgroundAcorus calamus, commonly known as Vacha holds a significant place in Ayurvedic medicine, addressing memory issues and acting as an anthelminthic. A. calamus rhizomes are known to be toxic due to presence of β-asarone and are used in Ayurvedic medicines only after elaborate processing known as Sodhana (detoxification or purification). As mentioned in Ayurvedic texts like Rasatrangini and Bhaisajya Ratnavali, Sodhana entails the transformation of potentially poisonous plants/substances into non-toxic forms. This study aims to uncover the chemical basis of this ancient detoxification process. Study designThe plant material was detoxified following the methods mentioned in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India. The plant material was boiled in gomutra (cow urine) and decanted. Subsequently, it was boiled with Spaeranthus indicus (Alambusa kwath) and then with Panchpallav kwath (a decoction of leaves from five different plants). The plant material so obtained was dried and subjected to swedana (steam distillation), dried again and extracted to obtain processed (detoxified) extract. Both the unprocessed and processed extracts were analyzed for secondary metabolites using HPLC, LCMS, and 1H NMR. ResultsThis study demonstrated that detoxification process resulted in morphological changes in rhizome, almost ten-fold reduction in extractive yield, reduced amount of major toxic component β-asarone and other toxic metabolites like asaronaldehyde, acorone, calamusin, acoraminol, acoramone, 1,2-dihydroxyasarone, asarotonide, propioveratrone, azulene and calamol in the extract, and isomerisation of β-asarone to α-asarone. Further the toxic metabolites were screened for genotoxicity by molecular docking. ConclusionOur findings have identified the chemical basis of Ayurvedic detoxification process.

Chemical composition and biological efficacy of Acorus calamus (L.) rhizome essential oil on Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) as stored-grain protectants

Key depredating agents affecting grains are insects which lead to considerable losses across post-harvest food supply chain. As their control strategies, plant-derived essential oils have become optimal competitors to synthetic insecticides. In view of this background, chemical composition, insecticidal activity in comparison with ultrastructural impact on cuticular topography, repellency and feeding deterrence of Acorus calamus (L.) rhizome essential oil were investigated towards Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). Chemical profile of oil was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Morphological alterations on insects' cuticles triggered by oil's direct exposure were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). α-Asarone (89.05%) was the major constituent of oil. Insecticidal bioassays showed that O. surinamensis (LC50 = 1.92 μl/g) was more susceptible than R. dominica (LC50 = 4.78 μl/g) and S. oryzae (LC50 = 9.61 μl/g) upon 24 h of exposure. Degree of insects' repellence was arranged in the declining order of O. surinamensis (RC50 = 0.96 μl/cm2) > S. oryzae (RC50 = 1.02 μl/cm2) > R. dominica (RC50 = 1.56 μl/cm2) after 1 h, wherein estimated values increased after 5 h of exposure. According to flour-disc bioassays, oil had the weakest feeding deterrence on O. surinamensis (AC50 = 4.37 mg/disc) leading to post-ingestive lethality induced by phagostimulation, than against S. oryzae (AC50 = 0.88 mg/disc) and R. dominica (AC50 = 1.80 mg/disc). SEM observations reflected severe impact on insects' cuticular topography suggesting that oil molecules might be entered into their bodies via cuticular penetration and oral ingestion influencing contact/post-ingestive toxicity. Hence, results demonstrate the potentiality of A. calamus essential oil for sustainable insect pest management in stored-grain ecosystems.

Contact Toxicity of an Essential Oil from Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) Rhizomes against Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus macfarlanei (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Amblyseius longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract The contact toxicity activity of an essential oil extracted from Acorus calamus (L.) (Acoraceae) was evaluated against the phytophagous spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker &amp; Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the predatory mite Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Adult mortality 24 h following application of 5% (v/v) concentration of the essential oil exceeded 90% for T. urticae and T. macfarlanei. Application of 1.2–5% concentrations of the essential oil to mite eggs reduced egg viability, with 0–54% hatch of T. urticae eggs and 0% hatch of T. macfarlanei eggs 6 d following treatment. At 2.5%, the essential oil was toxic to A. longipinosus by residual contact toxicity (58% mortality) and direct contact toxicity (0% mortality). No eggs and 47.6 eggs of A. longispinosus were oviposited with residual contact toxicity and direct contact toxicity, respectively. The chemical constituents of the essential oil, as determined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, showed that camphor (41.07%) and 5,5-dimethyl-2-ethynylcyclopent-2-en-1-ol (27.96%) were the major chemical compounds of the essential oil. These results indicate that this essential oil extracted from fresh A. calamus rhizomes could prove useful in controlling T. urticae and T. macfarlanei. Our findings also showed that the essential oil had no deleterious effects against A. longispinosus by direct contact toxicity test; however, A. longispinosus consuming spider mite eggs treated with essential oil were negatively impacted.

CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTION CONTAINING BETA ASARONE ISOLATED FROM ACORUS CALAMUS LINN. RHI- ZOMES AND STUDYING THE AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF JUGLANS REGIA KERNEL OIL ON ITS ANTIEPILEPTIC PO- TENTIAL

Sweet flag (Acorus calamus) has a long history of use in the treatment of a range of diseases, including inflammatory response, chest pain, digestive problems, and neurological disorders. The prime objective of the study is to isolate newer moieties from Acorus calamus (AC) rhizomes and to test their anticonvulsant potential with Juglans Regia Kernel Oil (Walnut Oil). Pharmacognostic standardization of AC rhizomes have been performed as per WHO guidelines of standardization. Methanolic extract of AC rhizomes was used for isolation of active moieties using column chromatography. Further, characterization of isolated moieties has been performed using UV, IR, 1H-NMR, C13- NMR and LCMS data. OECD 423 guidelines have been fol- lowed for the determination of oral acute toxicity. Swiss albino mice(n=6) were used for in-vivo studies. An- ticonvulsant study of isolated and characterized fraction of Beta Asarone was performed using scPTZ in- duced convulsion model. Pharmacognostic standardization of rhizomes showed results that fall within the pharmacopoeial limits. Spectral details of the fraction confirmed the identity as Beta Asarone. Juglans Regia Kernel oil and AC isolated fraction has shown a better ameliorative antiepileptic effect with prolonged time for seizure onset. Percentage protection has also been enhanced as compared to standard drug.

Efficacy of Some Plant Extracts against Root Rot Disease of Green Oak Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Crispa) Caused by Pythium sp. Grown in a Hydroponic System

An antifungal activity of the twelve plant extracts were tested against Pythium sp., the causal agents of root rot diseases grown in hydroponic systems. The crude extracts of Acorus calamus and Syzygium aromaticum completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium sp. in the in vitro condition at 5,000 ppm, whilst Curcuma zedoaria and other plant extracts had show lesser inhibitory activity. Out of these twelve plant extracts selecting A. calamus, S. aromaticum and C. zedoaria for further in vivo test in nursery raising seedling in plastic tray of hydroponic system by inoculating Pythium sp. mycelial developed on agar medium, A. calamus rhizome extract exhibited highest inhibitory effect against % root tip colonized by Pythium sp. of 5.85 to 48 followed by S. aromaticum floral bud 9.97 to 60 and rhizome of C. zedoaria extract 28.32 to 90 at 2000 ppm on seven and twenty one days after inoculation respectively. The concentrations and application methods of these extracts should be further investigated to control the root rot disease of lettucein the hydroponic system.

EFFICACY OF BOTANICAL DUST AGAINST PULSE BEETLE OF BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo L.)

The study aims to devise suitable and eco-friendly control measures for pulse beetle. For this, the experiment was carried out in Central Agricultural Laboratory, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur from April 2020- June 2020. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with four replication and six treatments (Xanthoxylum armatum DC fruit dust@ 50gm kg-1; Acorus calamus L. rhizome dust@ 50 gm kg-1; Curcuma longa L. rhizome dust@ 50 gm kg-1; Azadirachta indica A. Juss. leaf dust@50gm kg-1; malathion dust@ 1gm kg-1 and control). Out of four botanical dust, bojho rhizome was found more effective than Malathion (positive check) with minimum insect build-up (0.00) and minimum loss (0.00%). It was effective in maintaining higher germination (92.5 percent) and lower moisture content (11.25). X. armatum fruit dust and A. indica leaf dust were found ineffective to cause adult mortality (56.25 and 59.37) in black gram. Thus, botanical materials such as A. calamus rhizome dust has been found as effective safe alternatives for the management of C. chinensis L. in the storage of black gram.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Emulgel Ekstrak Rimpang Jeringau (Acorus calamus L.) sebagai anti-acne

Dermatology studies in Indonesia show an increase in acne vulgaris incidents with the highest prevalence in adolescents. Acne topical therapy generally contains retinoids. However, this therapeutic option has drawbacks, namely burning sensation, dry skin, erythema, and itching of the skin. Along with people's interest in using natural products, alternative therapies with natural products are increasingly having economic value. One of the natural ingredients that have the potential to be anti-acne is Acorus calamus L. Sweet pea (Acorus calamus L.) is a plant whose leaves and rhizomes are used empirically by the Dayak tribe in Borneo to treat skin diseases. Acorus calamus rhizome ethanol extract can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria that predominate in acne inflammation. Acorus calamus rhizome extract in this study was formulated in the form of an emulgel because it effectively delivers hydrophobic active substances. Emulgel is also not greasy but moisturizes the skin. The research aimed to produce an anti-acne emulgel formulation from Acorus calamus extract as a natural raw material that meets the physical stability requirements. The research was conducted at the Phytochemical Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, and Microbiology Laboratory of Samarinda School of Health Sciences. The research stages are the preparation of plant extract, phytochemical analysis, preparation of emulgel, evaluation of emulgel, and antibacterial activity assay. The Emulgel formulation was carried out with variations in the concentration of the gelling agent, namely Carbomer 940 0.5% (Formula A), 0.75% (Formula B0, and 1% (Formula C). The results of the physical evaluation showed all formulas met the requirements of the organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, and viscosity test. All formulas have non-Newtonian flow types with plastic properties. The antibacterial test results show that all formulas can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria.

Efficacy of Plant Derivatives in Protecting Mungbean Grains against Cowpea Weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) under Storage Conditions in Southern Bhutan

Food grains infestation by insect pests in stores is a severe challenge in food production around the globe, especially in wet and humid regions. In Bhutan, mung bean is commonly grown for consumption as a superior source of protein. However, severe cowpea weevil infestation is observed while in storage condition. Controlling with synthetic pesticides is associated with health risks due to toxic residues which intervene in safe and healthy protection methods. Protecting the grains in-store through organic approach is imperative for consumption and seed purposes. Some botanical plant extracts are known for their protective properties which need location-specific studies based on availability and suitability. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of eight treatments (Acorus calamus rhizome powder, mustard oil, garlic cloves, turmeric rhizome powder, wood ash, Vitex negundo leaf powder, super grain bag including untreated control) against cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) in mungbean under storage condition. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result revealed that the lowest mean number of grains perforated and percent grain perforated were recorded in grains treated with Acorus calamus rhizome powder (0.46 &amp; 0.20 %) followed by mustard oil (1.05 &amp; 0.47 %) and grains stored in super grain bag (5.74 &amp; 2.49%), which were significantly lower (P&lt;0.001) as compared to other treatments. The lowest number of adult cowpea weevils was also recorded in grains treated with Acorus calamus and mustard oil followed by grains stored in super grain bag. Germination percentage was found highest in wood ash followed by mustard oil, Acorus calamus and garlic-treated grains while the lowest was in super grain bag. Therefore, Acorus calamus rhizome powder and mustard oil were found to be effective in managing cowpea weevil without affecting seed germination and vigour.

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of haemolytic potential of methanolic extracts of root of Chrysopogon zizanioides and rhizome of Acorus calamus

Many plants and plant-derived products have been used in the preparation of traditional medicine to prevent and treat various diseases. Even though medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds, analysis of their composition is a prerequisite along with an evaluation of their cytotoxicity. The haemolytic test determines the ability of any compound to destroy red blood cells, leading to the release of haemoglobin. Plants Chrysopogon zizanioides and Acorus calamus have been reported to exhibit several medicinal properties. Hence this study was designed to elucidate the medicinal plant extracts by phytochemical analysis and to evaluate the haemolytic potential of methanolic extracts of the root of Chrysopogon zizanioides and rhizome of Acorus calamus, towards the human erythrocytes, using spectrophotometer. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and carbohydrates in the crude extract of both plants. From the results of this study, it is clear that the percentage of haemolysis increases with an increase in the concentration of crude extract of the root of Chrysopogon zizanioides and rhizome of Acorus calamus treatments. However, in both the treated groups, the haemolysis percentage was very less; indicating that these extracts are safe for human erythrocytes.

The role of centrifugal partition chromatography in the removal of β-asarone from Acorus calamus essential oil

Β-asarone is a phenylpropane derivative present in the rhizomes of Acorus calamus, that was proved to exhibit toxic effects in humans. Because of its presence the whole plant that is commonly used in traditional medicine for its sedative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and other properties has limited application nowadays. In the study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of a collection of nine essential oil (EO) samples of European and Asian origin was performed. The final content of β-asarone in the tested samples ranged between 0.265 and 1.885 mg/mL. Having in mind a possible application of the EO as a biopesticide, this research aimed at the development of CPC-based purification protocol that could help remove β-asarone from EO. It was proved that the biphasic solvent system composed of n-hexane/EtOAc/MeOH/water, 9:1:9:1 (v/v/v/v) was capable of the removal of the toxic constituent in the CPC chromatograph operated in the ascending elution mode with 2200 rpm and a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The chromatographic analysis that lasted only 144 min effectively separated β-asarone (purity of 95.5%) and α-asarone (purity of 93.7%) directly from the crude Acorus calamus rhizome EO.

Influence of thermal treatment on extraction and characteristics of phytochemicals from rhizome of Acorus calamus L

Influence of thermal treatment on extraction and characteristics of phytochemicals from rhizome of Acorus calamus L

Effect of Phytobiotic Composition on Production Parameters, Oxidative Stress Markers and Myokine Levels in Blood and Pectoral Muscle of Broiler Chickens.

Simple SummaryIntensive rearing of broiler chickens is accompanied with pathological processes occurring in muscle tissue that decrease meat quality. The application of common spices as feed additives for chickens may improve the birds’ health and prevent the development of myopathies. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the effect of the dietary level of a phytobiotic composition on the production parameters, oxidative stress markers and myokine levels in the blood and pectoral muscle of broiler chickens. The composition consisted of red pepper fruit, white mustard seed, soapwort root, calamus rhizome, and thymol, and it was tested at two levels, i.e., 60 and 100 mg/kg diet. The results showed that dietary supplementation with phytobiotic composition at the level of 100 mg/kg diet improved feed efficiency in broiler chickens and might improve the quality and economy of broiler meat production. The plant constituents exerted their beneficial effects on meat via decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α concentration in pectoral muscle and increasing interleukin-6 content in the blood of chickens.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary level of a phytobiotic composition (PBC) on production parameters, oxidative stress markers and cytokine levels in the blood and breast muscle of broiler chickens. The experiment was performed on 48 one-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chickens divided into three groups (n = 16) fed the control diet (without PBC), and a diet supplemented with 60 or 100 mg/kg of PBC. After 35 days of feeding, blood and breast muscle samples were collected for analyses. There was no effect on final body weight and feed intake but PBC addition (100 mg/kg) improved feed efficiency as compared to the control. Also, this dietary level of PBC contributed to an increase in interlukin-6 content in blood and a reduction in tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations in pectoral muscle in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, the addition of 100 mg/kg PBC improved the production parameters of broiler chickens and beneficially influenced the regeneration and protection of pectoral muscle against pathophysiological processes that may occur during intensive rearing.

Synthesis and characterization of cry protein coated zinc oxide nanocomposites and its assessment against bacterial biofilm and mosquito vectors

Mosquitoes need to be eradicated as they can spread deadly diseases. Cry toxic proteins from Bacillus and zinc oxide nanoparticles also can tremendously control pest and bacterial pathogens. With this reference, the Ac-ZnO NPs was effectively synthesized using Acorus calamus rhizomes extract where after incorporated with bacterial cry toxic protein (Btp) to produce Btp-Ac-ZnO nanocomposites. The XRD and FTIR, disclose the crystalline form with an average size of 17.47 nm and the possible biomolecules of Btp-Ac-ZnO NCs. SEM and TEM make known the well agglomerated and cone shape of Btp-Ac-ZnO NCs. The NCs show concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. Btp-Ac-ZnO NCs drastically arrest the formation of biofilm by the pathogenic bacteria such as E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and P. vulgaris at 100 μg/mL. All the above, the Btp-Ac-ZnO NCs exhibits superior larvicidal activity against three mosquito vectors namely Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 values of 43.76, 39.60 and 37.13 μg/mL respectively. Besides, the biological enzymes are significantly reduced in the treated larvae than that of untreated one, which indicates the effect of Btp-Ac-ZnO NCs. Since, the Btp-Ac-ZnO NCs could be utilized against the pathogenic bacteria, and its biofilm structure, and also in the vector control sectors.

Effect of botanicals on number of egg laid by Callosobruchus chinensis in stored chickpea

An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of botanicals against pulse beetle in stored chickpea. Eight treatment including untreated control comprising of Cinnamon powder (3 g/kg), Clove powder(3 g/kg), Black pepper seed powder(3 g/kg), Turmeric rhizome powder(5 g/kg), Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder (2 g/kg), Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder(4 g/kg), Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder (8 g/kg) were used against adult pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis on chickpea grains. All botanicals recorded minimum eggs laid by the pulse beetles on the grain treated with than the untreated control. Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder (8 g/kg) and Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder (4 g/kg) were found most effective in inhibiting egg laying even up to 6 month of storage after release of insect.

Effectiveness of using the complex drug ‘Karafand+OV,Zn’ to increase the reproductive capacity of males of domestic animals

Experimental research on male domestic animals (boars, bulls) proved the effectiveness of using the complex drug ‘Karafand+OV,Zn’ to increase their reproductive capacity. This preparation contains carotenoids, biologically active substances from the rhizome of marsh calamus and nanoparticles of orthovanadate gadolinium activated by europium and zinc carbonate. It was observed that the introduction of the drug increased the activity of antioxidant protection — catalase activity in the serum and erythrocytes in boars by 15.9% (p &lt; 0.01) and 11.4% (p &lt; 0.05), in bulls — by 7.3% (p &lt; 0.05) and 12.4% (p &lt; 0.01), respectively, and SOD in boars by 30.2% (p &lt; 0.01), in bulls — by 16.5% (P &lt;0.05) — when reducing the intensity of lipoperoxidation processes (reducing the amount of TBA-AP in the serum and erythrocytes of males — in boars by 19.4% (p &lt; 0.05) and 16.9% (p &lt; 0.001), in bulls — by 25% (p &lt; 0.05) and by 12.4% (p &lt; 0.01), respectively. There was an improvement in sperm quality (especially in terms of motility and content of sperm with morphological abnormalities) and endocrine function of the testes — testosterone levels increased by 16.8% in boars (p &lt; 0.05), and in bulls — by 44.3 % (p &lt; 0.001). At the same time, there was an increase in protein-vitamin-mineral metabolism in the body: the amount of vitamin A reliably increased in boars by 14.5% (p &lt; 0.001), in bulls — by 7.6% (p &lt; 0.05), and the content of zinc — in boars by 36.5% (p &lt; 0.001), in bulls — by 16.0% (p &lt; 0.01), the amount of total protein, calcium and phosphorus also increased. Thus, the obtained results allow us to recommend the complex drug ‘Karafand+OV,Zn’ as an effective means for increasing the reproductive capacity of males with pronounced sperm-modeling and androgen-stimulating effects and powerful antioxidant properties

Plant secondary metabolites extracted from Acorus calamus rhizome from Western Ghats, India and repellent activity on Sitophilus oryzae

Medicinal plants are widely used to treat various ailments and Acorus calamus L. is one of the medicinal plants has ethnomedicinal significance. The rhizome of A. calamus was used for the extraction of phytochemicals using various solvent. The methanol extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. Biological study reported higher antimicrobial array for methanolic extract of A. calamus than other solvent extracts. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of alcohol, alkenes, carbonyl, aromatic, amine, methylene, venyl, phenyl, ether, cyclic ether, aromatic cyclic ether, and primary amines. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of compounds such as asarone, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9, 15-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (z,z)- and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (z,z). The methanolic extract of A. calamus was highly effective against bacteria such as, S. epidermis (5 μg/mL), P. vulgaris (5 μg/mL) and B. cereus (5 μg/mL). A. calamus extract was active against the tested Sitophilus oryzae, the insecticidal activity was dose dependence, and activity increased with higher doses and increased with incubation times. At 125, 250, 375, 500, 625 and 750 μg/cm2 concentration, the insecticidal repellent activity was 13.8 ± 1.4%, 17.4 ± 2.3%, 22.3 ± 1.7%, 31.8 ± 2.6%, 44.1 ± 1.3%, and 44.2 ± 2.4, respectively after 24 h incubation. This study has demonstrated that methanolic rhizome extracts of A. calamus has significant antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and insecticidal activity against pathogenic plant bacterial pathogens and insect pests, it could be of high agricultural and pharmacological value.