Reward Programs Research Articles

Особливості мотивування персоналу підприємств в умовах поглиблення міжнародного співробіництва

The article provides a definition of the term "motivation" and an overview of the motivation process. Following a summary of every source examined, the following conclusions can be made: By addressing all of an employee's demands, motivation is a method that encourages staff to perform efficiently to accomplish goals. The writers underlined the significance of researching motivational techniques and frameworks and the utilization of contemporary employee motivation theories and strategies in the context of strengthening global cooperation. The writers concentrate on the factors that contribute to staff motivation in the context of global cooperation. According to the authors, a number of factors are crucial to staff motivation in the context of international cooperation. Transformational leadership that motivates and advances employees is a crucial element. Organizational identification, which refers to a fit between a worker's perception of himself and his employer, is another crucial component. Staff motivation can also be significantly influenced by ongoing attention to employee engagement, and a comprehensive plan includes commitment, organizational identification, and motivation. Employee motivation can also be influenced by fundamental organizational procedures including performance reviews, feedback, engagement, and reward programs. Employers can boost employee intrinsic motivation and engagement in accomplishing their objectives for international cooperation by putting these components into practice. Incentives must be offered to employees in order to improve performance. The key recommendations for the area of employee motivation in businesses involved in international activities are identified based on the analysis of the literature. It is crucial to offer a personalized strategy for each employee when it comes to global cooperation. Particularly, it is important to consider diverse cultural, ethical, and religious aspects that could influence employee motivation. Another factor to think about is developing a healthy corporate culture at the company that supports employee growth and motivates them to deliver excellent results. Opportunities for professional advancement, a focus on wellness, and a balance between work and personal life are examples of components of a positive corporate culture.

Tangible Rewards for More Than Just Productivity: Examining Canadian Public Accounting Firms' Rewards Programs*

ABSTRACTCompanies spend significant amounts of money on tangible rewards programs, even during the economic turmoil of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The prevalence, growth, and significance of these expenditures highlight the importance of understanding the purpose and use of these programs by organizations. Research on public accounting (PA) firms' compensation plans has focused on the balance between professional and commercial incentives in partner profit‐sharing schemes but has failed to examine the incentives for nonpartner audit professionals. However, it is exactly these professionals who do a substantial amount of work on audit engagements. This paper has three main purposes. First, we investigate the nature and composition of PA firms' tangible rewards programs and provide a detailed description. Second, we examine the use of firms' tangible rewards programs to provide evidence of what actions are being rewarded. We use Almer et al.'s (2005, Behavioral Research in Accounting 17: 1–22) framework, which presents dimensions of the auditors' professional contribution, and explores whether firms recognize these dimensions using tangible rewards. Third, we develop future research questions to help explore the use of tangible rewards in firms without structured output. We collect archival data on the use of tangible rewards from each of the Big 4 PA firms and three of the next four largest international accounting firms in Canada. We find that firms use their tangible rewards programs for “building a culture of recognition,” for performance incentives, and for employee and firm development, thus rewarding a broad set of measures beyond the incentive measures for hours worked.

Nonmonetary rewards of referral reward programs and recommendation intention: The role of reward–product congruity

Referral reward programs (RRPs) are a cost-effective means for companies to acquire new customers, and they have therefore been adopted by diverse businesses. This research investigates how the reward–product congruity of nonmonetary rewards influences consumers' recommendation intention in online RRPs. Specifically, drawing on the theories of congruity fit and schema congruity, we propose that nonmonetary rewards with moderate congruity trigger consumers' recommendation intention in RRPs more than those with high and low congruity. Moreover, this inverted U-shaped relationship is moderated by factors that influence the individual cognitive state (i.e., need for cognition and utilitarian versus hedonic products). An experiment with a 3 (reward–product congruity: high/moderate/low) × 2 (product type: utilitarian app/hedonic app) mixed factorial design was conducted to test our hypotheses. The results largely support our propositions. First, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship between reward–product congruity and recommendation intention and a mediated effect of reward attractiveness. Furthermore, need for cognition moderates the effects of reward–product congruity on recommendation intention, and there is a three-way interaction effect among product type, need for cognition, and reward–product congruity. We also discuss the important theoretical and practical implications of our findings.

Integrating Human-Centered Design Methods Into a Health Promotion Project: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education Case Study for Intervention Design.

Human-centered design, or design thinking, offers an extensive toolkit of methods and strategies for user-centered engagement that lends itself well to intervention development and implementation. These methods can be applied to the fields of public health and medicine to design interventions that may be more feasible and viable in real-world contexts than those developed with different methods. The design team aimed to develop approaches to building food skills among caregivers of children aged 0-5 years who are eligible for a federal food assistance program while they were in the grocery store. They applied 3 specific human-centered design methods-Extremes and Mainstreams, Journey Mapping, and Co-Creation Sessions-to collaboratively develop intervention approaches to enhance Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) reach and impact across food retail settings. Extremes and Mainstreams is a specific kind of purposive sampling that selects individuals based on characteristics beyond demographics. Journey Mapping is a visual tool that asks individuals to identify key moments and decision points during an experience. Co-Creation Sessions are choreographed opportunities for individuals to explicitly contribute to the design of a solution alongside research or design team members. Ten caregivers with diverse lived experiences were selected to participate in remote design thinking workshops and create individual journey maps to depict their grocery store experiences. Common happy points and pain points were identified. Nine stakeholders, including caregivers, SNAP-Ed staff, and grocery store dieticians, cocreated 2 potential intervention approaches informed by caregivers' experiences and needs: a rewards program and a meal box option. These 3 human-centered design methods led to a meaningful co-design process where proposed interventions aligned with caregivers' wants and needs. This case study provides other public health practitioners with specific examples of how to use these methods in program development and stakeholder engagement as well as lessons learned when adapting these methods to remote settings.

The Influence of a Wearable-Based Reward Program on Health Care Costs: Retrospective, Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study

Mobile health (mHealth) technology holds great promise as an easily accessible and effective solution to improve population health at scale. Despite the abundance of mHealth offerings, only a minority are grounded in evidence-based practice, whereas even fewer have line of sight into population-level health care spending, limiting the clinical utility of such tools. This study aimed to explore the influence of a health plan-sponsored, wearable-based, and reward-driven digital health intervention (DHI) on health care spending over 1 year. The DHI was delivered through a smartphone-based mHealth app available only to members of a large commercial health plan and leveraged a combination of behavioral economics, user-generated sensor data from the connected wearable device, and claims history to create personalized, evidence-based recommendations for each user. This study deployed a propensity score-matched, 2-group, and pre-post observational design. Adults (≥18 years of age) enrolled in a large, national commercial health plan and self-enlisted in the DHI for ≥7 months were allocated to the intervention group (n=56,816). Members who were eligible for the DHI but did not enlist were propensity score-matched to the comparison group (n=56,816). Average (and relative change from baseline) medical and pharmacy spending per user per month was computed for each member of the intervention and comparison groups during the pre- (ie, 12 months) and postenlistment (ie, 7-12 months) periods using claims data. Baseline characteristics and medical spending were similar between groups (P=.89). On average, the total included sample population (N=113,632) consisted of young to middle-age (mean age 38.81 years), mostly White (n=55,562, 48.90%), male (n=46,731, 41.12%) and female (n=66,482, 58.51%) participants. Compared to a propensity score-matched cohort, DHI users demonstrated approximately US $10 per user per month lower average medical spending (P=.02) with a concomitant increase in preventive care activities and decrease in nonemergent emergency department admissions. These savings translated to approximately US $6.8 million in avoidable health care costs over the course of 1 year. This employer-sponsored, digital health engagement program has a high likelihood for return on investment within 1 year owing to clinically meaningful changes in health-seeking behaviors and downstream medical cost savings. Future research should aim to elucidate health behavior-related mechanisms in support of these findings and continue to explore novel strategies to ensure equitable access of DHIs to underserved populations that stand to benefit the most.

An IFRS Decision Heuristic—A Model for Accounting for Credit Card Rewards Programme Transactions

Guidance on the appropriate accounting treatment of a credit card rewards programme (CCRP) transaction after the effective date of IFRS 15 is needed due to current uncertainty and inconsistencies. The objective of the research was to develop a theoretical model for the accounting treatment of CCRP transactions after the effective date of IFRS 15 by considering the relevant literature, including IFRS. This non-empirical qualitative literature study utilised document analysis and model building to construct the theoretical model. To provide practical guidelines in accounting for a CCRP transaction, a model embedded in a decision tree was developed as a heuristic to provide for various possible accounting treatments. It was found that a CCRP transaction can be accounted for in terms of IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (as an expense and provision), in terms of IFRS 9 Financial instruments (as an expense and financial liability), or in terms of IFRS 15 Revenue from contracts with customers (as a deferred revenue). The value of this article is that it provides answers in a clear and concise matter on a single page dealing with all the various elements of a CCRP transaction that impacts the accounting treatment. The CCRP theoretical model developed could eliminate uncertainty amongst CCRP management and increase the decision-usefulness of financial information.

Effects of perceived vs actual frequency of rewards on orthodontic patient attitudes and compliance.

To examine the longitudinal association of different reward schedules on patient compliance (as measured by oral hygiene assessments). The cross-sectional associations of actual vs perceived rewards frequency on patient attitudes were also examined. 138 patients undergoing treatment at a university orthodontic clinic were surveyed to collect information on perceived frequency of rewards, likelihood of making patient referrals, and attitudes toward reward programs and orthodontic treatment. Oral hygiene assessment from the most recent appointment and actual frequency of rewards were obtained from patient charts. Among participants, 44.9% were male, age ranged from 11 to 18 (mean = 14.9 ± 1.7) years; treatment time ranged from 9 to 56 (mean = 23.2 ± 9.8) months. Mean perceived frequency of rewards was 48% while actual frequency of rewards was 19.6%. There were no significant differences in attitudes by actual reward frequency (P > .10). However, those who perceived always receiving rewards were significantly more likely to have more positive opinions of reward programs (P = .004 and P = .024). Age- and treatment-time adjusted analyses showed that always receiving actual rewards was associated with odds of good oral hygiene 3.8 times (95% CI = 1.13, 13.09) higher than those never/rarely receiving actual rewards, but there was no association between perceived rewards and odds of good oral hygiene. Actual and perceived reward frequencies were significantly and positively correlated (r = 0.40, P < .001). It is beneficial to give rewards to patients as often as possible to maximize compliance (as shown by hygiene ratings) and foster positive attitudes.

How desirable is the medium? Effect of point accumulation scheme on consumer loyalty toward reward program

An accruable point scenario study was applied to examine the effect of the point-accumulation trend (diminishing vs. increasing) and the nominal value (small vs. large) of a medium for repeated consumption on program loyalty. The results showed that both factors affect consumer loyalty toward a reward program. Consumers who received a medium with an increasing accumulation trend and a large nominal value perceived a reward to be more valuable than those who received a diminishing trend and a small nominal value. The results confirmed that a large nominal value or an increasing accumulation trend increased the perception of reward and program loyalty. However, when the desirability of the medium was controlled, the effect of trend was reduced to almost negligible whereas that of the nominal value remained the same. These findings suggest how consumer perceptions of loyalty programs can be practically managed through point accumulation processes.

Efektivitas Pemberian Reward Terhadap Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan PT. Delima Makmur Aceh Singkil

This literature discusses about the relation between leadership and accountability in local government. This study discusses how the effectiveness and influence of rewarding on improving the performance of employees of PT Delima Makmur Aceh Singkil and the form of rewarding in improving employee performance at PT Delima Makmur Aceh Singkil. The research in this article aims to describe how effective the improvement in employee performance that occurs with the reward program given to each employee who reaches the target or achieves. The type of research that the author uses is field research, in order to find data that is the subject matter under study. The author uses data collection techniques through direct interviews, online interviews, documentation and data from PT Delima Makmur. The data that has been obtained is processed with a qualitative descriptive method, followed by describing and dividing certain subject matter and describing through clear and easy-to-understand sentences. The results of research conducted by researchers in the field illustrate that the effectiveness of rewarding in improving employee performance at PT. Delima Makmur Aceh Singkil is in accordance with the target the company wants, rewards can also provide good motivation to each employee, all of that can be seen from the gradual achievement of the production of PT. Delima Makmur which continues to increase from year to year.

Referral reward programs for specialists: the role of reward and brand strength on referral likelihood

Objetivo: Esta pesquisa examina o papel da recompensa (tipo e intensidade) e a força da marca na probabilidade de indicação de especialistas (ou seja, profissionais contratados pelos consumidores para projetar um projeto e/ou recomendar produtos e serviços) que são alvo de programas de recompensa por indicação. Além disso, também é explorado o papel da meta-percepção como mecanismo subjacente e seus efeitos na probabilidade de indicação.Método: Os autores realizaram três experimentos com especialistas que trabalham com empresas de móveis feitos sob medida.Conclusões: Para uma marca forte, nem o tipo nem a intensidade de uma recompensa por indicação são relevantes, pois o nível de probabilidade de indicação é naturalmente alto. Quando a marca é reconhecida como fraca, a recompensa não monetária (vs. monetária) minimiza os custos sociais de sua indicação e leva a uma maior probabilidade de indicação pelos especialistas (Estudo 1). Além disso, a intensidade de uma recompensa não monetária não afeta a probabilidade de indicação (Estudo 2). A meta-percepção explica o efeito do tipo de recompensa na probabilidade de indicação (Estudo 3).Contribuições Teóricas: Esta pesquisa contribui com a literatura sobre programas de recompensa ao abordar dois aspectos ainda negligenciados: o tipo de recompensa e a força da marca. O foco no contexto dos especialistas também é uma contribuição uma vez que pesquisas anteriores abordaram apenas os clientes como fontes de recomendação.Relevância e Originalidade: Esse artigo é o primeiro a ampliar o escopo dos programas de recompensa por indicação do foco em clientes e empresas para o exame de um relacionamento mais complexo entre especialistas, clientes e empresas, sendo um dos primeiros a explorar diferentes níveis de incentivos não monetários oferecidos por esses programas.Contribuições Gerenciais: Os resultados desta pesquisa ajudam os gerentes de marketing a entender como os especialistas (arquitetos e designers de interiores) reagem aos programas de recompensa, indicando que os programas mais eficazes devem incluir recompensas não monetárias pois as recompensas monetárias aumentam os custos sociais da indicação para especialistas. Além disso, quando a marca é considerada forte pelos especialistas, nenhuma recompensa é necessária para as intenções de recomendação.

Unleashing the Power of Employee Helping Behavior: A Comprehensive Study

Employee helping behavior is a critical aspect of organizational behavior that has been studied extensively in the literature. This study provides an integrative review and research agenda for exploring the determinants of employee helping behavior. The study addresses the current state of knowledge on the determinants of employee helping behavior, the strengths and limitations of existing theories, methods, and findings in this field of research, and avenues for future research. The study identifies the importance of considering individual and situational factors, leadership behavior and communication, recognition and reward programs, and creating a positive and supportive work environment for promoting and managing employee helping behavior in organizations. Future research directions include further examination of specific determinants, examination of individual and organizational factors, examination of cross-cultural differences, longitudinal studies, and implementation of promoting strategies. The study contributes to the development of effective strategies for promoting and managing employee helping behavior in organizations.

Risk Aversion in the Field: Evidence on Prevalence and Motives from an Employee Rewards Program

Risk Aversion in the Field: Evidence on Prevalence and Motives from an Employee Rewards Program

지역서점 활성화를 위한 도서캐시백 사업의 효과 분석

Daejeon city provides cash-back rewards to consumers when they purchase books by local currency, ‘Ontong Dajeon’. This study analyzes the policy effects of the Daejeon’s cash-back rewards program for local bookstores. By using individual bookstores’s data of credit card payments and local currency payments, we empirically analyze the effects of cash-back rewards on sales growth and redistribution of local bookstores. Main findings can be summarized as follows. First, our ‘Before-and-After’ analysis shows that sales of local bookstores were increased by an average 53% during consumers provided with the cash-back rewards. Second, mitigating effect of cash-back rewards on sales inequality among local bookstores is very small. Specifically, as the ratio of local currency payments to total payments increase by 1%, Gini coefficient of local bookstores’ sales decrease by only 0.0084%.

Work Outcomes of Occupational Health and Safety: The Role of Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation

Safety culture and unsafe behavior have been considered to be important factors in operational safety in various fields, including transportation systems. The study sought to analyze the relationship between occupational health and safety and employee work outcomes, the moderating role of public service motivation and employee work outcomes, and transformational leadership and employee work outcomes. A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling technique was adopted with a sample of 300 public transport bus drivers from Takoradi Market Circle, Ghana. A five-point Likert scale integrated questionnaire was used. The study use SmartPLS software 3.2.8 to analyze the data. The study found Occupational Health and Safety to have direct positive and significant relationship with Employee Work Outcomes. Furthermore, the study found public service motivation also have positive and significant connection with Employee Work Outcomes. Also, the study found support for the relationship between Transformational Leadership and Employee Work Outcomes. Again, transformational leadership moderates the relationship occupational health and safety and employee work outcomes. In a similar fashion, public service motivation was found to moderate the relationship between occupational health and safety and employee work outcomes. It is recommended that workshops and training sessions on safety to enhance the alignment of safety practices for drivers as industrial employees responsible for transport operations. Also, employers should implement safety reward programs that enable drivers to follow good levels of health and safety. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-23-06 Publication date: December 31 st 2022

Continuous intention to use e-wallets in Indonesia: The impact of e-wallets features

Increased use of e-wallets in Indonesia has resulted in high competition among providers. Hence, companies must act to retain customers and impose continuous utilization of their services. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of continuous intention to use the preferred e-wallet in Indonesia. The framework was drawn from the technology continuance theory (TCT) with modifications to fit the e-wallet settings. This study assessed the effect of e-wallet features on continuous intention to use, with attitudes and satisfaction as intervening factors. Data were collected from the general population in Indonesia who uses e-wallets and possesses at least two accounts on different platforms. A total of 948 samples were generated using a web-based self-administrated survey. The data were analyzed using AMOS-SEM by assessing construct validity and reliability, as well as measurement and structural models. The analysis confirms the effect of attitudes and satisfaction on continuous intention. The findings also highlighted the positive impact of service compatibility and merchant networks on attitudes and satisfaction and the positive impact of perceived security toward satisfaction. Unexpected results revealed a strong and direct impact of value of reward programs and merchant networks toward continuance intentions. This study concludes that the modifications of TCT into the e-wallet settings can predict users’ post-adoption behavior. AcknowledgmentThis study is fully funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education of Indonesia with grant number 104/E4.1/AK.04.PT/2021; LPPM: T/37/UN.16.17/PT.01.03/PD UPT- Soshum/2021.

Leveraging data analytics for optimizing pharmacy marketing strategies: Enhancing patient engagement and medication adherence

Pharmacy marketing strategies are undergoing a transformation with the integration of data analytics, offering a more personalized and effective approach to improving patient engagement and medication adherence. As healthcare systems prioritize patient-centered care, pharmacies can harness data analytics to tailor marketing campaigns and enhance communication, ensuring that patients remain engaged with their treatment plans. This review explores how data analytics can be leveraged to optimize pharmacy marketing strategies, focusing on the role of predictive analytics, segmentation, and machine learning to identify at-risk patients and address common challenges in adherence, such as forgetfulness and treatment complexity. By analyzing prescription patterns, patient demographics, and behavioral data, pharmacies can design targeted campaigns that promote adherence through timely reminders, personalized messages, and educational content. These campaigns can be further optimized using predictive models to forecast adherence behaviors and implement interventions before lapses occur. Additionally, data analytics enable the customization of reward programs that incentivize medication compliance, leading to improved health outcomes. The use of data-driven insights also allows for the continuous measurement and refinement of marketing strategies, enhancing their impact on patient engagement. Key performance indicators, such as refill rates and communication response times, provide valuable feedback on the success of initiatives. However, this approach also raises challenges, particularly regarding data privacy and ethical marketing practices, which must be carefully managed to maintain patient trust. The review concludes by discussing the potential of future technologies, such as artificial intelligence and telepharmacy, in revolutionizing pharmacy marketing and patient care through data analytics.

B2C 공유 서비스 상황에서의 고객 협력 향상 방안 연구: 보상 프로그램의 디자인 요인과 커뮤니케이션 요인 중심

In B2C sharing-service businesses, customers can generate tragedy of the commons. Sharing companies need to prevent it, however, few studies have empirically examined it. To fill this gap, this study examines the effects of design and communication factors of customer reward program. Specifically, this study examines that the degree of motivation to achieve the goal varies depending on the goal type, reward type and focused area of goal progress. Data was collected using a scenario-based online survey with a 2(goal type: attainment vs. maintenance) x 2 (reward type: egoistic vs. altruistic) x 2 (focused area of goal progress: completed vs. remaining) between-subject experimental design. A three-way ANCOVA analysis showed that main effect of design factors and the interaction effect between the two design factors were significant. However, the main effect of a communication factor and the interaction effect between the design factors and the communication factor were not significant.

The Positive Influence of Watching Others Receive Preferential Treatment on Rewards Program Participation: The Moderating Role of Rule Knowledge

Watching others receive superior treatment, a phenomenon known as the bystander effect, typically results in negative customer responses. In contrast, we investigate how to encourage positive responses from bystanders. The results of our experimental and survey studies show that witnessing preferential treatment leads bystanders to experience envy, which then triggers self-enhancement motivation that influences future intentions about participating in a loyalty program. In addition, when bystanders know the rules that allow preferential treatment, self-enhancement motivation encourages them to participate in the loyalty program. Theoretical contributions and practical implications for managing loyalty rewards programs are discussed.

Dispersal and Survival of Captive-Reared Threatened Fishes in a Tonle Sap Lake Reserve

The Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia supports several species of threatened megafish and contains one of the largest networks of freshwater fish reserves in the world. Despite these traits, this system remains understudied in terms of its utility for endangered fish conservation and restoration. This study was the first of a series of planned fish releases designed to test the effectiveness of conservation supplementation programs in the Tonle Sap Lake. In March 2022 (during the dry season), 1582 captive-reared fishes, including 1538 striped catfish Pangasianodon hypopthalmus, 42 giant barb Catlocarpio siamensis, and two Mekong giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas, were tagged and released into a 986-hectare fish reserve to assess post-release dispersal and survival. Brightly colored external tags with unique identification numbers were used to facilitate tag returns. A high-profile release event was held to raise awareness about the activity, bringing attention to the importance of fish reserves and endangered species conservation, and disseminating information about the research and tag return and reward program. This, in concert with other efforts, served to be an important education and outreach tool and increased tag return rates. We found that mortality from fishing was rapid and very high. Nineteen percent of released fishes were recaptured in the first 2 days after the fish release, and 46% were recaptured by day 83 after the release, indicating intense fishing pressure on the Tonle Sap Lake fisheries. Eighty percent of recaptured fishes were caught in stationary gill nets, most within 10 km of the release site. Fishing mortality rates were independent of fish size or source (pond-reared or cage-reared). Environmental DNA (eDNA) was found to be capable of detecting each of these species’ presence in the water at the release site and could prove to be a useful tool for endangered species monitoring and restoration. Future research should explore alternative release timing, release location, and other methods of increasing post-release survival. Ultimately, underlying sources of mortality, especially fishing, will need to be addressed for conservation supplementation programs to succeed in the Tonle Sap Lake. Conservation supplementation should not be viewed as a substitute for more fundamental conservation measures, such as maintenance of environmental flows, preservation of ecological connectivity, and science-based fisheries management.

Cross-reward effects in a coalition loyalty program: The impact of a point currency devaluation

While single-brand reward programs encourage customers to remain loyal to that one brand, coalition programs encourage customers to be “promiscuous” by offering points redeemable across partner stores. Despite the benefits of this “open relationship” with customers, store managers face uncertainty as to how rewards offered by partners influence transactions at their own stores. We use a model of multi-store purchase incidence and spend to show how the value of points shared among partner stores can explain patterns in customer-level purchases across them. We also allow reward spillovers to be moderated by three measures of store affinity that characterize a coalition’s portfolio: the relative popularity, geographic distance, and overlap in product categories between each pair of stores.For the coalition studied, popularity affinity was the main determinant of the valence of cross-reward effects, both before and after the devaluation. In contrast, category and geographic affinity had a smaller and more heterogenous impact. Through the use of an event where the loyalty program uniformly devalued the entire coalition’s value of reward points, we show that cross-reward effects changed (lessened), leading to larger financial losses for the most popular stores. While we do not observe changes to the composition of the coalition’s portfolio, our results also suggest that the value of a shared reward currency may be driven by the inclusion of smaller partners.