Review Of Technical Literature Research Articles

Forensic Facial Comparison: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Directions.

Simple SummaryFacial identification is an emerging field in forensic anthropology, largely due to the rise in closed circuit television presence worldwide, yet there is little published research in it. Our research group has conducted a series of studies testing the validity and reliability of the facial identification practice of morphological analysis. In this paper, we summarize the results of our studies and other latest advances in facial identification practice. In addition, we present a review of relevant technical literature on the limiting factors imposed on facial identification by closed circuit television, while making recommendations for practice and the future of this research niche based on a combination of our results and the technical know-how available. Facial identification research is a multidisciplinary task, with involvement from the field of anatomy, forensic anthropology, photography, image science, and psychology, among others. The value of this brief review is the bridging of these multiple disciplines to discuss the relevant needs and requirements of facial identification in forensic practice and future research.Global escalation of crime has necessitated the use of digital imagery to aid the identification of perpetrators. Forensic facial comparison (FFC) is increasingly employed, often relying on poor-quality images. In the absence of standardized criteria, especially in terms of video recordings, verification of the methodology is needed. This paper addresses aspects of FFC, discussing relevant terminology, investigating the validity and reliability of the FISWG morphological feature list using a new South African database, and advising on standards for CCTV equipment. Suboptimal conditions, including poor resolution, unfavorable angle of incidence, color, and lighting, affected the accuracy of FFC. Morphological analysis of photographs, standard CCTV, and eye-level CCTV showed improved performance in a strict iteration analysis, but not when using analogue CCTV images. Therefore, both strict and lenient iterations should be conducted, but FFC must be abandoned when a strict iteration performs worse than a lenient one. This threshold ought to be applied to the specific CCTV equipment to determine its utility. Chance-corrected accuracy was the most representative measure of accuracy, as opposed to the commonly used hit rate. While the use of automated systems is increasing, trained human observer-based morphological analysis, using the FISWG feature list and an Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification (ACE-V) approach, should be the primary method of facial comparison.

Методики расчета тепловых процессов в условиях естественной конвекции газообразного метана при влиянии электростатических полей

Relying on the review and analysis of scientific and technical literature, as well as the results of experimental studies, we developed new methods for calculating thermal processes occurring in gaseous methane during its natural convection, under the influence of electrostatic fields. In this study we show methods for calculating and determining the coefficients of heat transfer to gaseous methane under the influence of electric wind, as well as methods for calculating and determining the effect of electrostatic fields on the negative process of sedimentation on a heated experimental working plate in the volume of gaseous methane. A general method has been developed for the effective and safe application of electrostatic fields in gaseous methane, which must be carried out in the calculations, design, creation, and operation of new engines, power plants, and techno systems for single and reusable ground, air, aerospace and space-based aircraft.

Применение вихревого струйного устройства при разработке активных гидропневмодемпферов, используемых в технических средствах реабилитации

The paper overviews and analyses the current status of the development and research of active hydro-pneumatic dampers, which are used in rehabilitation equipment, where vortex jet devices can be applied as control valves. The study focuses on a vortex jet device whose distinctive feature is the absence of mechanically moving parts, describes the principle of its operation, and gives the rationale for using it in the active hydro-pneumatic damper of the knee module prosthesis. From a review of scientific and technical literature, a conclusion is drawn that active hydro-pneumatic dampers are used not only in rehabilitation equipment but also in vehicle shock absorbers. The experience gained in the design and development of active hydro-pneumatic dampers for vehicle shock absorbers was applied in the design and development of an active hydro-pneumatic damper for the knee module. In order to identify the advantages and disadvantages, we examined some designs of active hydro-pneumatic dampers for vehicle shock absorbers. Analysis of technical solutions showed the advantage of vortex jet devices, e.g. high reliability, the ability to work with various working environments, low manufacturing and operating costs; enabled us to recommend a vortex jet device to be used as an actuator, i.e., a vortex valve, in the valve assembly of an active hydro-pneumatic damper. The use of a vortex jet device increases the reliability of the structure and reduces the energy consumption for the control of the structure. The proposed design of the hydro-pneumatic damper allows the use of interactive damping control. The study is the first to introduce the concept and describe the principle of operation of an active hydro-pneumatic damper using a vortex jet device

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ НІТРАТНОКИСЛОТНОЇ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ФОСФОГІПСУ З ОДЕРЖАННЯМ КОНЦЕНТРАТУ РІДКІСНОЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ

Investigate the process of extraction of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum by its interaction with nitric acid, concentration 25, 30 and 35%, at a ratio of "phosphogypsum: acid" 1: 2 and a temperature of 700C to obtain purified calcium sulfate. Regularities of the process of extraction of concentrate of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum by acid leaching are obtained. Experimental studies were performed using the titrimetric method using Trilon B to determine the concentration of rare earth elements in the obtained filtrates. A review of scientific and technical literature in the field of promising methods of processing phosphogypsum. The most alternative method of processing phosphogypsum is to obtain rare earth elements by acid leaching, which is provided by the use of mineral acids. Based on the obtained data, it was found that when the acid concentration increases from 25 to 35%, the content of rare earth elements (REE) in the filtrates of the samples increases from 0.21 to 1.68 g/dm3, respectively. It was found that the degree of extraction of REE concentrate from phosphogypsum is highest at an acid concentration of 25% and is 22.8%, and with increasing concentration of HNO3, it decreases by almost 2.5 times. The optimal concentration of the nitric acid solution was determined, which is 25% and interacts with phosphogypsum for the subsequent extraction of the precipitate of rare earth elements.The optimal temperature of nitric acid processing of phosphogypsum, which is 70 0C, was revealed. Regularities of the process of extraction of concentrate of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum by acid leaching are obtained.The use of nitric acid for the production of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum and for the production of purified phosphogypsum sediment from soluble impurities scientifically substantiated. The content of rare earth elements in the filtrate was determined at various acid concentrations. The efficiency of sediment removal of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum by interaction with nitric acid at a concentration of 25, 30 and 35%, respectively, was established. Purified phosphogypsum can then be used to produce gypsum binder in the construction industry and in fertilizer technology in agriculture. Concentrate of rare earth elements can be used in medicine, metallurgy and other industries with the selection of individual elements and in general.

СПЛАВЫ НА ОСНОВЕ АЛЮМИНИЯ С ДОБАВКАМИ СКАНДИЯ И ЦИРКОНИЯ В АДДИТИВНОМ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ (обзор)

The article provides a review of scientific and technical literature in the field of development of alloys with additions of scandium and zirconium and their use for parts of additive manufacturing. The article describes the character of the influence of scandium and zirconium on the formation of a bimodal structure during synthesis. The factors influencing the formation of hot cracks in synthesized samples are given. The effect of compression on the density, size and ratio of the number of equiaxed and columnar crystallites in the structure, roughness and mechanical properties of synthesized alloys with additions of scandium and zirconium, including alloys with experimental compositions, is shown.

ГИБРИДНЫЕ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИЕ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ НА ОСНОВЕ АЛЮМИНИЕВЫХ СПЛАВОВ (обзор)

A review of scientific and technical literature in the field of hybrid metal composite materials (MMС) based on aluminum alloys is presented. The most widespread at present matrix aluminum alloys and reinforcing components for the manufacture of hybrid MMCs are considered. The main methods of manufacturing MMCs are shown, as well as the effect of matrix aluminum alloys and reinforcing components on the mechanical, thermophysical and tribological properties of hybrid MMCs. A comparison of the characteristics of hybrid MCMs with matrix alloys and MCMs of similar systems is given.

Видеоанализ биомеханики позвоночника как объективный метод функциональной диагностики

The present scientific review of medical and technical literature presents the attempt to assess modern technological stage of spine biomechanical hardware diagnostics in terms of its objectivity, as well as diagnostic and prognostic value on the example of etiopathogenesis analysis of spine degenerative-dystrophic diseases. A set of structural and extra vertebral factors contributing to the onset and progression of spine degenerative-dystrophic diseases was identifi ed to determine diagnostic and prognostic value studying particular literature sources, which use empirical and mathematical research methods. Central indicator value of intersegmental compression-distractive kinetics and loads shift s related to these factors was also determined. When considering the objectivity of spine biomechanics video analysis, the reliability of kinetics and spinal motion segments kinematics was separately assessed. Furthermore, impropriety of the latter was established in terms of reliability and repeatability of diagnostic results. Only vertical force indicator is valid in kinetics, reflecting intersegmental compression load, due to the sufficient objectivity and weak dependence of its values on the type of computer mathematical models used by commercial systems of video motion analysis. Walking is optimal motional act for calculating vertical force by modern optoelectronic soft ware and hardware systems.

Calciothermic powders of rare metals and intermetallic compounds

This paper presents a profound review of scientific and technical literature on the issues of calciothermic production of powders of rare metals, intermetallic compounds, composite materials and refractory oxygen-free compounds (carbides, nitrides). Calciothermic reduction is a metallothermic synthesis method for those substances where calcium or its derivatives, such as calcium hydride or calcium carbide, are used as a reducing agent. Thermodynamics aspects of a reduction process are covered in the paper broadly, with particular emphasis on assessing the reduction depth of original oxide raw materials, as TiO2. The mechanism and kinetics of calciothermic synthesis of single-component and multi-component alloys are described. Presented are both technological means of obtaining materials and hardware resources of many varieties of calciothermic method. The key features of the work are generalization and systematization of properties (chemical, physical, technological) of materials synthesized by calciothermic method. The data are accumulated in the appropriate tables and divided by substance classes (powders of metals and alloys, powders of intermetallic compounds, powders of carbides, powders of nitrides, and powders of composite materials). Methods of calciothermic powder making in case of the singlecomponent and complex multi-component systems are briefly described. This work will be interesting to the students of metallurgical profile and specialists whose scientific interests are in the field of material synthesis by methods of powder metallurgy.

Forecasting upon a star: Forecasting or wishful thinking?

The purpose of this paper was to perform a detailed analysis of the challenges faced while developing and using econometric models to forecast future transportation demand. To this end, a comparative analysis of the state of practice and state of the art was undertaken on a concrete example – Viracopos Airport in Brazil. A review of relevant technical and scientific literature identified a number of approaches and each representative example was synthesized into a specification “template”. We then compared the performance of each “template” with the observed demand, through an intra-series forecast. A general finding was that econometric model specifications proved to be somewhat homogenous and simpler in nature, with results indicating a relatively small difference in fit and forecast capability across models. Even with the elimination of what is typically considered the main culprit for deviations – the forecast uncertainty of the explanatory (input) variables – the forecast is still subject to sizeable deviation. To address this issue, we proposed developing some sanity check indexes, particularly relevant for long-term forecasts. We conclude that the challenges faced at the Viracopos Airport Concession were far from econometric ones, that the success of the demand forecast and the concession itself required more than a well estimated econometric model. Finally, regarding investment obligations within the concession agreement, we strongly recommend making them conditional to meeting demand milestones, given the inherent unpredictability in forecasts.

Kinematics of the shaped charge jet formation process

Based on the review of scientific and technical literature, an analysis is made of the problems of the modern theory of formation, extension and destruction of the shaped jet. The focus of the research is on the kinematics of the formation of a shaped jet based on the approach of operating with the characteristics of a real metal when the velocity vector of the cumulative jet is the result of three vectors: strain, strain and displacement of the shaped jet’s material. The numerical experiment of the functioning of the shaped charge is carried out, and the procedure for evaluating the calculation results is proposed. The obtained data correlate with existing knowledge about the physics of the cumulation process.

Overlap Between Lean Production and Scientific Management

Research question: Does the base of lean production include principles and factors of Taylor's scientific management? Purpose: The purpose of our research was to establish the value of overlap of the principles and factors of lean organization with basic principles and factors of scientific management. Method: We used an integrative review of technical literature of the last 20 years (from 2000 to 2020) in which the principles and factors of scientific management and lean production were described. Results: The principles and factors of lean production predominantly contain principles and factors of scientific management (53 % of analysed contributions support the finding that the principles of lean production include principles and factors of scientific management, 29 % partly support this and 18% do not). Organization: Our conclusions will help the owners and top managers in organizations with the decisions about the induction of principles and factors of lean production. Society: The conclusions of the research will have theoretical and practical implications for everyone who deal with induction of principles and factors of lean production from the aspect of society's sustainable development. Originality: The original research from the field of overlap of the principles and factors of lean production and scientific management in the Republic of Slovenia. Limitations/ further research: We conducted an integrative review of technical literature in three world bases.

Upgrading of industrial wastewater technique by pressure flotation

The aim of the study is to develop a technology for the treatment of industrial wastewater by means of a pressure flotation unit. The modernized unit of pressure flotation with various feed of water-air mixture was designed and constructed on the basis of the review of scientific and technical literature. The tests with different variations in the supply of water-air mixture to the unit were carried out in order to improve the quality of treated wastewater and, as a result, to the reduction of environmental damage. We carried out a comparative analysis of each variant in terms of the quality of treated industrial waste water and we identified the most appropriate variant for various technological treatment schemes. All results of the research considered we offer the automation of this device. The purpose of automation of the pressure flotation unit was to increase the efficiency of the used equipment, to maintain the stability of the unit, to obtain information on all the processes of industrial wastewater treatment, as well as to prevent an emergency situation.

Multi-element receiver with semimetal film sensing element for the submillimeter thermal imagers of viewing type

Prospects of developing multi-element receivers for the submillimeter range (SMM) on the basis of thin-film semimetallic sensitive bolometers are considered. Electromagnetic waves of the SMM band have a high penetrating power and allow developing a thermal imager for the detection and observation of objects through various materials: fabrics, cardboard, wood, etc. The previously obtained research results are summarized. On the basis of the theoretical and experimental studies and of a review of scientific, technical and patent literature, in this work, a thermoresistive converter based on single-crystal films of materials in the metal – narrow-bandgap semiconductor – dielectric transition state is selected as a sensitive element. To determine the possibilities of using thinfilm Bi and Bi–Sb system as an absorber of terahertz radiation, as well as a polyimide film as an absorption-enhancing antireflection coating, the transmission spectra and reflection spectra of single-crystal Bi films grown on a 12 μm thick polyimide substrate were measured. The measurements were performed on a setup using selective radiation reception at cyclotron resonance absorption in InSb, which records the thermal radiation of material samples in the range from 1 to 5 THz with a spectral resolution of 0.6 THz. The design and characteristics of the model receiver are presented. The experimental setup was performed using a terahertz gas-discharge laser. The NEP of the proposed receiver is ~(4 ÷ 6)∙10 –11 W/Hz 1/2 .

МЕТОДЫ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО ОСАЖДЕНИЯ ИЗ ГАЗОВОЙ ФАЗЫ ДЛЯ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИХ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ (обзор)

A review of the scientific and technical literature in the field of the most used methods of physical vapor deposition for the manufacture of metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced silicon carbide fibers is presented. The most widespread methods of solid-phase technology for the manufacture of MMCs are briefly considered, and methods of electron-beam deposition and magnetron sputtering of a matrix titanium alloy on silicon carbide fibers are discussed in detail. The morphological structure of the surface of the deposited matrix alloy on fibers, obtained by different methods, is investigated.

The Effect of Sand Plug at the Gas Well Bottom-hole on its Productive Characteristics

The reasons that lead to the destruction of the bottomhole zone during the operation of wells with unstable reservoirs are considered. The negative effects of the sand carry-over from the formation into the wellbore are shown. The review of scientific and technical literature on the effect of the sand plug on well productivity is presented. It indicates that the studies have mainly considered oil wells, but the effect of the sand plug on well productivity has not been studied sufficiently. For most gas wells, Darcy's law is primarily violated while filtering gas to the bottom-hole of the well, especially at high gas flow rates. The authors have studied theoretically the effect of a sand plug at the bottom of a gas well with permeability variations on the productive characteristics. According to the results of theoretical studies, the authors construct and analyze graphical dependencies in the form of the ratio of gas flow with and without a sand plug to the ratio of the reservoir permeability and the plug, on condition that the plug blocks the reservoir completely and the plug height exceeds the reservoir thickness. The scientists work a formula for indicating the flow rate of a gas well with a sand plug at the well bottom, on condition that the plug blocks the reservoir completely and the plug height exceeds the reservoir thickness while filtering gas in the reservoir according to the binominal law. On the basis of the research, it is established that on condition of the identical height of the sand plug and the identical ratio of reservoir permeability and the plug, the productivity of the gas well with the sand plug increases with the increase of the reservoir permeability. If the height of the plug exceeds the reservoir thickness, the flow rate of the gas well will be the smaller, the greater is the height of the sand plug compared to the reservoir thickness.

Sichtbackstein des 19. Jahrhunderts

Abstract 19th century brick façades between craft and industrialization: Towards an onsite reading of traces. Brick facades are one of the characteristic ingredients of 19th century architecture. They became ubiquitous during the period. The spread of visible brick and the development of heat-insulating façade claddings are intimately connected to the industrialization of the brick production, providing new moulding techniques such as extrusion, and new products such as hollow bricks. The present article presents the main steps of innovation, based on a review of contemporary technical literature, and establishes the direct link to traces which can be observed on site, providing necessary information for a first assessment, coarse dating and structural hypothesis on the basis of a visual inspection.

USE OF SORPTION PROCESSES IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

The aimof this research is the review of scientific and technical literature regarding possibility of using sorption processes in the technology of drug delivery systems.Materials and methods. The materials are the following electronic resources: eLIBRARY, CyberLeninka, PubMed. The methods of review are analysis and synthesis. The study covers the scientific literature from 1996 up to the present time.Results.Sorbents are used as carriers for various medicinal peroral substances, they are also dispensers of various compounds in the form of polymeric eye films and stents in the human body. The delivery of medicinal substances occurs with the help of sorption processes of mass transfer. Currently, the following medical substances are used as carriers for medicinal substances: activated carbon, mineral sorbents (medical clays, synthetic sorbents), polymers and their biosimilars. 6 groups of pharmaceutical substances are registered for the production of enterosorbents in Russia and they can be used as sorbent carriers in the sorption drug system. They are: activated carbon, colloidal silicon dioxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dioctahedral smectite, polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate. As a result of the study, the model of the sorption drug system has been developed. It consists of sorbent carrier, active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients that provide the desorption. Desorption of the active pharmaceutical ingredient may contribute to its modified release. The technology for obtaining sorption medicinal systems requires further study and development of modeling methods, searching for experimental pharmacological models and technological methods, which make it possible to obtain sorption dosage form with modified release.Conclusion.The review of the sorption processes used in the technology of drug delivery systems has been carried out. The model of the sorption drug system has been developed.

MODELING OF PET-CONTAINERS BLOW MOLDING FROM PREFORM

The оbject and subject is the process of blowing a PET bottle from a preform. The aim of the project is to investigate the process of forming PET containers under the influence of input factors such as temperature distribution, pressure in the mold, blow-up time of the workpiece in order to achieve the most uniform and minimum wall thickness of the formed container and to find the technological regimes necessary for this. When modeling the process of blowing a PET bottle from a preform, based on an analytical review of scientific and technical literature, regulatory and design documentation, patent studies, engineering and technical calculations, the following is accomplished. As a result of the work, a number of options for the production of PET packaging made from preforms and equipment for this production were analyzed, the feasibility and directions of modernization were determined. The boundary and initial conditions of the mathematical model are determined and the adaptation of the mathematical model for numerical simulation is proposed. The simulation of the process of blow molding of PET preforms with ANSYS Polyflow system with and without stock is carried out. An improved method of blowing PET preform packaging is proposed, which allows to improve the level of productivity of finished packaging products. The numerical researches of the process of blowing the PET containers have made it possible to establish the expediency of using a tension rod. The simulation of the blow molding process with the rod made it possible to identify the relationship between the rod speed, time and pressure of the blowout. The performed numerical studies have shown the effectiveness of the method of calculating the preform heating preheating zones in order to obtain containers with a given profile of wall thicknesses

Синтез и контрастные свойства анизотропных железооксидных наночастиц для МРТ диагностики

Представлен аналитический обзор научно-технической литературы, посвященный синтезу анизотропных железооксидных наночастиц различной формы (кубическая, стержневидная, кластерная и др.) с размерами от 10 до 100 нм и их применению для визуализации и диагностики тканей и органов методом магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ). Проведенный анализ литературы свидетельствует о том, что существенное влияние на параметры Т1 и Т2 релаксивности оказывают форма наночастиц, их размер и химия поверхности. Так железооксидные наночастицы кубической формы обладают наибольшими значениями Т2 релаксивности. Кроме того, наночастицы стержневидной формы и октаподы также проявляют достаточно высокие значения Т2 релаксивности, в связи с чем могут быть использованы в качестве контрастных веществ при МРТ визуализации и диагностике.

Numerical investigation of the effects of unsupported railway sleepers on train-induced environmental vibrations

Review of technical literature regarding to train-induced vibrations shows that the effects of unsupported railway sleepers on this issue have been less investigated. So, the present study was devoted to numerical investigations of the mentioned issue. In this regard, first the problem of longitudinal train–track dynamic interaction was simulated in two dimensions by using the finite element method and the developed model was validated through comparison of the results with those obtained by previous researchers. In the next stage, a series of sensitivity analyses were accomplished to account for the effects of value of gap beneath the unsupported sleeper(s) and the track support stiffness on increasing the sleeper displacement and track support force. Moreover, the raised sleeper support force was introduced as applied load to a two-dimensional plane strain finite element model of track in lateral section and consequently the train-induced vibrations were assessed. As a result, a series of regression equations were established between the peak particle velocity in the surrounding environment of railway track and the sleeper support stiffness for tracks without unsupported sleepers and with one and two unsupported sleepers.