Review Of Technical Literature Research Articles

Синтез и контрастные свойства анизотропных железооксидных наночастиц для МРТ диагностики

Представлен аналитический обзор научно-технической литературы, посвященный синтезу анизотропных железооксидных наночастиц различной формы (кубическая, стержневидная, кластерная и др.) с размерами от 10 до 100 нм и их применению для визуализации и диагностики тканей и органов методом магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ). Проведенный анализ литературы свидетельствует о том, что существенное влияние на параметры Т1 и Т2 релаксивности оказывают форма наночастиц, их размер и химия поверхности. Так железооксидные наночастицы кубической формы обладают наибольшими значениями Т2 релаксивности. Кроме того, наночастицы стержневидной формы и октаподы также проявляют достаточно высокие значения Т2 релаксивности, в связи с чем могут быть использованы в качестве контрастных веществ при МРТ визуализации и диагностике.

Numerical investigation of the effects of unsupported railway sleepers on train-induced environmental vibrations

Review of technical literature regarding to train-induced vibrations shows that the effects of unsupported railway sleepers on this issue have been less investigated. So, the present study was devoted to numerical investigations of the mentioned issue. In this regard, first the problem of longitudinal train–track dynamic interaction was simulated in two dimensions by using the finite element method and the developed model was validated through comparison of the results with those obtained by previous researchers. In the next stage, a series of sensitivity analyses were accomplished to account for the effects of value of gap beneath the unsupported sleeper(s) and the track support stiffness on increasing the sleeper displacement and track support force. Moreover, the raised sleeper support force was introduced as applied load to a two-dimensional plane strain finite element model of track in lateral section and consequently the train-induced vibrations were assessed. As a result, a series of regression equations were established between the peak particle velocity in the surrounding environment of railway track and the sleeper support stiffness for tracks without unsupported sleepers and with one and two unsupported sleepers.

Interference and differentiation of the neighboring surface microcracks in distributed sensing with PPP-BOTDA.

Detection of cracks while at their early stages of evolution is important in health monitoring of civil structures. Review of technical literature reveals that single or sparsely distributed multiple cracks can be detected by Brillouin-scattering-based optical fiber sensor systems. In a recent study, a pre-pump-pulse Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA) system was employed for detection of a single microcrack. Specific characteristics of the Brillouin gain spectrum, such as Brillouin frequency shift, and Brillouin gain spectrum width, were utilized in order to detect the formation and growth of microcracks with crack opening displacements as small as 25 μm. In most situations, formations of neighboring microcracks are not detected due to inherent limitations of Brillouin-based systems. In the study reported here, the capability of PPP-BOTDA for detection of two neighboring microcracks was investigated in terms of the proximity of the microcracks with respect to each other, i.e., crack spacing distance, crack opening displacement, and the spatial resolution of the PPP-BOTDA. The extent of the study pertained both to theoretical as well as experimental investigations. The concept of shape index is introduced in order to establish an analytical method for gauging the influence of the neighboring microcracks in detection and microcrack differentiation capabilities of Brillouin-based optical fiber sensor systems.

ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Aim. The main purpose of the present work is the analysis of the situation in the field of education for sustainable development on the territory of the Russian Federation. We believe it appropriate to begin its consideration with the scientific and organizational principles of education for sustainable development. Location. Russian Federation Methods. Analytical review of current scientific, technical, normative and methodological literature that raises the issue of education for sustainable development in the Russian Federation Results. The transition to the new doctrine of education for sustainable development is particularly important on the path to "Sustainable development". However, it should be noted that the existing in our country, the progress in education for sustainable development does not yet meet modern requirements. Main conclusions. Developed strategic planning documents on education for sustainable development with the support of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation still has not gained official status. All this contrasts with the situation in most foreign countries and does not correspond to the declared national policy objectives in the field of education.

EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS, REALITIES AND PROSPECTS

Aim. The present work reveals the foundations, realities and perspectives of education for sustainable in Russia. In recent years, the Russian Federation passed a series of measures to introduce ideas of education for sustainable in educational practice, including at a high political level. To date developed the National strategy for education for sustainable development and the Plan of action on education for sustainable development prepared by the working group under the leadership of the Member-correspondent of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.S. Kasimov. But unfortunately they have not yet been adopted at the State level. Location. Russian Federation Methods. Analytical review of current scientific, technical, normative and methodological literature that raises the issue of education for sustainable development. Results. The formation of a system of education for sustainable involves a transition from traditional teaching to an environmentally oriented model, based on a broad interdisciplinary knowledge and on an integrated approach to the of society, economy and environment. Main conclusions. Environmental education must be multi-level and continuous. It begins in the family and preschool, continues in middle school, followed by stages of University and postgraduate education. In connection with this, we believe, necessary to analyze in detail the situation in the field of education for sustainable separately for pre-school, school, University and postgraduate levels of education.

Automation of maritime technological complex with tethered underwater vehicle of working class

The problem of creating a generalized method for quantitative assessment of automation level of marine technological complex based on self-propelled tethered underwater system of the working class as a theoretical basis for comparative multivariate analysis of developed marine technological systems is considered. The analysis of application methods and operation modes of marine technological complex with the self-propelled underwater tethered system of the working class was made. The necessity of complex automation in order to improve its efficiency in conditions of external disturbances was shown. Based on the review of technical literature and analysis of operation modes of marine technological complex, the main areas of its automation were defined. Among these are the automation of complex equipment performance diagnosis, automation of movement modes of underwater vehicle and its external attachments, automation of control of information flows of the complex and control automation in emergency conditions. The basic ratios for quantitative assessment of the level of marine technological complex automation, which are intended for using in the design of new and comparison of existing complexes were proposed. The results can be used in scientific-research and design organizations working in the field of underwater technologies.

Privacy by Design: A Counterfactual Analysis of Google and Facebook Privacy Incidents

Regulators here and abroad have embraced “privacy by design” as a critical element of their ongoing revision of current privacy laws. The underlying idea is to “build in” privacy— in the form of Fair Information Practices or (“FIPs”)—when creating software products and services. But FIPs are not self-executing. Rather, privacy by design requires the translation of FIPs into engineering and usability principles and practices. The best way to ensure that software includes the broad goals of privacy as described in the FIPs and any related corporate privacy guidelines is by including them in the definition of software “requirements.” And a main component of making a specification or requirement for software design is to make it concrete, specific, and preferably associated with a metric. Equally important is developing software interfaces and other visual elements that are focused around end-user goals, needs, wants, and constraints. This Article offers the first comprehensive analysis of engineering and usability principles specifically relevant to privacy. Based on a review of the technical literature, it derives a small number of relevant principles and illustrates them by reference to ten recent privacy incidents involving Google and Facebook. Part I of this Article analyzes the prerequisites for undertaking a counterfactual analysis of these ten incidents. Part II presents a general review of the design principles relevant to privacy. Part III turns to ten case studies of Google and Facebook privacy incidents, relying on the principles identified in Part II to discover what went wrong and what the two companies might have done differently to avoid privacy violations and consumer harms. Part IV of the Article concludes by arguing that all ten privacy incidents might have been avoided by the application of the privacy engineering and usability principles identified herein. Further, we suggest that the main challenge to effective privacy by design is not the lack of design guidelines. Rather, it is that business concerns often compete with and overshadow privacy concerns. Hence the solution lies in providing firms with much clearer guidance about applicable design principles and how best to incorporate them into their software development processes. Regulators should provide greater guidance on how to balance privacy with business interests, along with appropriate oversight mechanisms. © 2013 Ira S. Rubinstein & Nathaniel Good. † Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Fellow, Information Law Institute, New York University School of Law. †† Principal, Good Research LLC. This Article was presented at the NYU Privacy Research Group and at the 2012 Privacy Law Scholars Conference, and we are grateful for the comments of workshop participants. Ron Lee, Paul Schwartz, and Tal Zarsky provided valuable suggestions on an earlier draft. Thanks are also due to Jeramie Scott and Mangesh Kulkarni for excellent research assistance and to Tim Huang for his help with citations. A grant from The Privacy Projects supported this work. 1334 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 28:1333

Assessment of Environmental Practices and Technologies Associated with Electric Arc Furnace (Eaf) and Ladle Refining Furnace (Lf) Baghouse Dust

This article presents the methods associated with management EAF baghouse dust and ladle refining furnace (LF) dust. The management methods cover two broad areas: environmental management system practices and technology related factors. The management methods were determined based on professional experience of the authors, review of bibliographies and subject technical literature as well technical visits to eleven steel plants. During these visits, process mapping of the meltshop dust management methods was performed as well as collection of EAF dedusting system quantitative and qualitative data. Collectively the information was used to develop two standard evaluation matrices which provide criteria to assess environmental management system practices and technology associated with meltshop dust management. The matrices have, for each practice, three alternatives: first, the description of best practice; second, the description of intermediate quality; and third, the description that characterizes the early stages of implementing good practices or their absence. The matrices were then used by three steel plants to conduct an assessment of the dust management practices. The primary goal of the assessments was to identify and prioritize areas for potential improvement - be that in environmental management systems area or the technology area. The assessment results showed that steel plants with lower values will require greater investment of resources to achieve measurable improvement. Finally as a result of this project a rigorous and reliable assessment tool was designed to evaluate the meltshop dust generation and management process and provide a quantitative answer to the following question: Which area has achieved a higher level of development as it relates to meltshop dust management: environmental management system practices or control technology?’ The results from using this tool have shown that the performance of management practices is superior to the control technology. Furthermore, experience gained during the assessment indicate this evaluation methodology is adaptable and can be applied to other processes and/or other types of businesses.

Comparison of Lagrangian and Eulerian Simulations of Slurry Flows in a Sudden Expansion

From a review of technical literature, it was not apparent if the Lagrangian or the Eulerian dispersed phase modeling approach was more valid to simulate dilute erosive slurry flow. In this study, both modeling approaches were employed and a comparative analysis of performances and accuracy between the two models was carried out. Due to an impossibility to define, for the Eulerian model already implemented in FLUENT, a set of boundary conditions consistent with the Lagrangian impulsive equations, an Eulerian dispersed phase model was integrated in the FLUENT code using subroutines and user-defined scalar equations. Numerical predictions obtained from the two different approaches for two-phase flow in a sudden expansion were compared with the measured data. Excellent agreement was attained between the predicted and observed fluid and particle velocity in the axial direction and for the kinetic energy. Erosion profiles in a sudden expansion computed using the Lagrangian scheme yielded good qualitative agreement with measured data and predicted a maximum impact angle of 29 deg at the fluid reattachment point. The Eulerian model was adversely affected by the reattachment of the fluid phase to the wall and the simulated erosion profiles were not in agreement with the Lagrangian or measured data. Furthermore, the Eulerian model under-predicted the Lagrangian impact angle at all locations except the reattachment point.

Risk evaluation for federally listed (roseate tern, piping plover) or candidate (red knot) bird species in offshore waters: A first step for managing the potential impacts of wind facility development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf

With a worldwide increase in attention toward developing a reliance on renewable energy, there is a need to evaluate the effects of these facilities (solar, wind, hydropower) on ecosystems. We conduct a hazard and risk evaluation for three species of birds that are listed, or candidates for listing, as federally threatened or endangered in the US, and that might occur offshore on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (AOCS) where wind power facilities could be developed. Our objectives were to: 1) provide conceptual models for exposure for each species, and 2) examine potential exposure and hazards of roseate tern ( Sterna dougallii) and piping plover ( Charadrius melodus, both federally endangered in the US) and red knot ( Calidris canutus rufa, candidate species) in the AOCS. We used a weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate information from a review of technical literature. We developed conceptual models to examine the relative vulnerability of each species as a function of life stage and cycle (breeding, staging, migratory, wintering). These methods are useful for conducting environmental assessments when empirical data are insufficient for a full risk assessment. We determined that 1) Roseate terns are likely to be exposed to risk during the migratory and breeding season when they occur in the AOCS, as well as while staging. 2) Piping plovers are not likely to be at risk during the breeding season, but may be at risk during spring or fall migrations. Risk to this species is likely to be low from turbines located far from land as this species migrates mainly along the coast. 3) Red knots are potentially exposed to some risk during migration, especially long-distance migrants whose migratory routes take them over the AOCS. More information is required on exact spatio-temporal migration routes, flight altitudes (especially during ascent and descent), and behavioral avoidance of turbines by birds to ascertain their risk.

Phytostabilization of massive mine wastes with native phytogenetic resources: potential for sustainable use and conservation of the native flora in north-central Chile

C. Orchard, P. Leon-Lobos, and R. Ginocchio. 2009. Phytostabilization of massive mine wastes with native phytogenetic resources: potential for sustainable use and conservation of the native fl ora in north-central Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3):329-352. The mining industry has left an important legacy of inadequately abandoned tailing storage facilities (TSFs) in the north-central area of Chile, and they may pose environmental risks. The Chilean government has recently established new regulations governing the closure of TSFs, and these regulations favor the use of environmentally sustainable technologies. Among these technologies is phytostabilization, which can use native plant species that may also have economic and/or subsistence value. Phytostabilization programs based on sustainably maintained native species could also contribute to the conservation of both local fl ora and regional ecosystems in north-central Chile. The main objective of this study was to use the Coquimbo Region as a case study area to look for added economic value from native plant species that have spontaneously colonized abandoned TSFs and to look for other species that, given their ecological characteristics, may be established on post-operational TSFs by phytostabilization. A review of technical, scientifi c and ethnobotanic literature on traditional uses and recently discovered uses of selected plant species was performed. The results showed that 68 spontaneously colonizing phytostabilization species have at least one known use, while 420 species with potential for use in phytostabilization (28% of the regional native fl ora) have various uses. Ornamentation, cattle forage, mellipherous, medicine, crafts and phytochemicals are the main uses identifi ed for the local native fl ora. Most of the identifi ed species are endemic to Chile (69%). These species are therefore a very valuable phytogenetic resource that can be used in the rehabilitation of massive mine wastes. This unique resource could be lost if these species are not identifi ed and studied in the near future.

Terrorist Homicide Bombings: A Primer for Preparation

Contemporary planning for disaster response to terrorist events usually assumes the use of chemical, radiological, or biological weapons. Historically, most victims of terrorist attacks are injured by the use of conventional explosives rather than weapons of mass destruction. Such attacks will likely produce victims who have suffered burn injuries along with conventional trauma. Alternately, the large number of patients sustaining conventional soft-tissue or crush injuries will benefit from burn center expertise. This study summarizes the current state of knowledge related to the management of terrorism mass casualty incidents caused by the use of conventional explosives. A review of pertinent medical, technical, and popular literature relating to terrorism and explosives, along with instruction received at Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel on the management of mass casualty terrorism events was undertaken, and the pertinent medical and scientific literature relating to bomb delivery methods, blast mechanics, blast pathophysiology, and medical response to a terrorist bombing is presented here. Although terrorist use of chemical, radiological, or biological weapons is possible, historical analysis consistently demonstrates that the most likely terrorist weapon causing a mass casualty event is a standard explosive device detonated in a crowded area. The medical basis for management of such casualties is herein described.

Field Methods for Characterizing Weak Rock for Engineering

Research Article| January 01, 2006 Field Methods for Characterizing Weak Rock for Engineering PAUL M. SANTI PAUL M. SANTI 1Department of Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Environmental & Engineering Geoscience (2006) 12 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2113/12.1.1 Article history first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation PAUL M. SANTI; Field Methods for Characterizing Weak Rock for Engineering. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 2006;; 12 (1): 1–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/12.1.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyEnvironmental & Engineering Geoscience Search Advanced Search Abstract Many classification and testing methods for shale, slaking rock, weak rock, and weathered rock have been developed. However, few of these methods are suitable for field use or are applicable to a wide range of material types. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of recent research and analysis evaluating classification and testing methods. This summary will assist the practitioner in properly identifying problem shale and weak rock units, in adequately describing their characteristics in the field, and in selecting and performing field tests to quantify their behavior. For identification of shale and weak rock units, three increasingly site-specific tools are presented. First is a map showing occurrences of weak rock units in the United States. Second is a detailed list of suspect rock types that may appear on regional or local geologic maps. Third is a summary of engineering properties that describe weak rock units, based on a review of technical literature. Some of these properties are compressive strengths between 1 and 20 MPa, slake durability less than 90 percent, clay content greater than 15 percent, poor induration, a significant amount (50 to 75 percent) of matrix between hard blocks, or high moisture content. Methods of field description were chosen based on a review of existing methods to assess their ease of application, breadth of application, and the usefulness of the engineering properties indicated by each system. Two modified methods are presented to indicate proportion and nature of corestones and matrix, strength, influence of discontinuities, and reactivity to water. Finally, field-testing methods that estimate strength, permeability, durability, and reaction to water are identified. These include point load index, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Rock Mass Classification, jar slake, and hammer rebound classification. Predictive equations to estimate unconfined compressive strength, slake durability, and slake index are given. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Does qualitative synthesis of anecdotal evidence with that from scientific research help in understanding public health issues: a review of low MMR uptake

To explore the professional and parental factors underlying low MMR uptake by qualitative synthesis of evidence from technical and non-technical anecdotal literature. An intensive investigation of literature covering research, press, online, E groups and grey literature was carried out using devised search strategies. Key themes were identified from both the research and anecdotal evidence, which were merged to form common themes. The review of technical literature identified media scare and inadequate information from health professionals as the main reasons for non-uptake of MMR. The non-technical anecdotal evidence showed that professionals' belief in parental right to choose, target payments and fear of autism were the major factors. Anecdotal evidence may contribute to evidence-based public health practice, especially in widely debated public health issues.

Plant Growth Regulators in Citriculture: World Current Uses

ABSTRACT Plant growth regulators (PGRs), both naturally occurring and synthetic, are used extensively in citriculture not only to help growers solve production problems, but also to increase the market value of the crop and to improve grower returns. Yield increases are obtained via an improvement in fruit set, particularly for shybearing cultivars, and/or fruit size, especially for the “small-fruit” group of mandarins. Increased fruit number per tree is achieved indirectly through an increase in flower number as a result of better flower initiation or by a direct effect on fruit set. Improved fruit size is brought about directly by stimulating the growth of fruit tissues or indirectly by reducing fruit number by partial inhibition of flower initiation or by subsequent fruit removal. PGRs are also used to hasten maturity, to delay harvest, and to maintain fruit quality postharvest, resulting in greater profits to the grower. This article provides an overview of current uses of PGRs in citriculture. The reported information is based on an international survey and a review of recent technical and scientific literature published on the subject. Procedures and techniques used to enhance the efficacy of PGRs, including surfactants and compatibility considerations, are presented and discussed. The detailed information presented in the text is summarized in tables designed to provide a convenient reference for researchers and growers alike. Included in the tables are the names of the individuals who were the source of the information. A comprehensive list of these individuals and their addresses follows the tables. Whereas the results of the survey indicate extensive uses of PGRs in citriculture, the authors admit that the survey is incomplete and extend their apologies to researchers in countries not represented in the review and for inadvertent omissions.

Sampling and Determination of Particulate Mercury in Ambient Air: A Review

Total particulate mercury (TPM) may constitute, in general, a small percentage by mass of total atmospheric mercury, but under certain conditions it can be a very significant form of atmospheric Hg, and play an important role in the deposition of mercury to terrestrial and aquatic cosystems. To understand the cycling and distribution of mercury in the environment, accurate determination of the total concentration and speciation of TPM are necessary. This article provides a review of scientific and technical literature published in the past 5 yr pertaining to sampling and analytical methodologies for the determination and chemical speciation of TPM in ambient air. Sampling methods discussed include the conventional filtration method and the diffusion denuder-based technique. Analytical techniques, such as gold-amalgamation/cold-vapor spectrometry, and nuclear methods, are summarized.

Human Factors Challenges for Advanced Process Control

New human-system interface technologies provide opportunities for improving operator and plant performance. However, if these technologies are not properly implemented, they may introduce new challenges to performance and safety. This paper reports the results from a survey of human factors considerations that arise in the implementation of advanced human-system interface technologies in process control and other complex systems. General trends were identified for several areas based on a review of technical literature and a combination of interviews and site visits with process control organizations. Human factors considerations are discussed for two of these areas, automation and controls.

Transformation Of Carbon In Refuse Incineration

An attempt is made to explain the transformation of carbon in the incineration of refuse on a molecular level, based on the review of available technical literature. Special attention is given to the role of carbon transformation in the formation of the products of incomplete combustion (PIC), specifically dioxins. The combustion of refuse takes place in luminous diffusion flames, caused by radiation of carbon in the yellow spectral region. The pyrolysis of aromatic structures in refuse to coke and graphite proceeds through a pitch. The edges of the pitch structure are reactive sites for the formation of PIC and dioxin precursors. The fly ash metallic surfaces can serve as catalytic sites for the generation of free chlorine and the formation of halogenated aromatic compounds. The optimal structures of benzene adsorbed on the metallic surfaces are condusive to formation of dioxin and other PICs through an activated complex. Benzene is a better surrogate for PIC emission than CO. The best technique for the reduction of carbon particulates in refuse combustion is better mixing in the combustion zone, but certain additives can also inhibit its formation.

Transformation of Carbon in Refuse Incineration

An attempt is made to explain the transformation of carbon in the incineration of refuse on a molecular level, based on the review of available technical literature. Special attention is given to the role of carbon transformation in the formation of the products of incomplete combustion (PIC), specifically dioxins. The combustion of refuse takes place in luminous diffusion flames, caused by radiation of carbon in the yellow spectral region. The pyrolysis of aromatic structures in refuse to coke and graphite proceeds through a pitch. The edges of the pitch structure are reactive sites for the formation of PIC and dioxin precursors. The fly ash metallic surfaces can serve as catalytic sites for the generation of free chlorine and the formation of halogenated aromatic compounds. The optimal structures of benzene adsorbed on the metallic surfaces are condusive to formation of dioxin and other PICs through an activated complex. Benzene is a better surrogate for PIC emission than CO. The best technique for the reduction of carbon particulates in refuse combustion is better mixing in the combustion zone, but certain additives can also inhibit its formation.

Material Characterization of Thick Film Resistor Pastes

The study of material characterization of DuPont 1400 BIROXr thick-film resistor pastes is described. An understanding of the aging mechanisms of thick-film resistors requires a precise knowledge of their chemical composition and material characteristics. This information provides the technical basis for the Arrhenius-type time-temperature extrapolations of accelerated aging data on the resistors in question. We have used X-ray diffraction and fluorescence to obtain a qualitative picture of the DuPont 1400 BIROX pastes. Results indicate that these pastes consist principally of a conductive oxide and glass phases after firing. The conductive oxide phase is a pyrochlore M2Ru207_x (M= Pb and/or Bi), and tile glass phase is a lead borosilicate glass frit. Small amounts of Cd, probably added as a TCR modifier, were also detected. It has also been determined that the proportion of glass phase increases as the sheet resistivity increases. On firing, some chemical reactions were observed, and an increase in the crystallite size of the conductive phase was confirmed. In addition, the chemical composition of the end members (10 \Omega and 106 Omega /s) was found to be different from the general composition of the 1400 BIROX series. The conduction mechanism in thick-film resistors is discussed in some detail. The role of additives and the doped glass phase is emphasized. An extensive review of technical, patent, and product literature has been made as a background for the study.