Reverse Type Research Articles

비만도에 따른 20대 여성의 몸통 체형 분석

The purpose of this study is to classify body types according to BMI (Body Mass Index) and investigate the characteristics of each body type to obtain primary data that can reflect the characteristics of petite and plus-size women in size grades and size production of clothing patterns tailored to general standard body types. The BMI of women in their 20s was 38.61㎏/㎡ at maximum and 14.81㎏/㎡, showing a significant difference between underweight and high obesity. In addition, the dimensions of the abdomen and waist-related areas showed a significant difference between the maximum and minimum values. Eight factors were analyzed for women in their 20s, including horizontal factors, vertical factors, chest and breast thickness ratio factors, shoulder-width factors, waist thickness ratio factors, vertical hip factors, hip thickness ratio factors, and upper body length factors. The body type was classified into four types: type 1 was a ‘slender-type narrow body,’ type 2 was a ‘tube-type short body,’ type 3 was a ‘reverse triangular flat body,’ and type 4 was a ‘large cylindrical short body.’ According to BMI, in the case of the underweight group, type 2 was the most common, and type 4 was not founded. Type 4 accounted for the majority of the obese group. In the case of underweight, it is considered necessary to reduce the deviation of the rule value when grading the width part of the clothing pattern due to the narrow body width. In the case of overweight and obesity, it is thought that the deviation should be significantly reduced when grading the circumference. The length of the upper body and torso tends to be shortened even if the size increases, so it is thought that the deviation should be reduced when grading the length direction.

Geochemical characteristics, origin and carbon isotope reversal of the presalt natural gas in the Lower Paleozoic Ordovician carbonates, Ordos Basin, China

The origin and potential source of the presalt natural gas in the Lower Paleozoic Ordovician carbonates within the Ordos Basin, China, is heavily debated, and the causes of carbon isotope reversal are currently unclear. This study analyzes the source and origin of the presalt natural gas and determines the reasons for carbon isotope reversal. The results show that the nonhydrocarbons contain CO2, H2S, and N2 and some gas samples have high H2S contents of 9.02%–23.58%. The dryness coefficient (C1/C1+) of 91.06%–99.99% (ave. 98.34%) suggests that the presalt gas is mainly a dry gas with some wet gas and that it originates from a high-to over-mature source. However, the results show that the presalt natural gas is primarily a wet-gas-cracking gas, rather than a kerogen-cracking gas, with a certain amount of coal-type gas mixing and it mainly originated from oil-prone marine carbonate source rocks rather than the Permian–Carboniferous coal measures. The gas has different types of carbon isotope reversal patterns, and the δ13C2 values become negative at Roequ > 1.5%. The mixing between the oil-cracking and wet-gas-cracking gas at Roequ > 1.5% results in carbon isotope reversal (δ13C1 > δ13C2), rather than Rayleigh and migration fractionation. The occurrence of thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) is supported by the high abundance of H2S in the presalt gas, reservoir bitumen in dissolved pores, secondary calcite with negative δ13Ccarbonate of −21.1‰ to −9.7‰, and diagenetic cubic pyrite. It is evident that the heavy δ13C2 values (greater than −28‰) and the carbon isotope reversal of δ13C2 > δ13C3 of the presalt natural gas at Roequ < 1.5% are related to TSR. This study also establishes a new model of the carbon isotope reversal of the natural gas, which is primarily controlled by its thermal maturity and TSR. Six carbon isotope patterns can be well explained and are supported by real gas samples from the presalt strata, and two types of carbon isotope reversal are predicted.

Longitudinal and transversal driver behavior with innovative horizontal markings along curved motorway on-ramps and terminals

ABSTRACT The manuscript presents a driving simulation study on the effectiveness of two innovative horizontal marking designs (in comparison with the conventional marking) along acceleration ramps and reverse and continue terminals on curved motorway sections. Longitudinal and transversal behavioral data were collected from forty-eight test drivers in response to variations in marking type, lighting conditions, and traffic-flow along the motorway. Although the innovative markings did not have a significant impact on speeds along continue terminals, they did have an impact on the lane gap and the standard deviation of lateral positions. Along the reverse terminal design type, their impact was evident on all the investigated longitudinal and transversal outcomes. This study proved that the perceptual techniques used by drivers engaged in speed and trajectory management along curved terminals are effective in promoting better driving performances.

Assessment of cognition in chronic subdural hematoma patients using MMSE in preoperative and postoperative periods

BackgroundIn the elderly, chronic subdural hematoma and dementia, both common, cause impairment of cognitive function seen in the domains of memory and language. This study was performed among 36 chronic subdural hematoma patients to determine if their mini-mental status examination score improved after surgery. Materials and Methods36 chronic subdural hematoma patients underwent mini-mental status examination preoperatively and in the post-op period- on the 2nd post-op day and at discharge, i.e., 7th day. MMSE score was considered as the primary outcome variable. ResultsFrom this study, it is found that: most patients had dementia (50% of the study population), most patients who consumed alcohol were in the age group of 40–60 years, most patients who were on anticoagulants were in the age group of 55–70, and there were only 2 patients with a history of trauma. ConclusionPatients who had a better preoperatively scored well in the post-op period. Patients with a history of alcoholism and anticoagulant intake had lesser improvement in their post-op scoring. In the elderly, the post-op score was better when compared to the preop score. Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) dementia is usually of the reversible type, and so, early neuroimaging evaluation is needed for timely intervention, and these patients have a good outcome by surgery.

Spectroscopic observations of β-eudesmol binding to human cytochrome P450 isoforms 3A4 and 1A2, but not to isoforms 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6

β-Eudesmol (BEU) is a sesquiterpenoid component of Atractylodes lancea with cytotoxic activity against cholangiocarcinoma. Its lipophilic nature makes BEU a likely substrate of human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. Using ligand-binding difference spectroscopy, the affinities of this compound to recombinant CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were investigated in Escherichia coli membrane preparations. CYP3A4 showed a type I spectral change, with a binding constant Ks of 77 ± 23 (mean ± SD) μM at 0.5 μM P450 (Ks/[P450] ≈ 155). The reference substrate testosterone (TES) and the inhibitor fluconazole bound to the enzyme with apparent affinities of 86 ± 4 μM (type I) and 21 μM (type II), respectively. BEU was bound by CYP3A4 in a non-cooperative manner (Hill coefficient n ≈ 0.8). CYP1A2 showed reverse type I difference spectra with either BEU or caffeine (CAF). The CYP1A2 affinity for BEU was higher (0.23 mM) than for CAF (0.37 mM) but lower than for phenacetin (0.11 mM, type I). BEU did not bind significantly to CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. Confirmation of metabolic activity and studies on the involvement of other human P450 isoforms are required. Double-beam spectrometry is needed to validate Ks measurements made with a microplate reader.

Synthesis and bioactivities evaluation of oleanolic acid oxime ester derivatives as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors

Different oleanolic acid (OA) oxime ester derivatives (3a-3t) were designed and synthesised to develop inhibitors against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. All the synthesised OA derivatives were evaluated against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. Among them, compound 3a showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 of 0.35 µM, which was ∼1900 times stronger than that of acarbose, meanwhile compound 3f exhibited the highest α-amylase inhibitory with an IC50 of 3.80 µM that was ∼26 times higher than that of acarbose. The inhibition kinetic studies showed that the inhibitory mechanism of compounds 3a and 3f were reversible and mixed types towards α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. Molecular docking studies analysed the interaction between compound and two enzymes, respectively. Furthermore, cytotoxicity evaluation assay demonstrated a high level of safety profile of compounds 3a and 3f against 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells. Highlights Oleanolic acid oxime ester derivatives (3a–3t) were synthesised and screened against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Compound 3a showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory with IC50 of 0.35 µM. Compound 3f presented the highest α-amylase inhibitory with IC50 of 3.80 µM. Kinetic studies and in silico studies analysed the binding between compounds and α-glucosidase or α-amylase.

Reverse rolling-mat type lymph node dissection is the key step to solve the operative difficulties in hand-assisted laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy

BackgroundWe have improved and named a new reverse rolling-mat type lymph node dissection, which effectively solves the dilemma faced by the traditional lymph node dissection in hand-assisted laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy through the optimization of the surgical procedure. However, the relevant clinical data are still scarce. The study aims to compare the clinical effects of two surgical procedure and explore the safety and feasibility of “reverse procedure”.Study designThe clinicopathological data of 195 patients who underwent hand-assisted D2 radical total gastrectomy (HALTG) in our hospital from January 2011 to September 2017 were collected. A retrospective case–control study was used to compare the clinical outcomes of the two patterns of lymph node dissection. Among them, 89 patients underwent “cabbage type” lymph node dissection and 106 patients underwent the “reverse procedure” lymph node dissection.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups of patients in terms of gender, age, tumor location, incision length, postoperative hospitalization duration, pathological classification, recent complications, long-term recurrence and metastasis. The operation time of “cabbage type” group was shorter than that of “reverse procedure” group (178.35 ± 31.52 min vs 191.25 ± 32.77 min; P = 0.006). While, in the “reverse procedure” group, intraoperative blood loss was less (249.4 ± 143.12 vs 213.58 ± 101.43; P = 0.049), and there were more numbers of lymph nodes dissected (18.04 ± 7.00 vs 32.25 ± 14.23; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe pattern of reverse rolling-mat type lymph node dissection in HALTG perform well in terms of safety and feasibility.

STUDI KELAYAKAN PEMBANGUNAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR TIPE REVERSE OSMOSIS UNTUK SUMBER AIR PERMUKAAN DI KOTA BALIKPAPAN

Water sources that can be utulized in large quantities by water treatment plants come from surface water, namely rivers. Water is a basic need for life, the increase in population is followed by the rate of use, the burden of populations is also increasing rapidly. Based on data from PDAM Balikpapan in December 2017, the river currently used with a turbidity parameter of 6 – 24 NTU. Water treatment plants is a production unit to change the properties of water so that it is suitable for consumption. The design of water resources includes various choices among alternatives that that are physically feasible, in general each choice of several alternatives must be based on economic considerations, each alternative that receives serious attention must be stated in units of money before the choice is determined or economically feasible. The purpose of this research is to determine the payback periode and to analyze whether development is feasible from economic (financial) perspective or not. Based on the economic feasibility analysis, the payback periode for the type of reverse osmosis treatment for surface water sources with a capacity of 30 L/s is 16 years an 1 month with selling price or Rp.9.118/m3, to get a payback periode of reverse osmosis type treatment for surface water sources with a capacity of 30 L/s less than 10 years, the selling price of drinking water is Rp.16.000/m3 with a payback periode of 9 years and 3 months.

Preparation, structure and α-glucosidase inhibitory of oligosaccharides by enzymatic hydrolysis from Annona squamosa polysaccharide

Annona squamosa (AS) has relatively high content of polysaccharides which had effective hypoglycemic activity. The oligosaccharides have advantages in the digestion and absorption. However, there were few reports on oligosaccharides from AS. In the manuscript, pectinase was utilized to degrade Annona squamosa polysaccharide (ASP). The product was acetylated, purified by silica gel column and deacetylated to obtain a novel oligosaccharide Z. The structure of Z was identified with NMR, mass spectrometry and monosaccharide composition analysis. The results demonstrated that the oligosaccharide Z was a trisaccharide with molecular weight of 518 Da. The structure of oligosaccharide Z was linear skeleton composed of β-D-Glc-(1→2)-β-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-D-GalA. The oligosaccharide Z can effectively inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase with reversible type and mixed-type inhibition. The oligosaccharide Z had effective binding effect with α-glucosidase from molecular docking experiments. The results revealed that the oligosaccharide Z has the potential to be utilized as α-glucosidase inhibitor. The manuscript provided theoretical basis for the new applications of AS in food industry and pharmaceutical industry. It also provided valuable clues for finding new potential hypoglycemic drugs from natural sources.

Daimi Birinci Molar Dişlerdeki Ektopik Erüpsiyon Özelliklerini Belirlemek İçin İki Farklı Sınıflandırma Sisteminin Kullanılması: Retrospektif Kesitsel Çalışma

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of ectopic eruption in permanent first molar teeth retrospectively with 2 different classification methods, based on radiographic findings, during the transition from primary dentition to permanent dentition. Material and Methods: This study was conducted with children aged between 6-12 years admitted to pediatric dentistry department. The orthopantomographic radiographs of 2,516 patients were examined. The patients' age and gender, teeth with ectopic eruption and the jaw were recorded. In the classification of ectopic eruption, Young and Barberia-Leache et al.'s classification was used. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS V23. Differences between teeth were examined with Cochran's Q test. The correlation between Barberia- Leache classification and Young's classification was evaluated with the chi-square test. Significance level was taken as p<0.05. Results: A total of 2,516 patients were included in the study and ectopic eruption was seen in a total of 70 teeth in 47 (23 girls, 24 boys) patients. The prevalence of ectopic eruption was found to be 1.9%. Ectopic eruption of the permanent first molar tooth was seen more in the upper jaw than in the lower jaw. According to Young's classification, the prevalence of permanent first molar eruption in reversible type is higher, while the prevalence of Grade I permanent first molar ectopic eruption is higher according to Barberia-Leache et al.'s classification. Conclusion: Even in cases of ectopic eruption in permanent first molars that are considered severe according to Barberia-Leache et al. classification and Young's classification, spontaneous recovery can be observed with long-term follow-up.

Constantine’s SOLI INVICTO COMITI Coinage: Theme and Variations

Sometime in AD 310, a mint worker in the provincial Gallic town of Lugdunum (modern Lyon) engraved a reverse die depicting a majestic figure raising his right hand and holding a celestial sphere in his left. The figure wears a spiked, radiate crown and is clothed only by a chlamys, a cape worn by ancient Greek horsemen. The legend in the dative case, SOLI INVICTO COMITI, identifies this figure as Sol, the invictus or unvanquished sun god whose cult was among the most popular in the ancient world. He is further identified as being the comes, or companion, of the figure on the obverse. The fact that this figure was Constantine the Great, known to history as the man who Christianized the Roman Empire, makes this coin as enigmatic as it was ubiquitous, one of the most widespread and enduring numismatic designs of that emperor’s long reign.&#x0D; This essay explores this coin type’s iconographic theme, its variations, and what they both might say about politics and religion in the age of Constantine. In scholarly discussions of his reign, coins are often adduced to illustrate some larger historiographical point. In this essay, I would like to shift that emphasis, rendering the historical context a means to better understand the coins themselves—their origins and style, the way in which traditional solar iconography serves as a foil to set off topical points of emphasis, and the religious and political purposes for their decade-long striking. Perhaps it is too much to say that in the SOLI INVICTO COMITI reverse type we witness the history of Constantine’s age in one coin, but it is not an overstatement to point out that this type touches upon the most prominent events of the early 4th century, whose impact is felt even in the present time.

A Silenus Mask and Other Cult Symbols on Hadrian’s Alexandrian Dichalkoi

This paper will examine two poorly understood reverse types found on Hadrianic dichalkoi from Alexandria. It argues that the objects depicted on these reverses should be identified as a mask of Silenus and a torch. It further argues that these types should be interpreted within the wider context of Hadrian’s Alexandrian dichalkoi, which almost exclusively feature isolated depictions of cult objects and symbols.

Time series reversal in trend‐following strategies

AbstractThis paper empirically studies the reversal pattern following the formation of trend‐following signals in the time series context. This reversal pattern is statistically significant and usually occurs between 12 and 24 months after the formation of trend‐following signals. Employing a universe of 55 liquid futures, we find that instruments with sell signals in the trend‐following portfolio (‘losers’) contribute to this type of reversal, even if their profits are not realised. The instruments with buy signals in the trend‐following portfolio (‘winners’) contribute much less. A double‐sorted investment strategy based on both return continuation and reversal yields to portfolio gains which are significantly higher than that of the corresponding trend‐following strategy.

Anthropometric Evaluation of Volume of Maxillary Sinus and Nasal Septum Patterns as an AID in Personal Identification Using CBCT-A Retrospective Study

Aims: To determine the reliability and accuracy of maxillary sinus volume and nasal septum patterns in personal identification in forensics using CBCT (cone beam computed tomography).&#x0D; Study Design: Retrospective Study&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital Nagpur, from September 2019-December 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: 110 CBCT scans of bilateral maxillary sinuses and nasal septum images were retrospectively obtained from the Oral Medicine and Radiology database (68 men and 42 females). The study was divided into two groups based on age. Group&#x0D; -I consists of 58 CBCT scans taken between the ages of 20 and 40, while Group -II consists of 52 CBCT scans taken between the ages of 41 and 80. The height, breadth, and depth of the maxillary sinus were measured linearly. The nasal septum was classed as simple deviation to the right or left, sigmoid type, reverse sigmoid type, and straight based on the septa's deviations. Each person's combined maxillary sinus and nasal septum pattern was documented.&#x0D; Results: The difference in maxillary sinus volume between two age groups was significant (P&lt;0.5). In age group I, there was a substantial change in the left deviation pattern, and there was a significant change in the reverse sigmoid pattern in males and the straight nasal septum pattern in females. With whatever nasal septum configuration, there were no volumetric alterations(P&gt;0.5).&#x0D; Conclusion: In future, further research will be needed with a larger number of images to compare in order to arrive at a definitive identification.

TALDYK EARTHQUAKE on November 17, 2015 with KR=14.1, Mw=5.5 (Kyrgyzstan)

Information on the earthquake with KR=14.1, which occurred in Kyrgyzstan on November 17, 2015, is presented. Its epicenter is related to the South Fergana zone of the Osh region, in which felt earthquakes with intensity up to I=8–9 occurred repeatedly. This event was named Taldyk according to the settlement nearest to the epicenter. The earthquake was accompanied by numerous aftershocks: for the first day, 189 events were registered, for the second – 196, for the third – 84. Most part of the aftershocks is localized within the depth interval of 12–13 km, which is practically equal to the depth of the main shock (h=13 km). The focal mechanism of the main shock has a reverse type with strike-slip components. No serious investigation of the consequences of this earthquake carried out. Some macroseismic data are received from field reports of the station operators. For a more complete analysis of the possible impact of this earthquake and, first of all, for the needs of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Kyrgyzstan Republic, a map of theoretical isoseismals was created.

On a reversible Gray-Scott type system from energetic variational approach and its irreversible limit

Most of the previous studies on the well-known Gray-Scott model view it as an irreversible chemical reaction system. In this paper, we derive a four-species reaction-diffusion system using the energetic variational approach based on the law of mass action. This is a reversible Gray-Scott type model, which has a natural entropy structure. We establish the local well-posedness of this system, and justify the limit to the corresponding irreversible Gray-Scott type system as some backward coefficients tend to zero. Furthermore, under some smallness assumption on the initial data, we obtain the global-in-time existence of classical solution of the reversible system.

Cerebral Blood Flow Abnormalities Associated With Clinically Mild Encephalopathy With a Reversible Splenial Lesion Type 2

Cerebral Blood Flow Abnormalities Associated With Clinically Mild Encephalopathy With a Reversible Splenial Lesion Type 2

Classification of Zagros earthquakes based on focal mechanism

The Zagros suture zone is seismically active region in Iranian plateau. This region is of high importance in terms of seismicity, since it is a vast and populated region and in recent years the earthquakes with high intensities have frequently occurred and have caused extensive destruction and heavy human loss. The study of the focal mechanism is very important in understanding the seismotectonic characteristics. Focal mechanisms of Zagros were collected over a period of 20 years and they were classified by FMC software. Seven groups were considered for the type of faulting and Zagros was divided into three zones. For each zone, the frequency percentage of each group of faults was determined. The most of faulting are of the reverse and compression type with the strike-slip component. Finally, the role of nodal plane selection in determining the type of faulting was discussed and it was found that the selection of each nodal plane in determining the type of faulting has the same result.

Genetic and Genomic Pathways of Melanoma Development, Invasion and Metastasis.

Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that accounts for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Recent studies have suggested that melanoma invasiveness is attributed to phenotype switching, which is a reversible type of cell behaviour with similarities to epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Phenotype switching in melanoma is reported to be independent of genetic alterations, whereas changes in gene transcription, and epigenetic alterations have been associated with invasiveness in melanoma cell lines. Here, we review mutational, transcriptional, and epigenomic alterations that contribute to tumour heterogeneity in melanoma, and their potential to drive melanoma invasion and metastasis. We also discuss three models that are hypothesized to contribute towards aspects of tumour heterogeneity and tumour progression in melanoma, namely the clonal evolution model, the cancer stem cell model, and the phenotype switching model. We discuss the merits and disadvantages of each model in explaining tumour heterogeneity in melanoma, as a precursor to invasion and metastasis.

Implant fracture of the TFNA femoral nail

BackgroundThe TFNA (Trochanteric Fixation Nail Advanced) Proximal Femoral Nailing System (DePuy Synthes) is frequently used for intramedullary fixation of proximal femoral fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate all TFNA implant fractures at a UK trauma unit to ascertain any patient or surgical factors associated with implant failure. MethodsA retrospective study was carried out identifying all patients that sustained a TFNA implant fracture over a five-year period. Data was collected on demographic information, ASA, co-morbidities, mechanism of injury, fracture pattern according to the AO/OTA classification, procedure details and time to failure. Radiographs were assessed by two independent reviewers to identify tip-apex distance (TAD), calcar TAD, reduction quality and union status at time of implant failure. ResultsSix cases were identified, all with implant breakage at the aperture for the proximal screw. All femoral fractures were intertrochanteric reverse obliquity type (OA/OTA 31A3). Two were traumatic fragility fractures and the remainder atraumatic. Mean time from index surgery to revision was 441 days (104–963). Mean TAD was 20.5 mm (15–24) and mean calcar TAD 24 mm (18–32). All six cases displayed radiographic non-union at the time of implant fracture. ConclusionPathological fractures resulting in reverse obliquity type fracture patterns and subsequent non-union appear to be contributory factors to TFNA breakage at the proximal screw aperture. This may be further exacerbated by alterations to the nail design from previous generations. In these patients, close follow up with clinical and radiographic surveillance should be employed. Further biomechanical and clinical studies are required to compare this finding against other nail designs.