Retirement Age Research Articles

Gender discrimination in retirement

The article aims to discuss the issues related to the nature of entitlements to retirement benefits in connection with the regulations relating to the retirement age and to consider existing and future changes in the regulations considering gender discrimination resulting from the different retirement ages of women and men. In particular, the existing regulations regarding the retirement age in Poland and Europe are presented. Based on Polish law, the history of changes and the dynamics of reforms related to the retirement age in national law are shown. The introduced pension reforms confirmed different retirement ages, which were eventually restored to age sixty for women and age sixty-five for men. The issues of the reasons for the changes and the state of the Polish pension system, including the existence of the so-called pension gap are mentioned. A comparison of applicable regulations and principles relating to the rights of people was made. An analysis of European Union law and a review of both national and European case law has also become an essential need in consideration regarding pension gender discrimination. The article also quotes data on the retirement age in selected European countries, based on which conclusions were drawn. The analysis of legal provisions, proposed changes, case law, and legal theory became the basis for final considerations that attempt to answer the question of whether gender discrimination in pensions a common phenomenon is and whether this phenomenon occurs under the applicable legal status.

Does the time spent in retirement improve health? An IV-Poisson assessment on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases

In recent decades, pension reforms have been implemented to address the financial sustainability of social security systems, resulting in an increase in the retirement age. This adjustment has led to ongoing debates about the relationship between retirement and health.This study investigates the impact of time spent in retirement on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Italy. It uses a comprehensive dataset that includes socioeconomic, health, and behavioural risk factors, which is linked to administrative hospitalisation and mortality registers. To address the potential endogeneity of retirement, we employ an instrumental variables approach embedded in a Poisson rate model.The results show that, on average, years spent in retirement have a beneficial effect on the risk of CVD for both men and women. Each additional year spent in retirement reduces the incidence of such diseases by about 17% for men and 29% for women. Stratified analyses and robustness tests show that the benefits of retirement appear to be more robust and pronounced in men and in certain groups, particularly men in manual occupations or with poor ergonomic conditions at work.These results highlight that delaying access to retirement may lead to an increased burden of CVD in the older population. In addition, the protective effect of retirement on the development of CVD among workers with poorer ergonomic conditions underlines the different impact of increasing the retirement age on different categories of workers and the need for targeted and differentiated policies to avoid hitting the more vulnerable.

Gerotranscendence and motivation for work past retirement age: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Usually, work beyond retirement is seen as part of the active and healthy aging paradigm. However, during the work-to-retirement transition, some people can experience activity and value re-prioritization, which might align more closely with the theory of gerotranscendence. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to explore the concept of gerotranscendence in a group of retirement-aged workers (n = 219) and determine the relationship between gerotranscendence and motivation for work beyond retirement. To collect data, the Slovenian version of a 4-point Gerotranscendence Scale with 10 items (GTS-10) was used for the first time. Principal component analysis of the GTS-10 suggested that the internal structure of the Slovenian version of the GTS-10 corresponded to the original scale. Gerotranscendence was predicted by the presence of meaningful activities in a person’s life (β = 0.184, p = .006) and uninterrupted pattern of life (β = 0.343, p < .001). The workers’ motivation for prolonged work activity was influenced by a sense of autonomy and mastery engagement in work provided (β = 0.214, p = .008) as well as by Cosmic transcendence (β = 0.192, p = .005). Workers’ social relations were characterized by enjoying being with others and meeting new people, which is contrary to the theory of gerotranscendence. The study suggests that gerotranscendence can be relevant in understanding workers’ motivation for prolonged work activity. However, there might be nuances of the concept specific to the studied population and cultural context.

Pension Reform Framing on Russian Federal Television: Editorial Policy and Audience Reaction

Abstract The pension reform implemented in Russia in 2018, primarily associated with raising the retirement age, has become evidence of a ‘miscalculation’ of media controllers. Such a ‘miscalculation’ is explained by the improvidence of the ongoing campaign in promoting pension reform. This is mainly due to the lack of elaboration during the prediction of the risks associated with naming the legislative initiative and the intensity of its representation. As a result, the ‘pension reform’ frame, constructed and subsequently promoted by Russian federal TV channels, caused the non-linearity of the media process, inspiring protest moods in the social environment. The media controllers had to modify their editorial policy strategy. After facing challenges, the ‘Big Trio’ was forced to choose a new frame and decide on a new approach and strategy of representation. This helped them to bring stability to the social environment, decrease the risk of reputational damage to the ruling class, and create a foundation to introduce more political initiatives successfully.

SOCIAL PROTECTION AND PENSION ISSUES IN MODERN KAZAKHSTAN

The Republic of Kazakhstan pays increased attention to the continuous improvement of the social protection system, as evidenced, for example, by the Social Code that came into force this year. This topic is certainly interesting for analysis, since it is multidimensional, covering both pensions and social services, moreover, according to open data, the proportion of the elderly population in the republic at the beginning of 2023 was 11.4 %, demonstrating an increase of more than by 4 % in just five years. The analysis carried out has already been submitted for discussion during seminars with the participation of the authors of the article. One of the main results of the study was the ability to typify aging in Kazakhstan - the analysis showed that the republic is characterized by aging not «from below», due to low birth rates, but «from above», due to the increase in life expectancy of the elderly population. At the same time, the pension reform helps to reduce the increase in the number of pensioners in Kazakhstan by raising the retirement age. In parallel, one can observe a widening gap between the size of the pension in Kazakhstan and the amount that is sufficient to provide for life. This conclusion paves the way for the following, more specific studies. Also, an important point that this analysis emphasized was the confirmation of the constant development of the digitalization of the social sphere of Kazakhstan. The study of further trends in its development, the identification of strong points and points requiring improvement, can also become a continuation of this article, which determines the paths for future research. Keywords: Social Protection, Pension, Disability, Digitalization, Social Service Provider, Consumer, Social Policy, Income.

Changes in the resource potential of older generations of Russians (based on materials from longitudinal studies)

The increase in life expectancy is a global trend in the field of population. The purpose of the article is to identify the changes in the components of the resource potential of Russians belonging to different real generations but being in the same age phase of 50–69 years. The first cohort reached the age of 50–69 years in 1993, the second in 2021. Within the framework of the study, resource potential is understood as a set of significant socio-psychological, economic and personal characteristics necessary for leading an active social and everyday life. E. Rosset’s position on the lengthening of the period of adulthood with an increase in life expectancy is taken as the methodological basis of the study. The provisions of the theory of social activity and the sociological approach to personal self-sufficiency are used to identify qualitative changes in the social and personal characteristics of Russians who are at a transitional stage of their life path from maturity to old age. The research hypothesis about gradual changes in the ways of organizing life, attitudes and behavior in people in transition from adulthood to old age is tested based on a comparison of data from two studies – RUSSET, Wave 1, 1993; the National Survey of the Older Generation under the SHARE program (population 50+), 2021. The social characteristics and attitudes of respondents who are in the same age phase (50–69 years old), but belong to different age cohorts that differ by generation length, are compared. The intensity and severity of family, professional, communication, etc. differentiates life choices on a scale from “active life” to “survival”. The main result of the study was the differentiation of the components of the resource potential of the older generation into changeable and stable ones. Trends were identified that reflect qualitative changes in the resource potential of older generations of Russians. They cannot be unambiguously characterized as positive or negative. In the context of the problem of human potential, the most significant change is associated with an increase in the level of education of older Russians. Older Russians are a highly educated population with high demands on society and an active social position. The rigidity of attitudes towards retirement age and professional employment constrains the resource potential of older Russians. In conclusion, it is concluded that the results obtained during the study can serve as an additional basis for the practical implementation of tasks related to the mobilization of the human resource of older Russians.

Symptoms of dementia progression in cognitive impairment: the role of religious and spiritual activity

ABSTRACT This exploratory study explores the role of religious and spiritual (R/S) activity in cognitive impairment. We used data from respondents with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) from the Health and Retirement Study and Aging, Demographics, and Memory sub-study to investigate associations between religious service attendance and behavioral expressions, cognition, and sleep disturbances independently at two different time points using Spearman’s Rho partial correlation. Religious service attendance was significantly associated with behavioral expressions, cognition, and sleep disturbances. Older adults with MCI who exhibited heightened levels of R/S activity engagement reported decreased behavioral expressions and better cognition at both time points.

Women retirement age reform: evidence from Israel

ABSTRACT This article examines the current women’s retirement age reform in Israel that raised their retirement age from 62 to 65, suggesting that high-income salaried women are more likely to benefit from the reform. It found that raising women’s Retirement Age (RA) alone does not improve their Replacement Rate (REP) and recommends implementing a two-stage policy reform. In the first stage, gender wage gaps should be mitigated during working-time period; in the second stage, women’s RA should be raised to the average of 63.81 years of the OECD countries. These suggestions should be adopted by policymakers in countries with low REP, such as Britain and Japan, accompanied by ensuring equal employment opportunities for relatively older women approaching RA.

Racial-Ethnic Gaps in Pandemic-Related Economic Hardship: Age Differences Among Older Adults.

Racial-ethnic disparities in experiences of economic hardship during the pandemic are well documented in the population overall and among older adults. Existing research shows that this economic hardship was much less common at older than younger ages. Little is known about the intersection of racial-ethnic and age disparities in pandemic-related hardship in later life. This research report investigated racial-ethnic gaps in economic hardship by age group among older adults. Data were from the 2018 and 2020 U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS) including the 2020 coronavirus disease 2019 module. We estimated Heckman-corrected linear probability models to examine differences in experiences of pandemic-related economic hardship in the 2020 HRS by race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, U.S.-born Hispanic, foreign-born Hispanic) across age groups (55-64, 65-74, 75+). In the multivariable analysis, we controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, participation in social programs, pre-existing health conditions and behaviors, and economic resources from the 2018 HRS. Experiences of economic hardship declined with age within each racial-ethnic group. Racial-ethnic gaps in hardship remained at older ages without any controls. However, when all controls were added, racial-ethnic gaps in economic hardship were eliminated for those ages 75+. Individual characteristics prior to the pandemic explained racial-ethnic differences in hardship for the oldest adults (75+) but did not explain gaps for those ages 55-74. Results point to structural factors generating new racial-ethnic gaps in pandemic-related economic hardship among those approaching retirement (ages 55-74) that did not affect the oldest adults (ages 75+).

Framing Policy Reform in Europe. A Comparative Study of Frame Variation Across Countries, Newspapers, and Time

ABSTRACT Politicians must navigate the complexities of social policy reform to ensure sustainable fiscal policies while considering their impact on citizens. News media play a crucial role as a source of political information, influencing public attitudes towards policy changes through selective framing of issues. This study focuses on how European news media frame the controversial policy reform of raising the retirement age, and explores factors that potentially explain variations in framing across contexts. Using a manual content analysis of newspapers in Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom over the period 2011–2020 (n = 1059 articles), we examine country-, newspaper-, and time-related factors to explain the relative presence of issue-specific diagnostic and prognostic frames in European news coverage of pension reform. While the results show that all three types of factors determine the coverage of the reform measure to some extent, in particular variations across newspapers and over time are prevalent. The most striking differences are that left-leaning newspapers emphasize frames related to inequality, and that over time, framing crystallizes into a more concentrated set of diagnostic and prognostic frames. This article sheds light on European news coverage of a much-debated policy issue and its contextual dependency.

Development and improvement of the long-term care system in Russia

Recent demographic trends, particularly the aging of the population, make the issue of ensuring a dignified old age urgent. Russia, as a developed country in the socio-economic sense, at the state level strives to increase the life expectancy of the population; at the same time, it is necessary to set and ensure the achievement of targets for improving the quality of life of the older generation. An important element here is the provision of palliative medical care to people of retirement age and people with disabilities. Until recently, there was virtually no long-term care system in Russia, and the burden was distributed between the healthcare system and the relatives of citizens in need of care. The launch of a pilot project to develop a long-term care system within the framework of the national project "Demography" showed the widespread demand for palliative care services. The article analyzes all aspects of the development of the long-term care system in Russia, identifying both positive results of the pilot project and points of growth. The main obstacle to implementing a long-term care system at the federal level is agreeing on a funding model. Here it makes sense to rely on successful international experience and consider the practical implementation of long-term care programs in various countries. However, the development of a long-term care system and ensuring the processes of its sustainable functioning is an important element of the state's social policy, which must be included in the standard list of social services and developed everywhere.

Corporate social responsibility, CEO characteristics, and earnings management: Evidence from China

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR), earnings management (EM), and the characteristics of chief executive officers (CEOs) within the context of China's economic transformation. Drawing on stakeholder theory and upper echelon theory, this study investigates the influence of CSR on EM and the role of CEO characteristics. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 1,980 Chinese firm‐year observations from the Shenzhen and Shanghai stock markets, between 2013 and 2017. The findings reveal a negative relationship between CSR performance and discretionary accruals (DA), suggesting that higher CSR is associated with lower EM. Moreover, this relationship is more pronounced among firms with highly educated CEOs (postgraduates) and mature CEOs (approaching retirement age). Notably, the negative CSR–EM relationship is strengthened in firms with mandatory CSR reports. This study expands prior research by exploring the impact of CEO characteristics on the CSR–EM relationship, incorporating CEO attributes alongside ownership structures and governance mechanisms. The findings offer insights for organizations in terms of selecting ethically committed CEOs, as well as guidance for shareholders in understanding CEO selection criteria. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of mandatory CSR disclosure (CSRD) for policymakers evaluating CSR performance according to the disclosure type.

교사의 경력 전망에 대한 세대별 인식 분석

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate generational differences of teachers' perceptions on career prospects including promotion, turnover intention, and retirement age. Understanding these differences is essential for adapting educational practices to the evolving needs of the teaching society. Methods: A survey was conducted with 2,064 elementary, middle, and high school teachers affiliated with the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education. The responses regarding promotion, turnover intention, and retirement age were analyzed across generations X, M, and Z using frequency analysis and chi-square tests. Interviews on career prospects were also performed with thirteen teachers to gain in-depth insights into the generational differences and policy improvement. Results: Findings revealed that while all generations found promotion unattractive, they shared different perspectives regarding the reasons. The younger generation showed a higher inclination towards turnover intention and a lower commitment to remaining in the profession until retirement age. The most common motivations for turnover intention were low wages and increased violations with respect to the rights of educational activities across generations. Generation X teachers expressed discomfort with the promotion system through the interviews while Generation M and Z teachers considered the cost-effectiveness aspect of promotion. Conclusion: Generational disparities in teachers' perceptions of career prospects call for considerations in teacher policies. Subdividing promotion positions and expanding career paths will guarantee continued exercise of teachers’ expertise in the era of change.

COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF THE CAPABILITIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT BODIES TO ESTABLISH TRUST RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE POPULATION OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES

The article reveals the component composition of the abilities of law enforcement agencies to establish trusting relationships with the population of various categories. It has been established that the growth and accumulation of negative trends in society ‒ inattention or complete ignoring of the needs of citizens, requests to internal affairs bodies, disappointment in democratic rights and freedoms, regardless of national, religious and status affiliation, which give rise to doubts about the honesty and objectivity of law enforcement officers , low effectiveness in solving crimes contributes to the growth of negative attitudes of citizens towards the police, citizens begin to perceive police officers in a rather negative emotional way. The need to increase the professional competence and personal qualities of law enforcement specialists, necessary for effective work and building trusting relations with citizens, has been proven. The content of the ability of law enforcement officers to establish trusting relationships as a positive resource for the accumulation of social capital, which reflects the experience of positive relations of law enforcement officers with people, including confidence in honesty and benevolence, communicating through certain principles, traditions, and the interconnection of the constituent parts of these relations based on the system of positive expectations and form the basis of partnership relations. The components of the ability of law enforcement agencies to establish trusting relationships with the population are determined ‒ cognitive-pedagogical (presupposes and requires a specialist to have knowledge of age-related pedagogy and psychology, peculiarities of adolescents, youth, peculiarities of the adult population and citizens of retirement age), communicative-reflexive (the ability to communicate is attributed to the general personality culture, since mastering the art of communication allows a person to solve professional tasks and professional problems), empathic-trusting (characterized by the manifestation of empathy in law enforcement officers), organizational-partnership (effectiveness of trusting relationships) and level indicators of the formed ability ‒ high, medium and low.

A Study of Employees' Willingness to Delay Retirement from an Industry Perspective

In recent years, due to China's aging population, pension insurance payment tension and other factors combined with China's specific employment situation, delayed retirement has gradually become one of the hot topics in all walks of life. The implementation of delayed retirement policy is an important task put forward by the Third and Fifth Plenary Sessions of the 18th Central Committee, and delaying the retirement age has been the general trend in China. The introduction and implementation of the policy of delayed retirement age involves the personal interests of employees in various industries, and the willingness of employees engaged in different jobs to delay retirement is an essential public opinion criterion for the introduction of the policy, and it will directly affect the specific implementation of the delayed retirement policy. For this reason, this paper will be based on the background of different industries to explore the willingness of employees to delay retirement research, will delay the implementation of the policy in different sectors of the resistance to materialization, for policy makers and business managers to provide scientific reference.

Forecasting Inequalities in Survival to Retirement Age by Socioeconomic Status in Denmark and Sweden

In Denmark and Sweden, statutory retirement age is indexed to life expectancy to account for mortality improvements in their populations. However, mortality improvements have not been uniform across different sub-populations. Notably, in both countries, individuals of lower socioeconomic status (SES) have experienced slower mortality improvements. As a result, a uniform rise in the statutory retirement age could disproportionally affect these low-SES groups and may unintentionally lead to a reverse redistribution effect, shifting benefits from short-lived low-SES individuals to long-lived high-SES individuals. The aim of this study is twofold: to quantify and contextualise mortality inequalities by SES in Denmark and Sweden, and to assess how indexing retirement age will affect future survival to retirement age by SES in these countries. We used Danish and Swedish registry data (1988–2019), to aggregate individuals aged 50 + based on their demographic characteristics and SES. We computed period life tables by year, sex, and SES to estimate the difference in survival across different SES groups. We then forecast mortality across SES groups to assess how indexing retirement age will affect survival inequalities to retirement age, using two forecasting models—the Mode model and the Li-Lee model. Mortality inequalities are comparable in Denmark and Sweden, even though the latter generally has higher survival. We also find that indexing retirement age to life expectancy will have two main consequences: it will reduce the probability of reaching retirement for all SES groups, particularly those of low SES, and time spent in retirement will be reduced, particularly for those of high SES.

КҮЗЕМБАЙ БАЙБОСЫНОВТЫҢ ӨЛКЕТАНУ БАҒЫТЫНДАҒЫ ЕЛЕУЛІ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ, ҒАЛЫМНЫҢ ХАТЫ ӨШПЕЙДІ

The article examines the works of the famous historian and local historian Baibosynov Kuzembaya. He made a great contribution to the study of the Zhambyl region. Throughout his life he conducted many scientific studies. He worked hard to find historical sites and valuable materials. Baibosynov Kuzembay did not stop his research even at retirement age. There were cases when they continued archaeological research in the sites of “Nizhniya Baryskhan”, located near the city of Taraz, they drew up a plan to open a museum there and presented it to the regional leadership.He presented the research he had done over the years and always mentioned historical sites that needed to be explored in the future.When students came to him for interviews, he shared many of his scientific plans and mentored the youth for the future. Let's talk about some articles that were published during his lifetime. The works of the Baibosynov Kuzembaya were published in local and national newspapers. Some time ago, an expedition organized by the museum brought from the Zhdanov state farm, Amangeldinsky department, Talas region, a very rare wooden bed made by Dayyrbekov Biten, who a century ago was famous for his art in the lower Talas region.Those who saw him and remember that he learned this art from his brothers Togyzbai and Onbai, and until recently, products made by him could be found in this village, but now they are not. In Kuzembai's articles, he was very interested in the history of the region and the creative work of the artists of this region. For example, one of the problems that has been bothering me for a long time is that wonderful works created by folk craftsmen and their musical instruments are being brought together. But some of them refuse to send it to the museum because it is a valuable thing left by their ancestors, he says. He writes about where and how the museum collected valuable artifacts from remote villages in the region.

Paving the path for ongoing clinical research and education in post retirement age.

Paving the path for ongoing clinical research and education in post retirement age.

A Workplace Health Promotion Program for a Predominantly Military Population: Associations with General Health, Mental Well-Being and Sustainable Employability.

Due to the globally increasing life expectancies, many countries are raising their official retirement age to prevent labor shortages and sustain retirement systems. This trend emphasizes the need for sustainable employability. Unhealthy lifestyles pose a risk to sustainable employability as they contribute to chronic diseases and decreased productivity. Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) programs have gained attention as a strategy to enhance employee health and well-being. The Netherlands Armed Forces, a unique employer with demanding psychological and physical requirements, was used as a case study to investigate the associations of a WHP Program with workers health and sustainable employability. The program offered tailor-made guidance to participants (N = 341) through individual coaching trajectories. The program's impact was evaluated by measuring self-reported health, mental well-being, and sustainable employability over a 6-month period. Results indicated significant improvements across all these dimensions after participation in the program. This study provides valuable insights into the benefits of tailor-made WHP programs. While this was an observational study without a control group, this study supports the importance of incorporating individualized approaches in WHP initiatives to foster positive outcomes in health and sustainable employability.

Fair Pension Policies with Occupation-Specific Ageing

Abstract We study the optimal design of a fair public pension system in a multi-period overlapping generations model with occupation-specific morbidity and mortality that depends on the retirement age. The fairness constraint acts as institutional device ensuring that lifetime returns to contributions are equal across occupational groups. We consider group-specific replacement rates and a calculatory interest rate for early contributions as policy instruments. Calibrating the model to Germany, we find that the transition to optimal fair pension policies may induce early retirement of blue-collar workers and significantly raises their lifetime pension benefits and welfare. Aggregate welfare increases in all fair pension scenarios.