Retirement Age Research Articles

Biographies of uncertainty regulation in the labor market and extension of working life in Chile

Abstract Despite lacking policies targeting the extension of working life, Chile is the Latin American country that has exhibited the largest increase in the labor force participation rate of people aged 65+ in the last two decades. In this research, following an analytical framework on regulation of endogenous uncertainty and relying on rich qualitative data (life story interviews of 90 older workers aged 60–86, across 21 cities and 6 regions), we approached the complexity of extended working lives in Chile by addressing an unexplored dimension. Specifically, we explore individuals’ agency over their employment trajectories (i.e., both in adulthood and old age) among those who remained active in the labor market after the legal retirement age. Our findings provide strong evidence that extended working lives not only result from precarious social conditions, but are also shaped by complex processes involving both expansive and adaptive individual agency in which people engaged throughout their life course. Therefore, the high exogenous uncertainty in the labor market should not merely be interpreted from the perspective of “precarity,” but also as a scenario that encouraged individuals to behave in a way that led them to engage in the labor force across their lives in accordance with their preferred level of endogenous uncertainty.

Apple Tree Maternity: A Qualitative Exploration of the Development of a Rural Collaborative Interprofessional Maternity Care Service

Introduction: There is currently a maternity care crisis in Canada, with many of the obstetricians and family physicians reaching retirement age in the next 10 years. Primary midwifery care services may offer solutions. However, due to the many constraints and difficulties faced by midwives practicing in rural settings, there is an emerging interest in exploring interprofessional collaborative models of maternity care as a possible solution to the crisis. This study documents the process and experiences of care providers in establishing and providing collaborative interprofessional maternity care in rural British Columbia. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders (primary care providers and allied health professionals) working at Apple Tree Maternity. Interviewees spoke to both the process of establishing a new collaborative interprofessional model of care and the experience of working and providing care within the model. Findings: Four main themes emerged through the dialogue with the stakeholders: motivation for collaboration; challenges and barriers to collaborative care; attributes and benefits of collaborative care; and core qualities and recommendations for successful interprofessional collaboration. Based on their experience of establishing and working within a new model of collaborative, interprofessional, rural maternity care, the study participants identified core qualities and recommendations for successful interprofessional collaboration in a rural community to be mutual trust and respect; common philosophy of care, mutual commitment, and genuine desire to collaborate; clear and effective communication; ensuring the collaborative model is responsive to the unique needs of specific communities; community support; supportive institutional culture; and alternative payment plans and billing structures. Conclusion and implications for practice: This study revealed a number of attributes to collaboration that mirror those identified by others. In addition, study participants identified particular challenges unique to the rural context. Further research documenting the care provider experiences of interprofessional collaboration in other rural settings is warranted. In addition, there is also a need to explore and document the experiences of collaborative practice, in both rural and urban settings, from the client perspective. It is only when this is achieved that significant policy change suggestions should be made that will facilitate both collaborative practice and an improvement in care to women in rural settings. The need for this research is vital given the maternity care crisis in British Columbia and the need for supporting sustainable rural maternity care models. This article has been peer reviewed.

LAJOS FEKETE, HUNGARIAN ROYAL MINISTER COUNCELLAR, DIRECTOR OF THE HUNGARIAN ROYAL ACADEMY OF MINING AND FORESTRY

Lajos Fekete, Hungarian Royal Minister Counsellor, Forestry Academy professor is a leading figure in higher forestry education, who achieved indefeasible results in creating Hungarian language education and the Hungarian forestry language. Between 1872 and 1891, he headed the Department of Phytology and Silviculture at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Mining and Forestry in Selmecbánya, and from 1891 until his retirement he headed the Department of Forest Management. He played an important role in the organisation of the Academy campus, the construction of new educational buildings and the development and furnishing of the botanical gardens, as well as in the compilation and development of collections related to the subjects he taught (zoology, entomology, botany, climatology and soil science). Hungarian experiments in forestry began to take institutional form in 1897/98, and Lajos Fekete was responsible for this, as well as for the idea of establishing forestry education on a secondary level. Although he had already exceeded the possible age of retirement in 1894, his tireless work ethic kept him in the Academy. He enjoyed the confidence of the Academy's teaching staff and served as vice-principal in the academic year 1892/93, then as director in the academic years 1897/98, 1898/1899 and 1899/1900, and was also head of the forestry department. At the age of 69, on 1 October 1906, he was retired at his own request, because of his failing eyesight towards the end of his life. Thus, the last serving teacher of the first faculty of the Forestry Academy left the academy chair. On this occasion, he was awarded the title of Minister Counsellor in recognition of his services. In 1910, six years before his death, he received the highest recognition for his work, being accepted as a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. There is no branch of forestry science in which his work has not left a lasting mark. Despite this extremely productive and diversified career, which produced outstanding achievements in all fields, posterity has treated and still treats Lajos Fekete, whose work and human behaviour can stand as an example to us all, rather cruel.

The effect of retirement eligibility on mental health in the United Kingdom: Heterogeneous effects by occupation.

I investigate heterogeneity across occupational characteristics in the effect of retirement eligibility on mental health in the United Kingdom. I use K-means clustering to define three occupational clusters, differing across multiple dimensions. I estimate the effect of retirement eligibility using a Regression Discontinuity Design, allowing the effect to differ by cluster. The effects of retirement eligibility are beneficial, and greater in two clusters: one comprised of white-collar jobs in an office setting and another of blue-collar jobs with high physical demands and hazards. The cluster with smaller benefits mixes blue- and white-collar uncompetitive jobs with high levels of customer interaction. The results have implications for the distributional effect of raising the retirement age.

WITHDRAWN: Addressing China’s retirement Dilemma: Exploring strategies to balance life expectancy and leisure preference

We construct an overlapping generation model (OLG) that reflects workers’ endogenous retirement intention and retirement age, and examine the effects of increased life expectancy and leisure preference on individuals’ retirement age choice, with a specific focus on China’s unique demographic and economic context. The deepening degree of population aging in China may lead to a series of economic and social challenges if not properly addressed. Our findings suggest that as life expectancy rises, individuals may choose to work longer and retire later to accumulate more resources for their extended retirement years. However, with fewer young people entering the workforce and an increasing older population, labor shortages and pressures on the pension and healthcare systems are of paramount concern. The results have significant implications for policy-making in China, emphasizing the need for strategic adjustments to retirement age policies and leisure preferences to sustain economic growth and manage the aging population crisis.

Occupational particle exposure and chronic kidney disease: a cohort study in Swedish construction workers

ObjectivesIncreasing epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that particle exposure is an environmental risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, only a few case–control studies have investigated this association in...

Реализация кластерной инициативы в развитии кадрового потенциала медицинских организаций сельской местности.

The relevance of this study is due to the need to solve the problems of providing medical personnel for rural healthcare in order to increase the availability and quality of medical care for the population. Purpose of the study: to identify resources and identify risks for the formation of human resources in medical organizations in rural areas. Materials and methods. The work studied and analyzed the literature sources of domestic authors on the personnel problem in healthcare, as well as regulatory documents on the topic of research. To assess the state of health care staffing in the Voronezh region, data from statistical accounting forms No. 17, No. 30 were used. Using the method of comparative analysis, a study was carried out of indicators of the supply of medical personnel and staffing of medical positions in medical organizations of the Voronezh region, the main indicators of the activities of medical organizations in rural areas of the region. In order to study the factors contributing to the attraction of young specialists to medical organizations in rural areas, an anonymous online survey was conducted. To process the data obtained, sociological, analytical and statistical methods were used. Results. The Voronezh region has a satisfactory level of provision with medical workers, but they are unevenly distributed throughout the region. The shortage of personnel is more pronounced in rural areas – staffing of regular positions is decreasing, the proportion of people of retirement age is growing, and the influx of young specialists is decreasing. Discussions. The study made it possible to provide objective information about the state of provision of health care institutions with medical personnel and the reasons for understaffing in rural areas. A subjective assessment of graduates of medical universities of their employment opportunities in medical organizations in rural areas made it possible to identify “weak points” and take them into account when forming the personnel policy of the region. Conclusion. Recommendations for solving the problem of continuous professional development of medical personnel are proposed. The findings of the study can be used in the formation of effective personnel policies aimed at proactively predicting the process of their reproduction in the healthcare system.

Basic Financial education to obtain a decent retirement

The importance of financial education and its relationship with the population of retirement age, 65 and over, which will increase in the coming years in Mexico, is a reason to study the possible economic scenarios that it will face. The first objective of the exploratory and comparative study is to evaluate the retirement pension of two cases of workers of the Secretariat of Public Security of the State of Veracruz (SSP), breaking down the perceptions received as part of the payroll, emphasizing the perception called salary, since this will be the monthly amount of a retirement pension; and secondly, plan a decent retirement through the financial product called Retirement Fund Administrator (AFORE). It is concluded that opting for an AFORE product has a positive impact on a dignified retirement, hence the importance of financial education to have knowledge and plan and manage money.

ПЕРВИЧНАЯ ИНВАЛИДНОСТЬ ПО ПРИЧИНЕ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЙ В РАЗНЫХ ВОЗРАСТНЫХ ГРУППАХ ВЗРОСЛОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ (РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ)

Relevance. A significant level of morbidity significantly exacerbates the medical and social significance of oncopathology, leading to high mortality and disability of the population. In terms of the prevalence of disability, malignant tumors occupy the second rank after the circulatory system. The increase in advanced stages of malignant tumors associated with problems in early detection of the oncological process leads to a heavier disability group. Objective:. To analyze the prevalence and age structure of disability of the adult population due to malignant neoplasms in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. Materials and methods. Primary disability due to malignant neoplasms in 2020-2022 was studied using the accounting and reporting form No. 7-sobes. A comparative analysis of the structure and indicator of disability due to malignant neoplasms in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the North Caucasus Federal District, and the Russian Federation was carried out. Results. The age structure of malignancy disability shows stable growth dynamics in all age groups, especially noticeable among young people. At the same time, the indicators of disability for malignant neoplasms among people of retirement age prevail over similar indicators among middle-aged and young people. In the structure of disability, taking into account the classes of diseases among IDPs due to malignant neoplasms, disability group I in 2022 amounted to 40.9%, group II 35.1%, group III 13.3%. The significant prevalence of disability group I among those recognized as disabled for the first time is prolonged during the study period, thus confirming the high relevance of the problem of malignant neoplasms. During the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic, the growth dynamics of the disabled of the I disability group in 2021 and 2022 is noted. There was no significant impact on the indicators of disability groups II and III in this period.The indicators of primary disability due to malignant neoplasms in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania are lower than in the Russian Federation and the North Caucasus Federal District, but have the same upward trend. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a negative dynamics in the growth of disability indicators for malignant neoplasms and an aggravation of the degree of disability. In the current situation, the analysis of indicators and the age structure of disability due to malignant neoplasms in dynamics makes it possible to identify the priorities of medical and social expertise and becomes important when developing age-oriented, differentiated rehabilitation programs for the disabled. Given the high correlation between the severity of disability and the neglect of the oncological process, early diagnosis and adequate treatment tactics for patients with malignant neoplasms will undoubtedly contribute to improving disability indicators, allowing timely medical and social examination.

Pensions under Pressure: Unraveling the Crisis and Debating Reform in USA’s Aging Society

Abstract: This research paper critically examines the challenges facing the pension system in the United States amidst a rapidly aging society. As demographic shifts lead to an increasing proportion of the population entering retirement, the strain on pension funds intensifies. The paper delves into the intricate interplay of factors contributing to the crisis, encompassing demographic changes, economic challenges, and policy issues. Demographically, the rising life expectancy poses a significant strain on pension programs, necessitating a re-evaluation of their sustainability. Economic hurdles, including low interest rates and market volatility, further compound the issue by affecting pension fund investments. The regulatory framework and policy landscape are scrutinized to assess their efficacy in responding to the evolving needs of an aging society. This paper not only identifies the problems but engages in a comprehensive debate on potential reforms. From adjusting retirement ages to exploring innovative financial instruments, various options are considered to address the pressing challenges. The research concludes by emphasizing the urgency of finding sustainable solutions to alleviate the pressure on the pension system, ensuring the financial security of retirees in the face of an aging population. The insights presented contribute to the ongoing discourse on pension reform, seeking a balanced approach that safeguards the interests of both retirees and the stability of the pension system.

The effect of retirement on physical and mental health in China: a nonparametric fuzzy regression discontinuity study

BackgroundWith the rapid aging of the domestic population, China has a strong incentive to increase the statutory retirement age. How retirement affects the health of the elderly is crucial to this policymaking. The health consequences of retirement have been debated greatly. This study aims to investigate the effects of retirement on physical and mental health among Chinese elderly people.MethodsThe data we use in this study comes from four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) of the Harmonized China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (Harmonized CHARLS), a prospective cohort. We use the nonparametric fuzzy regression discontinuity design to estimate the effects of retirement on physical and mental health. We test the robustness of our results with respect to different bandwidths, kernel functions, and polynomial orders. We also explore the heterogeneity across gender and education.ResultsResults show that retirement has an insignificant effect on a series of physical and mental health outcomes, with and without adjusting several sociodemographic variables. Heterogeneity exists regarding gender and education. Although stratified analyses indicate that the transition from working to retirement leaves minimal effects on males and females, the effects go in the opposite direction. This finding holds for low-educated and high-educated groups for health outcomes including depression and cognitive function. Most of the results are stable with respect to different bandwidths, kernel functions, and polynomial orders.ConclusionsOur results suggest that it is possible to delay the statutory retirement age in China as retirement has insignificant effects on physical and mental health. However, further research is needed to assess the long-term effect of retirement on health.

An innovative development of a whole-body diagnostic device led to the ingenious discovery of comprehensive digital medicine that has potential to lead to health promotion of humankind and consequential rapid economic growth of the world

After working for a few decades, gas-discharge-visualization (GDV) device, alternatively called electro-photonic-imaging (EPI) device, was innovatively developed by Prof. K.G. Korotkov in 1995. The sophisticated GDV diagnostic device additionally is being used as an important tool for generating comprehensive-digital-medicine by feeding an electromagnetic signal from the GDV device to the comprehensive-digital-medicine preparation device, involving very low cost. This medicine helps to achieve near zero disease-levels in the various organs as well as the immune, endocrine and nervous systems of all health-conscious persons, who want to continue sincerely with the optimal combination of the preventive medicines of digital-homeopathy and evolved-homeopathy, and occasional GDV (once in a month) check-up. When this condition is achieved, about 20 years age-reduction is felt along with improvement of physical and mental stamina and increment in longevity. To begin with, the global organizations and insurance companies will have to provide for the first few years fund and offer suitable incentives (may be, appropriate annual cash-incentives after remaining under coverage of comprehensive-digital-medicine prevention scheme), since vast majority of the apparently healthy part of humankind believe that they’re healthy, although all of their organs are having imperceptible disease level between 0.8 to 1.0, and such disease level in immune system (including Spleen) cannot prevent tumors/ cancer and many other severe diseases. After a span of few years, global GDP can increase by 5% over a year (in contrast with the present 3%), when this increased GDP (due to better health and increase in retirement age) can fund such schemes.

An analysis of precautionary behavior in retirement decision making with an application to pension system reform

We analyze how precautionary motives affect the decisions of a risk-averse agent on saving, labor supply and retirement. In a setting where there is a random shock which affects agent disutility from work, we show that uncertainty directly affects retirement age and saving, but leaves labor supply during working age unchanged. In particular, a precautionary motive for retirement always arises, which pushes the agent to bring forward retirement in the presence of a risk on the cost of work effort. Moreover, prudence and a sufficiently high level of absolute temperance are sufficient conditions for precautionary saving. In this setting, we also study the effects of two common reforms of the pension system: an increase in pension contributions and a cut in pension benefits. The conditions for the agent to postpone retirement and increase labor supply are studied. This makes it possible to characterize the circumstances when the financial soundness of the pension system improves after these reforms.

An Analysis of American Urological Association Census Trends: Earlier Planned Retirement and Practice Pattern Changes May Exacerbate the Urology Workforce Shortage

ObjectiveTo explore how changes in planned retirement age, practice setting, and physician productivity may impact the workforce shortage in urology. MethodsWe compared data between the 2015 and 2022 American Urological Association census, a specialty-wide annual survey which collects data on demographics, practice patterns and procedures from a representative sample of US urologists. Workforce productivity was measured by the self-reported number of hours worked per week and patients seen per week. A novel formula was developed to demonstrate how planned retirement age and productivity impact the workforce’s production capacity. ResultsThe total number of practicing urologists increased during the period from 2015 to 2022 (11,990 to 13,976), while the mean age of practicing urologists decreased slightly (55.0 to 54.5 years; p <0.002). During this period, the mean planned age of retirement for all urologists decreased from 68.9 years to 67.7 (p <0.001). Urologists in solo practice had a significantly higher planned age of retirement at 71.9 years (p <0.001) as compared to all other practice models. The number of patients seen per week for all urologists decreased from 78.7 to 72.9 (p <0.001). The amount of hours worked per week remained relatively constant between the study periods. The maximum possible number of patients seen by the workforce prior to retirement increased by only 2.4% during the study interval. ConclusionThough the US urology workforce is growing and the mean age is decreasing, decreases in planned retirement age and productivity may offset these gains and intensify the physician shortage for US urologists.

Pension security in Ukraine: current trends and directions of development

The article aims to substantiate the directions for reforming and developing the pension system in Ukraine. To achieve the goal, the following research methods were used: methods of analysis and synthesis; abstract logical method; methods of theoretical generalization − formulating definitions of the concepts "pension security", "accumulated pension", etc.; systemic approach − changes and problems in the indicators of the pension system and the development of measures to solve them. As a result of the research, the concept of pension security and the pension system as a process of securement financial support in the form of pensions to a specific category of unemployed citizens, which is aimed at reducing the level of poverty due to its positive impact on such social risks as old age, disability and loss of working capacity, is defined as a set of legal, organizational, financial and economic institutions and norms, as well as professional organizational structures aimed at reducing the level of poverty by positively influencing such social risks as disability and loss of working capacity. The main problems of the pension system of Ukraine at the current stage are substantiated, namely the rapid deterioration of the ratio between the working age and the retirement age due to the drop in the birth rate and the increase in emigration, a permanent deficit of pension funds due to budget imbalance; low level of pensions; underdevelopment of non-state pension security; decrease in the number of payers due to economic instability, military events and other factors; significant lack of public awareness of pension provision; lack of trust in state financial programs and reforms. The main direction of the reform of the pension system has been determined − the introduction of non-state pension security, based on the principles of voluntary choice of the type of pension security and the creation of conditions for non-state pension security at the legislative level, as well as taking into account the risks associated with non-state pension security, such as the risk of investment losses, the instability of the financial market and the possibility of abuse by pension funds. Additional areas of pension development have been identified: increasing the efficiency of the system of tax collection and control over their payment to ensure stable financing of the Pension Fund; support for programs and initiatives aimed at increasing financial literacy among the population, which will contribute to more effective management of personal finances and retirement planning; introducing mechanisms to encourage additional voluntary contributions to the pension fund, such as tax benefits or special support programs for those who actively plan their financial future; development of social programs and services for pensioners aimed at improving their quality of life, access to medical care, cultural and educational events; strengthening mechanisms for controlling the Pension Fund's expenses and effective use of its resources to meet the needs of pensioners as much as possible; open and transparent control over the activities of pension funds and the functioning of the pension system. The scientific novelty of the study consists in substantiating the set of measures for the development and reform of the pension system of Ukraine, which involves the development of non-state pension schemes. The practical significance of the work is that the research results can be used at the level of individual organizations and industries and at the level of individual regions of Ukraine. Prospects for further research are the substantiation of the toolkit for the practical implementation of non-state pension funds. Keywords: pension security, accumulative pension security, pension system, non-state pension security, corporate pension fund

Collaborative vehicle-crew scheduling for multiple routes with a mixed fleet of electric and fuel buses

Since some fuel buses have not yet reached their retirement age, many cities still have a mix of fuel buses and electric buses (EBs) operating. This study focuses on multiple bus routes with fuel-electric mixed fleet. To address operation problems arising from separately scheduling vehicles and crews (known as the two-stage method) of each route, we propose a collaborative approach to optimize the vehicle dispatching plan and crew scheduling plan. Initially, we establish a nonlinear programming model by minimizing the overall operating costs of bus companies, encompassing vehicle purchase costs, EB charging costs, fuel bus refueling costs, and driver labor costs. Next, we devise an improved simulated annealing algorithm to solve the model. The proposed method is validated through a case study involving three real-world routes. A comparison with the traditional two-stage method reveals promising outcomes. Results indicate that the proposed method can decrease the number of vehicle changes by 21.43 %, driver labor costs by 2.04 %, and daily operating costs for the bus company by 0.82 %.

Postponing old age: Evidence for historical change toward a later perceived onset of old age.

"At what age would you describe someone as old?" Perceptions of when old age begins might be prone to upward shifts because of historical increases in life expectancy and in retirement age, as well as because of better psychosocial functioning in later life. We investigated historical changes in within-person trajectories of the perceived onset of old age using data from 14,056 participants who entered the German Ageing Survey at age 40-85 years and who completed up to eight assessments across 25 years. Using longitudinal multilevel regression models, we found that at age 64, the average perceived onset of old age is at about age 75 years. Longitudinally, this perceived onset age increased by about 1 year for every 4-5 years of actual aging. We also found evidence for historical change. Compared to the earliest-born cohorts, later-born cohorts reported a later perceived onset of old age, yet with decelerating trend among more recent birth cohorts. Within-person increases of the perceived onset of old age were steeper in later-born cohorts. The described cohort trends were only slightly reduced when controlling for covariates. Being younger, male, living in East Germany, feeling older, reporting more loneliness, more chronic diseases, and poorer self-rated health were each associated with a perceived earlier onset of old age. Our results suggest that there is a nonlinear historical trend toward a later perceived onset of old age, which might have meaningful implications for individuals' perspectives on aging and old age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Moving up and down the urban hierarchy: Age‐specific internal migration patterns in Japan based on the 2020 census

AbstractThis study aimed to understand the age‐specific internal migration patterns in Japan where more than a quarter of the population is aged ≥65 years and the national population is on the decline, focusing on the urban hierarchy. Demographic efficiency, which is the ratio of net to gross migration, was calculated for each migration flow between the levels of urban hierarchy in Japan based on the 2020 census. The results showed that the overall upward migration, which is a movement from lower to higher levels in the urban hierarchy, was dominant. A variation in migration patterns by age confirmed that young adults, especially those aged 20–24 years, moved up the urban hierarchy unidirectionally, while people of preretirement and retirement age moved down. The older adults (aged 75 and over) were inclined to move up. Regarding sex‐based differences, the demographic efficiency of women was higher than that of men. Additionally, the upward movement of women was predominant in almost all age groups. These findings suggest the possibility that aggregated migration behaviours may vary by sex, which has received little attention in previous migration studies focusing on urban hierarchies in other countries. Furthermore, this study discussed policy implications based on the observed patterns, such as the impacts of older adults' migration on social security at each hierarchy level and a possible relationship between women's upward migration patterns and future fertility decline.

The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity in Stockholm County - Evidence from time series models of smartphone measured daily steps data spanning over 3 years

BackgroundIt has been reported that physical activity levels decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies often relied on self-reported physical activity, which has low accuracy. Studies based on objectively measured physical activity have had short data collection periods, thereby not allowing the consideration of pre-pandemic levels of physical activity or the influence over the different waves of the pandemic. MethodsIn this study, we utilize smartphone-measured step data from a nonprobability sample in Stockholm County, Sweden, where measures to limit the spread of COVID-19 differed from those in many other countries. The results are based on 522 individuals and 532,739 person-days with step data spanning from 2019 to 2021. Generalized additive models were fitted for each individual, and meta-regression was used to combine the results from individual models. ResultsDaily steps decreased during the first wave but increased during the third wave compared to individual pre-pandemic levels. The decrease in daily steps occurred primarily in young individuals and those with occupations allowing remote work. Individuals of retirement age on the contrary increased their daily steps during the same period. ConclusionsThis study reveal that the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic was temporary and that younger age and the possibility of working from home were associated with a decreasing trend in physical activity.

Productivity costs due to human papillomavirus-related cancer mortality in the United Kingdom

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes several cancers such as cervical cancer and some head and neck (oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx), vulval, vaginal, anal, and penile cancers. As HPV vaccination is available, there is potential to prevent these cancers attributed to HPV and consequently the burden associated with them. The aim of this analysis was to estimate the number of HPV-related cancer deaths and the productivity costs due to years of life lost (YLL) in the United Kingdom (UK). Method A model was developed utilizing UK 2019 mortality data sourced from country-specific databases for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland for the following HPV-related cancers: head and neck (ICD-10 C00-14 and C32), cervix uteri (C53), vaginal (C51), vulval (C52), anal (C21), and penile (C60). The proportion of deaths and years of life lost (YLL) due to HPV were estimated using HPV attributable fractions for each anatomic location from the published literature. Labor force participation, retirement ages, and mean annual earnings, discounted at 3.5% annually, were applied to YLL to calculate the present value of future lost productivity (PVFLP). Results A total of 1817 deaths due to HPV-related cancers were reported in the UK in 2019 resulting in 31,804 YLL. Restricting to only YLL that occurred prior to retirement age yielded a total YPLL of 11,765 and a total PVFLP of £187,764,978. Conclusions There is a high disease burden in the UK for HPV-related cancers, with a large economic impact on the wider economy due to productivity losses. Implementing and reinforcing public health measures to maintain high HPV vaccination coverage in both males and females may further facilitate reduction of this burden.