Response Of Vascular Tissue Research Articles

Differences in vascular tissue response after stent implantation between biolimus-eluting and everolimus-eluting stents: a sub-study of the NEXT study.

NEXT [NOBORI biolimus-eluting stent (BES) versus XIENCE/PROMUS everolimus-eluting stent (EES) trial] was a multicenter, randomized, prospective trial that included 3235 patients with 8-12months of follow-up imaging at 18 centers. IB-IVUS images were analyzed at an interval of 0.5mm using a motorized pull-back system in each plaque that required stent implantation. We analyzed seven cross-sections at the site of minimal lumen area and ten cross-sections in proximal and distal peripheral sites prior to the procedure, after stent implantation and after 8months. We averaged the relative blue volume, relative green volume, relative yellow volume, and relative red volume across seven cross-sections using the manufacturer's default setting. Fifty-four lesions in 50 patients were analyzed. There were 28 lesions in 25 patients in the EES group and 26 lesions in 25 patients in the BES group. The patient characteristics did not differ significantly between the two groups except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. There were no significant differences before and after stent implantation after 8months in relative red volume, relative yellow volume, relative green volume or relative blue volume. Although the present study was likely underpowered for statistical analyses and larger populations are needed to confirm the conclusions, the vascular response regarding tissue characterization was similar between EES and BES, even though the thickness and releasing materials differed between the stents.

Modeling planar response of vascular tissues using quadratic functions of effective strain.

Simulation-based studies of the cardiovascular structure such as aorta have become increasingly popular for many biomedical problems such as predictions of aneurysm rupture. A critical step in these simulations is the development of constitutive models that accurately describe the tissue's mechanical behavior. In this work, we present a new constitutive model, which explicitly accounts for the gradual recruitment of collagen fibers. The recruitment is considered using an effective stretch, which is a continuum-scale kinematic variable measuring the uncrimped stretch of the tissue in an average sense. The strain energy of a fiber bundle is described by a quadratic function of the effective strain. Constitutive models formulated in this manner are applied to describe the responses of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm and porcine thoracic aorta tissues. The heterogeneous properties of the ATAA tissue are extracted from bulge inflation test data, and then used in finite element analysis to simulate the inflation test. The descriptive and predictive capabilities are further assessed using planar testing data of porcine thoracic aortic tissues. It is found that the constitutive model can accurately describe the stress-strain relations. In particular, the finite element simulation replicates the displacement, strain, and stress distributions with excellent fidelity.

Design, docking, synthesis, and characterization of novel N'(2-phenoxyacetyl) nicotinohydrazide and N'(2-phenoxyacetyl)isonicotinohydrazide derivatives as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents

Inflammation is the complex biological response of vascular tissues, which is partly determined by prostaglandins (PLA2). The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme exists in two isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2 and by the action of this, the PGs are produced. Besides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of inflammation. Encouraged by this, the new derivatives of N'(2-phenoxyacetyl)nicotinohydrazide 9(a-e) and N'(2-phenoxyacetyl)isonicotinohydrazide 10(a-e) were designed, synthesized, characterized, and identified as remarkable anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. These compounds were prepared in a series of steps starting with different phenol derivatives. Among the series, compound (10e) showed the highest IC50 value for COX-1 inhibition, whereas compounds (9e) and (10e) exhibited the highest COX-2SI. Further, molecular Docking Studies have been performed for the potent compound to check the three-dimensional geometrical view of the ligand binding to the targeted enzymes.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS SALEP KULIT BATANG KAPUK RANDU (Ceiba Pentandra) SEBAGAI OBAT ANTI-INFLAMASI

Inflammation is protective response of vascular tissue to various harmful stimuli that characterized by pain, redness, and swelling. Empirically, stem bark of Ceiba pentandra has various chemical compounds that nutritious for health and have potential to be used as anti-inflammatory. This research will provide information the benefit of C. pentandra stem bark especially as anti-inflammatory agents and it’s correlation with the compounds. Maceration method with 70% ethanol was used in extraction and the yield was 75,54%. In phytochemical test, it was identified in crude extract contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, β-sitosterol, 1,2-benzendiol, quinic acid, and octadec-9-enoic acid. On extract and ointment products C. pentandra has antioxidants activity with IC50 value of extract was 52,64 ppm and IC50 value of ointment products was 117,64 ppm. This research is included RAL experimental which was carried out on male mice that divided into 5 groups: negative control (ointment base), positive control (Betametasone valerate 0,1%), and 50%, 75%, 100% of C. pentandra ointment. The ointment was applied after the mice were induced by carrageenan, measured with the parameter of skinfold thickness of mice’s back every hour for 6 hours of observation. The result showed C. pentandra stem bark ointments has anti-inflammatory effect which %PI value in the 50%, 75%, 100% were respectively 10,85%; 18,99%; 30,84%.

Study of anti-inflammatory activity of Ficus racemosa linn stem bark extract in albino rats

Background: Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli. Though there are standard anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, diclofenac, etc., these are not free of side effects. This has led to an increase in demand for natural products with anti-inflammatory activity having less side effects. Hence the study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ficus racemose (EEFR) in albino rats.Methods: Healthy albino rats of either sex were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Group1-control, group 2-diclofenac sodium 2 mg/kg and group 3 and 4 EEFR (200 and 400 mg/kg respectively), anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Carrageenan induced paw oedema: formalin induced-peritonitis and cotton pellet induced granuloma model for in vivo activity and protein denaturation test for in vitro activity.Results: EEFR exhibited significant in vitro (p<0.001) anti-inflammatory effect at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. EEFR produced 61.37% inhibition at the dose of 400 mg/kg and diclofenac (standard drug) produced 62.95% of inhibition after 3 hours of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw oedema. The exudate volume was decreased in formalin induced peritonitis by EEFR and diclofenac significantly (p<0.001). In cotton pellet induced granuloma EEFR (400 mg/kg) and diclofenac showed decreased formation of granuloma by 28.36% and 28.00% (p<0.001) respectively.Conclusions: EEFR has significant anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic model in a dose dependant manner in comparison with standard drug.

Thermo-mechanical assessment of nanoparticle mixed vascular tissues under pulsed ultrasound and laser heating

During the laser and ultrasound based thermotherapy it is always desirable to have a precise necrosis of deeply seated tumor preserving the adjoining healthy tissue with minimum thermally induced nociceptive pain sensation to the patient. The aim of the present study is to compare the thermomechanical response of vascular tissues with and without nanoparticles between (a) continuous and pulse mode heating, and (b) focused ultrasound and interstitial laser heating. A 3-D multi-layered and multi-leveled vascular breast tumor model was developed. The present bioheat model incorporates inhomogeneous tissue conditions in the form of non-Fourier time lagging characteristics and complex vascular network of tissue. The radiative transfer, linearized pressure wave, momentum, dual-phase-lag, Arrhenius, and equilibrium equations were solved for the optic, acoustic, fluid, temperature, damage and mechanical fields respectively using the COMSOL Multiphysics (Bangalore, India) software. An in-vitro study on agar based tissue phantom was also performed to validate the present numerical results of focused ultrasound heating. The non-Fourier effect on temperature and damage responses of tissue has been revealed more in focused ultrasound based continuous mode heating compared to the interstitial laser based pulse mode heating. With limited tissue temperature rise, the proposed pulse mode heating scheme provides tumor specific ablation sparing the healthy tissues with minimum thermally induced nociceptive pain unlike the continuous mode heating scheme. Further, the presence of nanoparticles and multilevel artery and vein in present tumor model causes significant changes in thermal, damage, and mechanical responses under external heating. The present findings could be beneficial in understanding the role of different heat imposition techniques during the nanoparticle assisted minimally invasive thermo-therapy of cancer.

Natural Medicinal Resources for Treating Inflammatory Conditions

Inflammation is a part of the intricate biological response of vascular tissues to undesirable stimuli such as infections, damaged cells, or irritants. Symptoms include redness, swollen joints, joint soreness, stiffness, and loss of joint function. Inflammation is now treated using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs, however, increase the chance of blood clots, which may lead to heart attacks and strokes. As a consequence, the development of effective anti-inflammatory drugs based on natural substances is being studied. Natural products are a great source for the creation of innovative medications due to their chemical diversity. Many inflammation-related disorders may be treated with a natural product made from medicinal plants. The most often prescribed anti-inflammatory medicine has a slew of undesirable side effects. Because of these negative effects, researchers are looking for novel medications that have fewer or no side effects. Hundreds of phytoconstituents have been reported to have a range of pharmacological effects, however most of these researches are just of academic interest, and only a few make it into clinical trials. The purpose of this research is to assemble data on phytochemicals from herbal plants that have been tested in inflammatory models using cutting-edge scientific approaches.

Polarization-sensitive OFDI findings of vascular tissue response following drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract Intravascular polarimetry (IVP) with polarization-sensitive (PS-) optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) measures polarization properties of the coronary arterial wall in parallel with the conventional OFDI images (Figure 1A). Tissues rich in collagen and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) appear birefringent, while the presence of lipid and macrophages causes depolarization. Because drug-eluting stents (DES) are designed to prevent SMC proliferation and collagen deposition, we hypothesized that neointimal tissue would exhibit low birefringence. The accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages characteristic of neoatherosclerosis should result in notable depolarization. Methods This study included 19 DES imaged with PS-OFDI in 13 patients (median follow-up period of 1.5 years). Coronary segments stented >90 days were analyzed every 1 mm. We analyzed polarization properties of the neointima in a total of 455 frames, and in additional 97 frames of native atherosclerosis remote from the stented segments. Neointima, delineated by the lumen and the inner boundary of the stent, was manually segmented in the intensity images using MATLAB. The median birefringence in all areas of the segmented neointima featuring a depolarization of ≤0.2 and the median depolarization across the entire neointima were computed for each frame after masking the guidewire shadow. Frames presenting intensity features of macrophages, lipid or calcifications extending to at least one adjacent frame were classified as neoatherosclerosis (n=112), and otherwise as normal neointima (n=343). For comparison with neoatherosclerosis, polarization properties of native atherosclerosis (n=97) were measured. We also categorized all frames of a stented segment according to the presence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and/or stent thrombosis (ST) (204 frames from 5 patients). A generalized linear model using a generalized estimating equation or one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results The major findings of the present study are: 1) neoatherosclerosis exhibited lower birefringence than native atherosclerosis (p<0.001, Figure-1B); 2) depolarization was positively associated with neoatherosclerosis (β=0.86, p<0.001) and ISR/ST (β=0.72, p=0.002), while birefringence was not (Figure 1C); 3) birefringence was positively correlated with the duration after DES implantation (β=5.22×10–3, p<0.001, Figure 1D). For the detection of neointimas within stents with ISR, the best cut-off value for depolarization was 0.033 with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 57% (AUC=0.72). For comparison, using only conventional OFDI parameters to detect stents with ISR, the AUC were 0.52 for calcium area, 0.62 for lipid arc, and 0.63 for macrophage accumulations. Conclusions This study suggests that IVP provides quantitative assessment of vascular healing after DES implantation and may help clinical decision making in patients at high risk of stent failure. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health.

Dendritic Cells and T Cells, Partners in Atherogenesis and the Translating Road Ahead.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic process associated with arterial inflammation, the accumulation of lipids, plaque formation in vessel walls, and thrombosis with late mortal complications such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Immune and inflammatory responses have significant effects on every phase of atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence has shown that both innate and adaptive “arms” of the immune system play important roles in regulating the progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that a unique type of innate immune cell, termed dendritic cells (DCs), play an important role as central instigators, whereas adaptive immune cells, called T lymphocytes, are crucial as active executors of the DC immunity in atherogenesis. These two important immune cell types work in pairs to establish pro-atherogenic or atheroprotective immune responses in vascular tissues. Therefore, understanding the role of DCs and T cells in atherosclerosis is extremely important. Here, in this review, we will present a complete overview, based on existing knowledge of these two cell types in the atherosclerotic microenvironment, and discuss some of the novel means of targeting DCs and T cells as therapeutic tactics for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Inflammation as a Therapeutic Target for Various Deadly Disorders: A Review.

Inflammation is the multifaceted biological response of vascular tissues against injurious stimuli such as pathogens, irritants or infection. However, when inflammation goes away, it leads to produce quite serious life-threatening diseases like Alzheimer's, rheumatoid arthritis, heart attacks, colon cancer, etc. Therefore, inflammation suddenly has become one of the hottest areas of medical research. The present review article is aimed to provide a detailed outline of the fundamental causes and the surprising relationship of inflammation in the onset of sundry diseases or illnesses. Furthermore, the role of various anti-inflammatory drugs alone and in combination with other therapeutic drugs, in alleviating the life-threatening diseases has also been discussed.

Heme Oxygenase-1 Upregulation: A Novel Approach in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Significance: Heme oxygenase (HO) plays a pivotal role in both vascular and metabolic functions and is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and adipocytes. Recent Advances: From the regulation of adipogenesis in adipose tissue to the adaptive response of vascular tissue in the ECs, HO plays a critical role in the capability of the vascular system to respond and adjust to insults in homeostasis. Recent studies show that HO-1 through regulation of adipocyte and adipose tissue functions ultimately aid not only in local but also in systemic maintenance of homeostasis. Critical Issues: Recent advances have revealed the existence of a cross talk between vascular ECs and adipocytes in adipose tissue. In the pathological state of obesity, this cross talk contributes to the condition's adverse chronic effects, and we propose that specific targeting of the HO-1 gene can restore signaling pathways and improve both vascular and adipose functions. Future Directions: A complete understanding of the role of HO-1 in regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis is important to comprehend the homeostatic regulation as well as in cardiovascular disease. Efforts are required to highlight the effects and the ability to target the HO-1 gene in models of obesity with an emphasis on the role of pericardial fat on cardiovascular health.

Pengaruh Crude Fukoidan dari Ekstrak Sargassum crassifolium terhadap Kadar ICAM-1 dan VCAM-1 pada Sel Raw 264.7 yang Diinduksi Lipopolisakarida

Inflamasi adalah respon jaringan pembuluh darah terhadap infeksi dan jaringan yang rusak untuk menghilangkan penyebab inflamasi. Tapi dalam beberapa kondisi, inflamasi dapat menyebabkan timbulnya penyakit kronis, seperti aterosklerosis. Adesi leukosit ke endotelium vaskular merupakan ciri proses inflamasi Adanya molekul adesi, seperti ICAM-1dan VCAM-1 yang meningkat dapat menyebabkan adesi monosit dan limfosit pada sel endotel melalui ikatan molekul adesi pada sel endotel. Crude fukoidan berasal dari Sargassum crassifolium yang diambil dari perairan Garut dan diekstraksi dengan HCl encer, diuji aktivitas antiinflamasi melalui penghambatan kadar ICAM-1 dan VCAM-1 menggunakan model sel RAW 264.7 yang diinduksi inflamasi dengan lipopolisakarida. Uji viabilitas dilakukan dengan metode MTT pada rentang konsentrasi 0,49-1000 µg/mL. Pola penghambatan proliferasi sel dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi. Dari uji viabilitas didapat konsentrasi tertinggi yang menyebabkan viabilitas sel sebesar 80% adalah konsentrasi crude fukoidan 86,46 μg/ml. Crude fukoidan terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar ICAM-1 dan VCAM-1 pada konsentrasi 50 dan 25 μg/ml. Persen penghambatan kadar ICAM pada konsentrasi 50 µg/mL adalah 61,04% dibanding kontrol inflamasi dan 74,26% pada konsentrasi 25 µg/mL. Sementara persen penghamabatan kadar VCAM-1 pada konsentrasi 50 µg/mL adalah74,76% dibanding kontrol inflamasi dan 79,94% pada konsentrasi 25 µg/mL.

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli. Debilitating diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer are the biggest pharmacological hurdles of today. Targeting inflammation is a broad task, since many mediators are involved in onset of particular disease. Among these many mediators, the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated by macrophages and neutrophils are of great interest because of their major contribution in establishment of chronic inflammation and cancer. This review elaborates the pathogenesis of inflammation based on involvement of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the activation of signalling cascades in response to oxidative stress. Understanding this would eventually give a clue for target based therapeutic approach in search of new effective anti-inflammatory drugs.

Effect of spatial light distribution on the thermal response of vascular tissue.

The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of radial and cylindrical light distributions on the response of vascular tissue during 1470-nm irradiation in ex vivo models. Due to a low irradiance (5.3 W/cm2) and wide light distribution, cylindrically diffusing irradiation yielded uniform thermal coagulation while radial irradiation accompanied delamination of layers in leporine veins. Bovine foot model testing verified that the diffusing irradiation was associated with the steady maximum temperature and no tissue attachment, compared with the radial irradiation. The proposed cylindrical light application can be a feasible way to treat varicose veins in an effective manner.

IN VITRO ANTI – INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF THE FLOWERS OF NERIUM OLEANDER (WHITE)

Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants. It is characterized by redness, swollen joints, joint pain, its stiffness and loss of joint function. Inflammation is currently treated by NSAIDs. Unfortunately these drugs cause increased risk of blood clot resulting in heart attacks and strokes. Therefore, the developments of potent anti-inflammatory drugs from the natural products are now under considerations. Natural products are rich source for discovery of new drugs because of their chemical diversity. A natural product from medicinal plants plays a major role to cure many diseases associated with inflammation. The conventional drug available in the market to treat inflammation produces various side-effects. In this present study anti-inflammatory potential of Nerium Oleander was investigated. Based on the resulted the ethonolic extract of the flowers showed the highest anti inflammatory activity. The increments in absorbance of test samples with respect to control indicated stabilization of protein i.e. inhibition of heat-induced protein (albumin) denaturation by Nerium oleander and reference drug diclofenac sodium.

A comparative evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two medicinal plants rubia cordifolia and cassia fistula in wistar albino rats

Background: Pain and inflammation are disabling accompaniments of many medical conditions. So, controlling both pain and inflammation assumes the top priority for the physician. Inflammation is a part of a complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, chemicals or irritants. Therapy of pain and inflammation has always been debatable.Methods: Rats were divided into 8 groups of 6 animals of each. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied with carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. The analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate model. The aqueous extract of Rubia cardifolia root and Cassia fistula leaf preparations were compared with Diclofenac in both acute and sub acute inflammatory models and also in pain model.Results: Various test result parameters were statistically analysed at P value <0.5. In Eddy's hot plate model both RC and CF preparations prolonged the response reaction time, while CF preparation showed longer reaction time than that of RC preparation. In carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models, both RC and CF preparations showed significant decrease in paw edema volume and granuloma dry weight respectively, but less than that of Diclofenac. RC preparation found to have dose dependant in inflammatory models.Conclusions: RC root and CF leaf preparations were compared head to head and they have been found to have significant dose dependant analgesic activity and dose independent acute and sub acute anti inflammatory activities. Though CF leaf preparation appeared to be a good analgesic than RF root preparation, but failed to do so as an anti inflammatory agent in both inflammatory models. But both test preparations were not equivalent to Diclofenac in all three models.

Identification of residual stresses in multi-layered arterial wall tissues using a variational framework

In the past decades a considerable amount of literature has been published addressing the study of the mechanical behavior of arterial walls. Ex-vivo experimentation made possible the development of constitutive models and the characterization of material parameters contributing to the understanding of the mechanobiological response of vascular tissues. Moreover, the existence of residual stresses in configurations free of load was revealed, and its impact in the general stress state of the tissue was quantified. In recent years, data assimilation techniques have seen a rapid development in cardiovascular modeling field, primarily focusing on the estimation of material parameters for arterial wall segments using information provided by medical imaging as well as by in-vitro settings. However, concerning the estimation of residual stresses, this research field is in its early stages, and much work is still required for the full functional characterization of arterial tissues.In this context, a conceptual variational framework for the development of residual stress estimation tools is proposed. Particularly, a variational formulation for the characterization of residual deformations and the associated stresses in arterial walls, based on full displacement field measurements of the vessel, is presented. Considering as known data the material parameters characterizing the behavior of the tissue and a set of arterial wall configurations at equilibrium with well defined pressure loads, we propose a cost functional that measures the mechanical imbalance caused by the lack of knowledge of residual stresses. In this manner, the characterization of residual stresses becomes a problem of minimizing such cost functional. Three numerical examples are presented highlighting the potential of the proposed approach. Among these examples, the characterization of residual stresses in a cylindrical geometry representing a three-layered aorta artery is performed.

Urbanization, oxidative stress and inflammation: a question of evolving, acclimatizing or coping with urban environmental stress

Summary To estimate the impact of urbanization on wild animals, it is important to know how different species, populations and/or individuals deal with and respond to environmental stress. Are more urbanized species adapted to their environment, or do individuals acclimatize over the course of their life? Alternatively, do they simply cope at the expense of other functions? These are three key processes that I will address using two important physiological responses as case traits, namely oxidative stress and inflammation, – which are known to be under genetic control as well as showing great plasticity. Oxidative stress is a state of more reactive oxidants than antioxidants, which may cause tissue damage linked to disease and senescence. Inflammation, on the other hand, is the response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli. However, under progressive stimuli, inflammation may also cause tissue destruction and pathology. Although patterns and strengths of effects are not always clear cut, the often interconnected oxidative stress and inflammation have the potential to be severely affected by urban stressors, thereby mechanistically linking ecology to fitness. Here I discuss five major urban stressors: chemical, noise and artificial night light pollution, disease and diet, and how their individual and combinatory effects may affect these two physiological responses. To start to disentangle whether physiological responses are a question of evolving, acclimatizing or coping with the urban environment, population genetics along with regulatory mechanisms of gene expression will shed light on the ‘costs’ of urban life and help to understand why some species or genotypes thrive, while others are absent, in urban areas. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been successful for explaining local adaptation and tolerance towards acute toxic substances. However, for multiple stressors acting in concert, at low chronic exposure, investigations of epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression may be more illuminating. Here I review the pathways by which genetic and epigenetic mechanisms can affect oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in urban environments, thereby affecting overall fitness. By doing so, I identify the major outstanding gaps of knowledge in the interfaces between ecology, toxicology, evolutionary and molecular biology to inform future studies of urban wildlife.

Vascular AGE-ing by methylglyoxal: the past, the present and the future.

Over the years, new research has elucidated the importance of the very fast formation of AGEs by the highly reactive methylglyoxal (MGO). It has become clear that MGO triggers maladaptive responses in vascular tissue. To counteract the deleterious effects of MGO, organisms have an enzymatic glyoxalase defence system in which MGO is converted to d-lactate, with glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) as the key enzyme in this system. Significant progress has been made towards the understanding of the MGO–GLO1 pathway in the pathogenesis of vascular disease in diabetes. This commentary highlights some lines of current research and future perspectives. The work conducted so far is only the starting point—in the coming 50 years, the MGO–GLO1 pathway will be the subject of intensified research, with special focus on pathophysiological pathways, the use of this system for early screening and risk prediction, and the development of intervention strategies for preventing vascular complications in people with and without diabetes. This is one of a series of commentaries under the banner ‘50 years forward’, giving personal opinions on future perspectives in diabetes, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Diabetologia (1965–2015).

Bilateral aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible: A case report

An aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), usually considered a reactive lesion of bone rather than a cyst or true neoplasm, is believed to represent an exaggerated, localized, proliferative response of vascular tissue in bone. The case described here is of a 40-year-old female patient presenting with gradually increasing bilateral mandibular swelling of more than 1 year duration. The radiographic and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images showed bilateral, multilocular expansile radiolucent lesions in the mandible in the premolar-molar region. On considering the blood aspirate obtained and the histopathologic findings, the patient was diagnosed with bilateral aneurysmal bone cysts in the mandible, with probable pre-existing bone lesion.