Abstract
Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli. Debilitating diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer are the biggest pharmacological hurdles of today. Targeting inflammation is a broad task, since many mediators are involved in onset of particular disease. Among these many mediators, the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated by macrophages and neutrophils are of great interest because of their major contribution in establishment of chronic inflammation and cancer. This review elaborates the pathogenesis of inflammation based on involvement of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the activation of signalling cascades in response to oxidative stress. Understanding this would eventually give a clue for target based therapeutic approach in search of new effective anti-inflammatory drugs.
Highlights
Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are increasing, those associated with hyper responsive immune system, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic fatigue syndrome, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis
Targeting inflammation is a broad task, since many mediators are involved in onset of particular disease
Many other factors such as the persistent inflammation of the stomach commonly caused by the pathogenic bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and liver inflammation caused by smoking and alcohol consumption that leads to lung cancer and liver cirrhosis respectively
Summary
Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are increasing, those associated with hyper responsive immune system, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic fatigue syndrome, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. People affected worldwide with bones diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are the major victims of these inflammatory disorders. In this regard, the fourth leading cause of disability by the year 2020 would be osteoarthritis, in aging populations. Inflammation is s part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli [2] It is a protective reaction of body’s cells to injury or infections and allergic or chemical irritation. Tissue injury induced by this trauma results in the inflammatory mediators release including reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide and cytokines [3]-[8]. First: Nitric Oxide (NO) and prostaglandin synthesis [16], second: NF kappa B expression, third: reactive oxygen species (ROS) [17], fourth: migration of leukocytes [18], and the fifth: is increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. TNF, IL6 and IL1 [19]
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