Human Respiratory System Research Articles

Dynamics of nanocluster aerosol in the indoor atmosphere during gas cooking.

Nanocluster aerosol (NCA: particles in the size range of 1-3 nm) are a critically important, yet understudied, class of atmospheric aerosol particles. NCA efficiently deposit in the human respiratory system and can translocate to vital organs. Due to their high surface area-to-mass ratios, NCA are associated with a heightened propensity for bioactivity and toxicity. Despite the human health relevance of NCA, little is known regarding the prevalence of NCA in indoor environments where people spend the majority of their time. In this study, we quantify the formation and transformation of indoor atmospheric NCA down to 1 nm via high-resolution online nanoparticle measurements during propane gas cooking in a residential building. We observed a substantial pool of sub-1.5 nm NCA in the indoor atmosphere during cooking periods, with aerosol number concentrations often dominated by the newly formed NCA. Indoor atmospheric NCA emission factors can reach up to ∼1016 NCA/kg-fuel during propane gas cooking and can exceed those for vehicles with gasoline and diesel engines. Such high emissions of combustion-derived indoor NCA can result in substantial NCA respiratory exposures and dose rates for children and adults, significantly exceeding that for outdoor traffic-associated NCA. Combustion-derived indoor NCA undergo unique size-dependent physical transformations, strongly influenced by particle coagulation and condensation of low-volatility cooking vapors. We show that indoor atmospheric NCA need to be measured directly and cannot be predicted using conventional indoor air pollution markers such as PM2.5 mass concentrations and NO x (NO + NO2) mixing ratios.

3D Modeling of Cells of the Human Respiratory System for Studying the Prooxidant, Proapoptotic, and Profibrinogenic Effects of Carbon Nanotubes

3D Modeling of Cells of the Human Respiratory System for Studying the Prooxidant, Proapoptotic, and Profibrinogenic Effects of Carbon Nanotubes

Increasing Student Interest and Learning Outcomes Through the Discovery Learning Model on Subject Human Respiratory System

This study aims to determine the increase in students' interest and achievement of learning outcomes through the Discovery Learning model in science subjects on the material of the Human Respiratory System. The background of this study is the lack of student interest in participating in learning and the suboptimal achievement of student learning outcomes. This is indicated by the achievement of student learning outcomes that still do not meet the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). This research uses the type of Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in 2 cycles. Each cycle is described in four stages, namely planning; implementation; observation; and ends with reflection. The research design used the Kemmis & Mc Taggart model. This research was conducted in the even semester of the 2022/2023 school year, namely in May 2023 with a research sample of 30 students. the data collection method used was observation to measure student interest in learning and evaluation tests used to measure student learning outcomes. This study used data analysis techniques in the form of quantitative and qualitative descriptive techniques. The results showed an increase in student interest in learning from 68.33% in cycle I to 84.99% in cycle II. The achievement of student learning outcomes measured through tests also increased, from 36.67% in cycle I to 56.67% in cycle II. Thus, the application of the Discovery Learning model learning model in the subject of Human Respiratory System can increase the interest and achievement of learning learning outcomes of students in class VIII A SMP Muhammadiyah Sewon.

Pneumoascariasis: Ascaris Worm Infestation in the Lungs

Pneumoascariasis is an infestation from one of the most common worms or helminths found on earth in the respiratory system. The worm is called Ascaris lumbricoides, which penetrates and infests the human body through the fecal-oral process. The fertilized Ascaris ova, or simply egg, would develop into larvae, which then move to the liver and lungs through the portal vein system. These larvae will soon develop into mature worms in the human respiratory system, inside the lungs, particularly in the bronchioles. These Ascaris larvae trigger common symptoms such as persistent cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. To diagnose this condition, supplementary examinations are necessary since it is difficult to diagnose only by history taking and some physical exams. Additional exams include chest X-rays that, at one point, display lung infiltration. The chest computed tomography (CT) scan shows ground-glass opacity and a classic inflammation marker called Charcot-Leyden crystals that are most likely present. Pneumoascariasis is often misinterpreted and misdiagnosed. Therefore, this literature review was made to further understand about pneumoascariasis.

Development of Critical Thinking Skills Based Handout on the Topic of the Human Respiratory System to Improve Science Literacy in Junior High School Students

This research focuses on developing handout teaching materials based on critical thinking skills to enhance students' scientific literacy. The study employed the RD development method, along with the ADDIE model. The research subjects included material and media validators, science teachers, and eighth-grade of Junior high school students. The research utilized validation forms, questionnaire responses, pretest, and posttest as instruments. Data analysis techniques involved percentage equation, independent sample t-test, N-gain test, and effect size test. The results indicated that the handouts' quality, as assessed by material validators, was 92.31%, while media validators reported a score of 90.89%, placing both categories in the very decent range. There was a significant difference in average learning outcomes between students who utilize handouts and those who did not. The increase in scientific literacy ability was 0.7, indicating a high category, and the effect size of using handouts is 2.8, denoting a large category. Consequently, handout teaching materials based on critical thinking skills are deemed suitable for improving students' scientific literacy.

CFPD-PK simulation of inhaled Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol aerosol dynamics: Transport, deposition, and translocation in a mouth-to-G10 subject-specific human airway

Medical cannabis is increasingly used as an alternative therapy for various conditions, including chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and cancer-related symptoms. However, it is crucial to ensure that patients receive the intended dose of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from inhaled cannabis for optimal therapeutic effect without overdose risk. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of THC in the respiratory system. However, accurate estimation of lung dosimetry and blood concentration of inhaled THC remains challenging partially because the influence of diversified patient-specific puff patterns on inhaled THC transport, deposition, and translocation is still not well quantified. To address the knowledge gap mentioned above, this study employed a hybrid computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) and PK model to evaluate factors that influence delivered doses of THC to the human respiratory system and the resultant THC-plasma concentration-time profile. Specifically, this study compared multiple puff waveforms for inhalation-holding-exhalation (IHE) with total puff volumes from 55 to 82 ml for 2 or 3 s, hold durations from 0 to 5 s, and three puff waveforms (i.e., square, sinusoidal, and realistic). THC deposition in the airways was recorded during all phases for each case using either 452,849 particles per second for the 1.128-μm monodisperse cases or 399,866 particles per second for the polydisperse cases, with the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.128 μm. Pulmonary air-THC particle flow transport dynamics, THC particle deposition data, and THC vapor absorption were predicted using CFPD for four airway regions, then scaled by region-specific bioavailability factors. The deposited THC mass in airway regions represents the initial mass entering a 3-compartment PK model, to predict the THC-plasma concentration-time profiles. The CFPD-PK results revealed significant variability in THC transport, deposition, and plasma concentration based on IHE factors. Specifically, larger puff volumes and longer holding times enhanced THC deposition in deeper airways and increased THC-plasma concentrations. Realistic transient puff waveforms predicted higher particle deposition and THC-plasma concentrations than simplified square waveforms. Polydisperse particle distributions show more realistic deposition patterns than monodisperse particle simulations. This study provides insights into the complexity of THC inhalation therapy, emphasizing the importance of considering individualized puff patterns and realistic particle size distributions in accurately predicting therapeutic outcomes, which is highly related to THC deposition in the lung and THC plasma concentration. These findings and the CFPD-PK modeling framework offer guidance for clinicians in prescribing personalized THC dosages, support regulatory science in evaluating inhalation devices, and contribute to ongoing research aimed at optimizing THC delivery for maximum therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing potential overdose risks.

Hypoxia-adenosine axis as therapeutic targets for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

The human respiratory and circulatory systems collaborate intricately to ensure oxygen delivery to all cells, which is vital for ATP production and maintaining physiological functions and structures. During limited oxygen availability, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are stabilized and play a fundamental role in maintaining cellular processes for hypoxia adaptation. First discovered during investigations of erythropoietin production regulation, HIFs influence physiological and pathological processes, including development, inflammation, wound healing, and cancer. HIFs promote extracellular adenosine signaling by enhancing adenosine generation and receptor signaling, representing an endogenous feedback mechanism that curbs excessive inflammation, supports injury resolution, and enhances hypoxia tolerance. This is especially important for conditions that involve tissue hypoxia, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which globally poses significant health challenges without specific treatment options. Consequently, pharmacological strategies to amplify HIF-mediated adenosine production and receptor signaling are of great importance.

Bioaerosol size as a potential determinant of airborne E. coli viability under ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and ozone disinfection

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) and ozone disinfection are crucial methods for mitigating the airborne transmission of pathogenic microorganisms in high-risk settings, particularly with the emergence of respiratory viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 and avian influenza viruses. This study quantitatively investigates the influence of UVGI and ozone on the viability of E. coli in bioaerosols, with a particular focus on how E. coli viability depends on the size of the bioaerosols, a critical factor that determines deposition patterns within the human respiratory system and the evolution of bioaerosols in indoor environments. This study used a controlled small-scale laboratory chamber where E. coli suspensions were aerosolized and subjected to varying levels of UVGI and ozone levels throughout the exposure time (2–6 s). The normalized viability of E. coli was found to be significantly reduced by UVGI (60–240 μW s cm−2) as the exposure time increased from 2 to 6 s, and the most substantial reduction of E. coli normalized viability was observed when UVGI and ozone (65–131 ppb) were used in combination. We also found that UVGI reduced the normalized viability of E. coli in bioaerosols more significantly with smaller sizes (0.25–0.5 μm) than with larger sizes (0.5–2.5 μm). However, when combining UVGI and ozone, the normalized viability was higher for smaller particle sizes than for the larger ones. The findings provide insights into the development of effective UVGI disinfection engineering methods to control the spread of pathogenic microorganisms in high-risk environments. By understanding the influence of the viability of microorganisms in various bioaerosol sizes, we can optimize UVGI and ozone techniques to reduce the potential risk of airborne transmission of pathogens.

Pengembangan Aplikasi Pembelajaran Interaktif Mata Pelajaran IPA Di SD Negeri Pasirsari 01

SD Negeri Pasirsari 01 is a school located in South Cikarang District, Bekasi Regency. The learning media used by teachers in teaching science subjects (human respiratory system) still use textbooks and student worksheets (LKS) as guidelines because it is still difficult to develop new media that is more interactive. The results of the questionnaire using the Likert scale showed that 91.42% of students tended to be less interested in the science learning model. With this, it is necessary to design an android-based human respiratory system learning media. The method used is Research & Development with the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) model. After being implemented and then tested using a questionnaire student response to the application with the results of the questionnaire using a Likert scale showing 37.14% of students tended to be less interested in the science learning model, it can be concluded that 54.28% of students liked science lessons.

Fractionation of environmental radioactivity in road dust from a megacity: external and internal health risks.

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs: 232Th, 226Ra, 40K) can reach our respiratory system by breathing of road dust which can cause severe health risks. Targeting the pioneering consideration of health risks from the NORMs in road dust, this work reveals the radioactivity abundances of NORMs in road dust from a megacity (Dhaka) of a developing country (Bangladesh). Bulk chemical compositions of U, Th, and K obtained from neutron activation analysis were converted to the equivalent radioactivities. Radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in road dust ranged from 60-106, 110-159, and 488-709Bqkg-1 with an average of 84.4 ± 13.1, 126 ± 11, and 549 ± 48Bqkg-1, respectively. Estimated 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioactivities were, respectively, 1.7-3.0-, 3.7-5.3-, and 1.2-1.8-folds greater than the affiliated world average values. Mechanistic pathway of NORMs' enrichment and fractionation relative to the major origin (pedosphere) were evaluated concerning the water logging, relative solubility-controlled leaching and translocation, climatic conditions, and aerodynamic fractionations (dry and wet atmospheric depositions). Computation of customary radiological risk indices invokes health risks. Noticing the ingress of NOMR-holding dust into the human respiratory system along with the associated ionizing radiations, the computed radiological indices represent only the least probable health hazards. Nevertheless, in real situations, α-particles from the radioactive decay products of 232Th and 238U can create acute radiation damages of respiratory system. Policymakers should emphasize on limiting the dust particle evolution, and public awareness is required to alleviate the health risks.

Computational analysis of radon progeny deposition patterns in the human respiratory system

In the last year, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques has gained prominence as a powerful tool for modeling biological phenomena and influencing the design of biomedical devices. In this study, we utilized a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate airflow and the deposition of aerosol particles within the human respiratory tract. To achieve this, we meticulously constructed a 3D model of the human tracheobronchial airways using SolidWorks software. Our computational analyses encompassed a range of breathing conditions, ranging from 15 to 60 (L/min). Through the application of discrete phase modeling (DPM), we investigate the behavior of two-phase flow dynamics. Our focus lies in the examination of aerosol particles, with diameters ranging from 1 to 10 (μm), in order to evaluate the influence of aerosol particle size on deposition rates. Our findings encompass velocity contour maps, deposition rates of aerosol particles, and insights into the process of aerosol particle entrapment at various locations within the respiratory tract. Our study reveals a direct correlation between higher inhalation rates and larger aerosol particle sizes, resulting in increased deposition rates. Additionally, we observe a heightened deposition of aerosol-particles at bronchi region. These computational results hold significant value in estimating the distribution of doses resulting from radon progeny exposure in distinct anatomical regions of the respiratory tract.

АДАПТАЦИЯ РЕСПИРАТОРНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ЧЕЛОВЕКА В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕВЕРНОГО РЕГИОНА К НИЗКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫМ ФАКТОРАМ

The article reviews scientific publications on the human respiratory system’s adaptation to low temperature factors in the northern regions of Russia. It is shown that cold, as a pulmonotropic factor, has a significant impact on the human respiratory system, leading to modifications in the respiratory system intended to reduce the trauma caused by prolonged exposure to low temperatures. The present findings show that there is a decrease in maximum voluntary ventilation and forced vital capacity of the lungs with a concomitant increase in residual volume and functional residual capacity of the lungs throughout the process of human respiratory system adapting to the North environment.

Implementation and Optimization Of Inception Resnet-v2 with Data Balancing (Case Study Of Lung Disease Classification)

Lungs are vital organs in humans because the process of breathing in humans occurs through the lung organs. However, there are diseases of the lungs, such as COVID-19, Pneumonia, and Tuberculosis that can disrupt the respiratory system in humans. Early detection is required by chest x-ray examination. The development of artificial intelligence technology can help classify chest x-rays with image analysis. In classification for image analysis, there are problems where the data is not balanced, which can cause errors in classification. Thus, data balancing is needed to balance the data. This study conducted training using InceptionResnet-v2 with data balancing. The best model performance results were obtained by training using random oversampling on the model using epoch 20, batch size 64, and learning rate 0.0001 with an accuracy value of 89.23%, loss 0.28, precision 90.05%, recall 89.88%, F1-score 89.74%, and AUC 98%. The accuracy value increased by 7.52% compared to the imbalanced dataset and by 1.29% compared to the random undersampling dataset. Abstract.

Effect of microplastics deposition on human lung airways: A review with computational benefits and challenges

Microplastics have become omnipresent in the environment, including the air we inhale, the water we consume, and the food we eat. Despite limited research, the accumulation of microplastics within the human respiratory system has garnered considerable interest because of its potential implications for health. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the impacts stemming from the accumulation of microplastics on human lung airways and explores the computational benefits and challenges associated with studying this phenomenon. The existence of microplastics in the respiratory system can lead to a range of adverse effects. Research has indicated that microplastics can induce inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lung function. Furthermore, the small size of microplastics allows them to penetrate deep into the lungs, reaching the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. This raises concerns about long-term health consequences, such as the development of respiratory diseases and the potential for translocation to other organs. Computational approaches have been instrumental in understanding the impact of microplastic deposition on human lung airways. Computational models and simulations enable the investigation of particle dynamics, deposition patterns, and interaction mechanisms at various levels of complexity. However, studying microplastics in the lung airways using computational methods presents several challenges. The complex anatomy and physiological processes of the respiratory system require accurate representation in computational models. Obtaining relevant data for model validation and parameterization remains a significant hurdle. Additionally, the diverse nature of microplastics, including variations in size, shape, and chemical composition, poses challenges in capturing their full range of behaviours and potential toxicological effects.

Attenuation Tomography Using Low-frequency Ultrasound with Variational Autoencoder for Thorax Imaging: Experimental Study.

In this paper, we introduce a novel inversion methodology employing the variational autoencoder (VAE) for human thorax attenuation tomography using low-frequency ultrasound. The VAE is trained to assimilate the structural priors of the human thorax, utilizing training samples generated from computed tomography (CT) scans. This approach enables the compression of high-dimensional attenuation distributions into a lowerdimensional latent space. During the inversion process, the latent code is optimized, and then the reconstructed model is generated by the decoder of the VAE. This process can effectively integrate prior information of the domain of interest (DOI) into the inversion through coding and decoding, which would mitigate the ill-posedness of the inverse problem and facilitate better outcomes. Our method demonstrates robust generalization capabilities and noise resilience in numerical simulations, outperforming the conventional pixel-based Gauss-Newton method. Human subject experiment further corroborates the effectiveness of our approach. This is also the first experimental validation of the feasibility of low-frequency ultrasound functional imaging of the human thorax. Although the current study presents certain limitations, it underscores the potential of low-frequency ultrasound in the continuous monitoring of the human respiratory system.

СПОСОБ ЗАЩИТЫ СИСТЕМ ДЫХАНИЯ РАБОЧИХ В ДЕРЕВООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩИХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВАХ

This work addresses an important issue – the fight against wood dust. In particular, it describes the health problems faced by workers in direct contact with airborne mixture areas where wood dust predominates. In modern conditions, there are many installations for collecting sawdust, shavings and dust, but as practice shows, they have their drawbacks, including not guaranteeing complete cleansing of production areas from wood dust. The purpose of this work is to find an economical and effective material that can prevent wood dust from entering the worker’s respiratory area during the production process of wood processing and after it in the workshop. For efficient work of workers in dusty industrial premises, it is proposed to use material - camel wool with a density of at least 300 g/m². When conducting research on throughput, a vacuum cleaner, respirators, sawdust of different fractions, and wood dust were used. The study showed the high value of camel hair as an element of PPE for the human respiratory system. This material is hypoallergenic and suitable for most male and female workers. Thanks to its unique structure, it is able to trap the smallest dust particles, while allowing a person to breathe more freely even in a dusty area, unlike respirators of the same cost or more. Subsequent use is reusable; after the maximum number of strokes has been covered, it is enough to wash and iron, you can use it for a month. The only drawback may be the external aesthetic appearance due to the uniform light brown tone of the material.

Fluorescent nanodiamond immunosensors for clinical diagnostics of tuberculosis.

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are carbon nanoparticles containing a dense ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy defects as color centers. These centers have exceptional photostability and unique quantum properties, making them useful for ultrasensitive biosensing applications. This work employed FNDs conjugated with antibodies as magneto-optical immunosensors for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics using competitive spin-enhanced lateral flow immunoassay (SELFIA). ESAT6 (6-kDa early secretory antigenic target) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a clinical marker of TB. We evaluated the assay's performance using the recombinant ESAT6 antigen and its antibodies noncovalently coated on FNDs. A detection limit of ∼0.02 ng mL-1 was achieved with the lateral flow membrane strip pre-structured with a narrow channel of 1 mm width. Adopting a cut-off value of 24.0 ng mm-1 for 100-nm FNDs on the strips, the method detected 49 out of 50 clinical samples with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complexes. In contrast, none of the assays for 10 clinical samples with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolates exhibited the presence of ESAT6. These results suggest that the SELFIA platform is applicable for TB detection and can differentiate TB from NTM infections, which also affect the human respiratory system. The FND-enabled immunosensing techniques are versatile and promising for early detection of TB and other diseases, opening a new avenue for biomedical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials.

Examining the Effects of Pollution on Human Health in Developing Regions: A Descriptive Analyses

Pollution causes environmental damage i.e., air, water, and land inter alia noise through human activities. The change in the atmospherically patterns affect human health. This study aimed to examine the effect of pollution on human health from different perspectives. The population was comprised of all the teachers at public secondary schools of Dera Ismail Khan. A convenient sampling technique was used to take schools and simple random sampling was used to take respondents. Fifty teachers and fifty parents from secondary schools were the samples of the study. The study employed Likert scale to collect data. The data collection instruments comprised of two section i.e., demographic and items related to measurement of the impact of pollution on the human health. The instrument reliability and validity was examined through content validity and pilot study (Cronbach alpha). Descriptive statistics were used for data analyses. The study concluded that not proper cleanliness of the road affects human health, industrial wastage materials effect on human health, transportation noises from vehicles affect human health, Transportation noises from vehicles affect human listening ability, sleeping disorder developed through noise pollution, climate change due to pollution effect on human health, due to pollution human respiratory system affected.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Adobe Animate dalam Pembelajaran IPA Kelas V Sekolah Dasar

The research aimed to develop Adobe Animate-based Learning Media for the teaching of IPA on the Human Respiratory System to Grade V A students at SD Negeri 4 Lubuklinggau. The research used a research and development model with the 4D development of Pendefinisian (Define), Perencanaan (Design), Pengembangan (Develop), and Penyebaran (Disseminate). The research was carried out on 25 students from Grade V A SD Negeri 4 Lubuklinggau. The quality of the Adobe Animate-based Learning Media developed in the research was measured using a validation questionnaire, where the quality of the learning media was found to be valid with an average score of 3.65. In terms of practicality, the Adobe Animate-based Learning Media was considered very practical with a proportion of 100%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the development of Adobe Animate-based Learning Media in the teaching of IPA with Material on Human Respiratory System to Grade V A SD Negara 4 Lubuklinggau is valid and very practical.
 
 Keywords: Adobe Animate, Learning Media, IPA.

The The Implementation of Project Based Learning with Lesson Study Approach on Human Respiratory System Material to Improve Critical Thinking Skills

The common problem encountered in learning is the use of inappropriate learning models. Based on the results of interviews with teachers, known that teachers use less varied models and often use the lecturing method. This condition causes the critical thinking skills of the students not well developed. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact and difference of the PjBL model implementation with the Lesson Study approach on students' critical thinking skills in the human respiratory system lesson. The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The research design used a pretest-posttest control group design involving two classes: the experimental class and the control class. Analysis of students' critical thinking skills using inferential statistics was carried out with the Paired t-test, Independent t-test, and the N-Gain Score. The results of this study showed that the data was distributed normally but not homogeneous, then it was followed by a nonparametric test. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon test, a p-value of 0.001 is obtained, which means that there is an influence of the PjBL model with LS on critical thinking skills. The results of the Mann-Whitney test obtained a p-value of 0.00, which means that there is a significant difference in the average value of the critical thinking skills. The results of the N-Gain score in the experimental class obtained the value of 0.76 (high). Meanwhile, in the control class, the value of 0.34 (medium) is obtained.