Resistance Training Period Research Articles

Effect of Autoregulation resistance training on repetition maximum resistance training periodization: A mini review

Repetition maximum regimes, including the Delorme method, repetition maximum, strength zone, hypertrophy zone, local muscular endurance zone, and autoregulation progression resistance model training for the trained resistance population manipulate autoregulation. These are repetition maximum performance components; however, performance level determination of resistance training working has been cleared on autoregulation progression exercise condition. Auto-regulated repetition maximum strategies comprehensively strength-hypertrophy-endurance-power lower-upper compartment muscular synchronization method, for future research reported that repetition maximum ranges adjusted for resistance zone principal stages. This report's knowledge is that autoregulation resistance training is limited to repetition reserve periodization, multiple set and difference interval rests planning, velocity-based transition force detection, and one repetition maximum strength performance. In this methodology, experimental research included performing different autoregulation resistance training strategies, methodologic risk no, priority results obtained from the experimental trial, no limitation journal, and participation. Accordingly, this report concluded that one experimental strength performance, velocity-based randomization condition, and manipulated repetition working session increased the maximum strength periodization for time-dependent micro and maximal strength-force macro periodization. In conclusion, autoregulation resistance training periodization has not been clear on periodic resistance training setups that properly enhance strength and condition for sports performance and exercise selection non-linear and linear weekly periodization in different sport modalities and resistance training individuals.

Strength and muscle mass development after a resistance-training period at terrestrial and normobaric intermittent hypoxia

This study investigated the effect of a resistance training (RT) period at terrestrial (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on both muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development with respect to the same training in normoxia (N). Thirty-three strength-trained males were assigned to N (FiO2 = 20.9%), HH (2,320 m asl) or NH (FiO2 = 15.9%). The participants completed an 8-week RT program (3 sessions/week) of a full body routine. Muscle thickness of the lower limb and 1RM in back squat were assessed before and after the training program. Blood markers of stress, inflammation (IL-6) and muscle growth (% active mTOR, myostatin and miRNA-206) were measured before and after the first and last session of the program. Findings revealed all groups improved 1RM, though this was most enhanced by RT in NH (p = 0.026). According to the moderate to large excess of the exercise-induced stress response (lactate and Ca2+) in HH and N, results only displayed increases in muscle thickness in these two conditions over NH (ES > 1.22). Compared with the rest of the environmental conditions, small to large increments in % active mTOR were only found in HH, and IL-6, myostatin and miR-206 in NH throughout the training period. In conclusion, the results do not support the expected additional benefit of RT under hypoxia compared to N on muscle growth, although it seems to favour gains in strength. The greater muscle growth achieved in HH over NH confirms the impact of the type of hypoxia on the outcomes.

The Effect of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy, Strength, and Power in Response to Resistance Training in Healthy Active Adults: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial

BackgroundPalmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has analgesic/anti-inflammatory properties that may be a suitable alternative to over-the-counter (OTC) non-steroidal analgesics/anti-inflammatories. While OTC pain medications can impair strength training adaptations, the mechanism of action of PEA is distinct from these and it may not negatively affect skeletal muscle adaptations to strength training.MethodsThe primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of daily PEA supplementation (350 mg Levagen + equivalent to 300 mg PEA) combined with 8-weeks of resistance training on lean body mass with secondary aims addressing strength, power, sleep, and wellbeing compared to placebo (PLA) in young, healthy, active adults. In a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial, 52 untrained, recreationally active participants aged 18–35 y were allocated to either the PEA or PLA groups. Participants consumed either 2 × 175 mg Levagen + PEA or identically matched maltodextrin capsules during an 8-week period of whole-body resistance training. This trial assessed the pre- to post- changes in total and regional lean body mass, muscular strength (1-RM bench, isometric mid-thigh pull), muscular power [countermovement jump (CMJ), bench throw], pain associated with exercise training, sleep, and wellbeing compared with the PEA or PLA condition.Results48 Participants were included in the final intention to treat (ITT) analysis and we also conducted per protocol (PP) analysis (n = 42). There were no significant between-group differences for total or regional lean muscle mass post-intervention. There was a significantly higher jump height (CMJ) at week 10 in the PEA group compared to the PLA (Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] p-value; ITT: − 2.94 cm [− 5.15, − 0.74] p = 0.010; PP: − 2.93 cm [− 5.31, − 0.55] p = 0.017). The PLA group had higher 1-RM bench press post-intervention compared with the PEA group (ITT: 2.24 kg [0.12, 4.37] p = 0.039; PP: 2.73 kg [0.40, 5.06] p = 0.023). No significant treatment effects were noted for any of the other outcomes.ConclusionPEA supplementation, when combined with 8 weeks of strength training, did not impair lean mass gains and it resulted in significantly higher dynamic lower-body power when compared with the PLA condition.Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR: ACTRN12621001726842p).

Sex-based differences in the association of resistance training levels with the risk of hypertension.

Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. This study investigated sex-based differences in the association between the risk of hypertension and resistance training (RT) levels, including training frequency and period. We enrolled 162,102 participants from nationwide Korean cohorts. The training period (months) and frequency (per week) of RT were used to investigate the presence of an inverse dose-response relationship between RT levels and the risk of hypertension. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the risk of hypertension in relation to RT levels. The prevalence of hypertension in the study population was 36.28% in men and 26.94% in women. Performing RT was associated with an 8% reduction in the risk of hypertension in women but not in men. In women, performing RT for 3-4 days/week, compared with not performing RT, reduced the risk of hypertension by 11%, even after adjusting for covariates, including RT time per week and period. However, in men, no significant association was observed between training frequency and the risk of hypertension. We also evaluated the risk of hypertension by simultaneously considering both the RT frequency and period. Performing RT for 3-4 days/week and ≥5 days/week were markedly related to 14 and 11% hypertension risk reduction, respectively, in women who had been performing RT for at least 6 months. Given that no inverse dose-response association was observed between RT frequency and hypertension risk, engaging in RT for 3-4 days/week for at least 6 months is recommended for women. Further longitudinal studies are needed to verify sex-based differences in the antihypertensive effects of regular RT.

The Effect of Short-Set High-Load and Long-Set Low-Load Isometric Exercises Based on Stress-Strain Isometric Time-Dependent Strength Trial on Weightlifters Performing Resistance Training Periodization

The Effect of Short-Set High-Load and Long-Set Low-Load Isometric Exercises Based on Stress-Strain Isometric Time-Dependent Strength Trial on Weightlifters Performing Resistance Training Periodization

Evidence for Simultaneous Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy in Response to Resistance Training in Humans.

Human skeletal muscle has the profound ability to hypertrophy in response to resistance training (RT). However, this has a high energy and protein cost and is presumably mainly restricted to recruited muscles. It remains largely unknown what happens with nonrecruited muscles during RT. This study investigated the volume changes of 17 recruited and 13 nonrecruited muscles during a 10-wk single-joint RT program targeting upper arm and upper leg musculature. Muscle volume changes were measured by manual or automatic 3D segmentation in 21 RT novices. Subjects ate ad libitum during the study and energy and protein intake were assessed by self-reported diaries. Posttraining, all recruited muscles increased in volume (range: +2.2% to +17.7%, P < 0.05), whereas the nonrecruited adductor magnus (mean: -1.5% ± 3.1%, P = 0.038) and soleus (-2.4% ± 2.3%, P = 0.0004) decreased in volume. Net muscle growth ( r = 0.453, P = 0.045) and changes in adductor magnus volume ( r = 0.450, P = 0.047) were positively associated with protein intake. Changes in total nonrecruited muscle volume ( r = 0.469, P = 0.037), adductor magnus ( r = 0.640, P = 0.002), adductor longus ( r = 0.465, P = 0.039), and soleus muscle volume ( r = 0.481, P = 0.032) were positively related to energy intake. When subjects were divided into a HIGH or LOW energy intake group, overall nonrecruited muscle volume (-1.7% ± 2.0%), adductor longus (-5.6% ± 3.7%), adductor magnus (-2.8% ± 2.4%), and soleus volume (-3.7% ± 1.8%) decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) in the LOW but not the HIGH group. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting that some nonrecruited muscles significantly atrophy during a period of RT. Our data therefore suggest muscle mass reallocation, that is, that hypertrophy in recruited muscles takes place at the expense of atrophy in nonrecruited muscles, especially when energy and protein availability are limited.

Associations of resistance training levels with low muscle mass: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Korea

BackgroundLow muscle mass is associated with adverse health outcomes such as functional decline and all-cause mortality. This study investigated the relationship between the risk of low muscle mass and the training period and/or frequency of resistance training (RT).MethodsWe included 126,339 participants (81,263 women) from nationwide cohorts in Korea. Low muscle mass was defined based on the fat-free mass index. To investigate the presence of an inverse dose–response relationship between RT levels and the risk of low muscle mass, the training period (months) and frequency (per week) of RT were used. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the risk of low muscle mass according to the RT levels.ResultsPrevalence rates for low muscle mass in our study population were 21.27% and 6.92% in men and women, respectively. When compared with not performing RT, performing RT for 3–4 days/week and ≥5 days/week decreased the risk of low muscle mass by 22% and 27%, respectively, and performing RT for 12–23 months and ≥24 months decreased the risk by 19% and 41%, respectively. When simultaneously considering both training period and frequency, performing RT for either 3–4 days/week or ≥5 days/week was significantly related to risk reduction, provided that the training period was at least 1 year. Importantly, performing RT for more than 2 years resulted in an additional risk reduction. However, there was no additional effect of performing RT for ≥5 days/week compared to 3–4 days/week, regardless of whether the RT duration was 1–2 years or more than 2 years.ConclusionsSince performing RT for 5 days/week or more did not yield any additional effects on the risk of low muscle mass, performing RT for 3–4 days/week was sufficient to prevent low muscle mass. The effectiveness of this preventive measure can be further enhanced by engaging in long-term RT, specifically for more than 2 years.

Effect of a Course of Resistance Training on the Serum Levels of Interleukin-17 and Interferon-β in Women with Multiple Sclerosis

Cytokines play an important role in my disease and are considered an important target for therapeutic interventions. the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of a period of resistance training on the serum level of 17 and interferon beta in young women with MS. Was. Method: The present study was conducted in a semi-experimental way with a pre-test and post-test design. 30 women with MS with age range of 30-35 years were randomly selected in two exercise and control groups. Resistance exercises were performed for 8 weeks and three sessions a week, each session lasting 60 minutes with an intensity of 60-70% of the maximum heart rate. Blood samples were taken before and after the training protocol with 12 hours of fasting and the levels of interleukin 17 and beta interferon were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software and covariance test. Results: The results showed that after 8 hours of resistance training intervention, the amount of interleukin 17 in the training group decreased significantly and the amount of beta interferon showed a significant increase compared to the control group Conclusion: Since moderate intensity resistance training decreased interleukin 17 and increased beta interferon in patients with MS, it seems that exercise intervention can be used to treat and prevent the progression of MS along with used drug treatments.

The Technical Report: What is Continuum Zone Repetition on Popular Resistance Training Periodization

As resistance training periodization has recently been touted potential plan and program to regime, session and set-up. The continuum zone repetition has been associated with developing resistance training periodization to develop maximize performance, however it might be more far-reaching as either periodization relationship may be use continuum zone repetition strategy is poorly understood. To determine continuum zone repetition improved resistance training periodization through specAs resistance training periodization has recently been touted potential plan and program to regime, session and set-up. The continuum zone repetition has been associated with developing resistance training periodization to develop maximize performance, however it might be more far-reaching as either periodization relationship may be use continuum zone repetition strategy is poorly understood. To determine continuum zone repetition improved resistance training periodization through specific properties periodic repetition strategy. To date, continuum zone repetition on either current resistance training periodization or training regimes are common approach to produce equivocal maximize performance outcomes. Technical report research conducted on two electronic databases like Pubmed and Web of Science. Resolution for disparity due to continuum zone repetition seem to rarely researches. Exploration of the optimize performance relationship is required continuum zone repetition strategy to evaluate maximize strength, hypertrophy, endurance and power session. Until such studies are completed the efficiency of continuum zone repetition limited in popular resistance training periodizationific properties periodic repetition strategy. To date, continuum zone repetition on either current resistance training periodization or training regimes are common approach to produce equivocal maximize performance outcomes. Technical report research conducted on two electronic databases like Pubmed and Web of Science. Resolution for disparity due to continuum zone repetition seem to rarely researches. Exploration of the optimize performance relationship is required continuum zone repetition strategy to evaluate maximize strength, hypertrophy, endurance and power session. Until such studies are completed the efficiency of continuum zone repetition limited in popular resistance training periodization

The Effect of A Period of Resistance Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Body Fat Percentage, Muscle Mass and Testosterone to Cortisol Ratio in the Elderly

The Effect of A Period of Resistance Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Body Fat Percentage, Muscle Mass and Testosterone to Cortisol Ratio in the Elderly

The Effect of a Period of Resistance Training on Some Apoptotic Markers in Kidney Tissue of Diabetic Male Rats with Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome

Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on some apoptotic markers of kidney tissue with morphine withdrawal syndrome in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8, including: diabetes, morphine diabetes, diabetes + resistance training, diabetes morphine + resistance training. After implementing the diabetes induction protocol, the addicted groups received morphine orally for 21 days, and then the training groups participated in the resistance training protocol for 8 weeks. Then all the mice were killed and dissected and their kidney tissue was removed. ELISA kits were used to evaluate apoptotic factors. Results: Cytochrome-C variable results showed a significant decrease in the morphine diabetes (P=0.002) and diabetes + resistance training (P=0.001) and morphine diabetes + resistance training (P=0.001) groups compared to the diabetes group. The results of the caspase-8 variable also showed that the diabetes + resistance training group had a significant decrease compared to the diabetes group (P=0.004) and the morphine diabetes group (P=0.012). Also, the reduction of caspase 3 variable results in the morphine diabetes group (P=0.001), diabetes + resistance training (P=0.001) and morphine diabetes + resistance training (P=0.002) was significant compared to the diabetes group. Conclusion: Resistance training has reduced apoptotic indices in kidney tissue and can be a suitable treatment strategy for diabetes and withdrawal syndrome diabetes.

Evidence-based nutritional approaches to enhance exercise adaptations.

The purpose of this opinion paper is to provide current-day and evidence-based information regarding dietary supplements that support resistance training adaptations or acutely enhance strength-power or endurance performance. Several independent lines of evidence support that higher protein diets, which can be readily achieved through animal-based protein supplements, optimize muscle mass during periods of resistance training, and this likely facilitates strength increases. Creatine monohydrate supplementation and peri-exercise caffeine consumption also enhance strength and power through distinct mechanisms. Supplements that favorably affect aspects of endurance performance include peri-exercise caffeine, nitrate-containing supplements (e.g., beet root juice), and sodium bicarbonate consumption. Further, beta-alanine supplementation can enhance high-intensity endurance exercise efforts. Select dietary supplements can enhance strength and endurance outcomes, and take-home recommendations will be provided for athletes and practitioners aiming to adopt these strategies.

Proteolytic markers associated with a gain and loss of leg muscle mass with resistance training followed by high-intensity interval training.

We recently reported that vastus lateralis (VL) cross-sectional area (CSA) increases after 7weeks of resistance training (RT, 2days/week), with declines occurring following 7weeks of subsequent treadmill high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (3days/week). Herein, we examined the effects of this training paradigm on skeletal muscle proteolytic markers. VL biopsies were obtained from 11 untrained college-aged males at baseline (PRE), after 7weeks of RT (MID), and after 7weeks of HIIT (POST). Tissues were analysed for proteolysis markers, and in vitro experiments were performed to provide additional insights. Atrogene mRNAs (TRIM63, FBXO32, FOXO3A) were upregulated at POST versus both PRE and MID (P<0.05). 20S proteasome core protein abundance increased at POST versus PRE (P=0.031) and MID (P=0.049). 20S proteasome activity, and protein levels for calpain-2 and Beclin-1 increased at MID and POST versus PRE (P<0.05). Ubiquitinated proteins showed model significance (P=0.019) with non-significant increases at MID and POST (P>0.05). in vitro experiments recapitulated the training phenotype when stimulated with a hypertrophic stimulus (insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF1) followed by a subsequent AMP-activated protein kinase activator (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide; AICAR), as demonstrated by larger myotube diameter in IGF1-treated cells versus IGF1 followed by AICAR treatments (I+A; P=0.017). Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) levels were also greater in IGF1-treated versus I+A myotubes (P<0.001). In summary, the loss in RT-induced VL CSA with HIIT coincided with increases in several proteolytic markers, and sustained proteolysis may have driven this response. Moreover, while not measured in humans, we interpret our in vitro data to suggest that (unlike RT) HIIT does not stimulate MPS. NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Determining if HIIT-induced reductions in muscle hypertrophy following a period of resistance training coincided with increases in proteolytic markers. What is the main finding and its importance? Several proteolytic markers were elevated during the HIIT training period implying that increases in muscle proteolysis may have played a role in HIIT-induced reductions in muscle hypertrophy.

Resistance training diminishes mitochondrial adaptations to subsequent endurance training in healthy untrained men.

We investigated the effects of performing a period of resistance training (RT) on the performance and molecular adaptations to a subsequent period of endurance training (ET). Twenty-five young adults were divided into an RT+ET group (n=13), which underwent 7weeks of RT followed by 7weeks of ET, and an ET-only group (n=12), which performed 7weeks of ET. Body composition, endurance performance and muscle biopsies were collected before RT (T1, baseline for RT+ET), before ET (T2, after RT for RT+ET and baseline for ET) and after ET (T3). Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA), myonuclear content, myonuclear domain size, satellite cell number and mitochondrial content. Western blots were used to quantify markers of mitochondrial remodelling. Citrate synthase activity and markers of ribosome content were also investigated. RT improved body composition and strength, increased vastus lateralis thickness, mixed and type II fCSA, myonuclear number, markers of ribosome content, and satellite cell content (P<0.050). In response to ET, both groups similarly decreased body fat percentage (P<0.0001) and improved endurance performance (e.g. , and speed at which the onset of blood lactate accumulation occurred, P<0.0001). Levels of mitochondrial complexes I-IV in the ET-only group increased 32-66%, while those in the RT+ET group increased 1-11% (time, P<0.050). Additionally, mixed fibre relative mitochondrial content increased 15% in the ET-only group but decreased 13% in the RT+ET group (interaction, P=0.043). In conclusion, RT performed prior to ET had no additional benefits to ET adaptations. Moreover, prior RT seemed to impair mitochondrial adaptations to ET. KEY POINTS: Resistance training is largely underappreciated as a method to improve endurance performance, despite reports showing it may improve mitochondrial function. Although several concurrent training studies are available, in this study we investigated the effects of performing a period of resistance training on the performance and molecular adaptations to subsequent endurance training. Prior resistance training did not improve endurance performance and impaired most mitochondrial adaptations to subsequent endurance training, but this effect may have been a result of detraining from resistance training.

The role of resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training (RT) with creatine monohydrate supplementation (CS) on serum levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in older adults. This study evaluated the effect of resistance training with creatine monohydrate supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, muscle strength and quality of life in older adults. We examined 45 non-athlete volunteer older men and women (mean, 68.1 ± 7.2 years old), were randomly selected and divided into three groups of 15: RT with creatine supplementation (RT + CS), RT with placebo (RT + P) and control group. RT protocol was performed for 10 weeks, three sessions per week. Creatine supplement was taken daily at a dose of 0.1 g/kg of body weight, while the placebo group consumed the same amount of starch. Fasting blood samples were taken before the start of program and at the end of the RT period. In the training groups, after 10 weeks of RT, a significant decrease in MDA and 8 - OHDG as well as a significant increase in serum levels of GPX and TAC were observed (in all cases, p = 0.001). In addition, creatinine levels were enhanced in the RT + CS (p = 0.014). Training intervention also improved quality of life and muscle strength in the experimental groups (p = 0.001), although muscle strength changes were more visible in the RT + CS group than in the RT + P group (p < 0/05). Regular resistance training can be recommended as a very suitable non-pharmacological approach to strengthen the body's antioxidant system, muscle strength and quality of life in older adults. There are no definite findings on the role of creatine on the antioxidant system and quality of life in older adults, but the use of this supplement in addition to RT can double the amount of strength gained from resistance training.

The Effect of Resistance Training on P53 Gene Expression in Prostate Cancer Patients

Background and Objective: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, which causes many deaths every year. P53 suppressor protein is one of the indicators the high level of which in the serum of cancer people is related to a decrease in the growth rate of cancer cells that prevents the development of cancer. There is evidence that exercise can alter p53 levels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on P53 gene expression in prostate cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this randomized clinical trial included men aged 50 to 65 years with prostate cancer. In total, 40 people were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups. The first group was subjected to resistance training, and the second group was regarded as a control. The training protocol included a period of resistance training. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: Based on the findings, before the intervention, the serum level of P53 was not statistically and significantly different between the two groups (P≤0.05). However, after 8 weeks of intervention, there was a significant difference before and after the intervention in the resistance training group in terms of the value of this variable (P=0.000); however, it showed no significant difference in the control group after 8 weeks (P≤0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, resistance training increases the serum level of P53 suppressor protein in patients with prostate cancer, and as a result, control and help in the treatment of this cancer.

Comparison between nonperiodized resistance training and nonlinear periodization on muscular peak power in Brazilian soccer players

Background: For decades the literature has been investigating the ideal dose-response regarding the frequency, intensity and volume of training that optimize the increase in muscle strength and power in athletes and non-athletes. Objective: Evaluate the effects of strength training from a nonlinear (NLP) and non-periodized (NP) model on muscular peak power in soccer players. Methods: Twelve male junior football players from a professional team in Cabo Frio (Brazil) were recruited and randomly divided into two groups (6 in each group). The groups were randomly divided into: G1 - (Body mass: 64.7 ± 6.5 kg; Height: 172.3 ± 5.8 cm; % fat: 5.1 ± 2.7; Age: 17.5 ± 1.0 years) performed RT with NLP model; G2 - (Body mass: 66.1 ± 4.7; Height: 177.1 ± 6.1 cm; % fat: 5.1 ± 1.2, age: 17.6 ± 0.5 years) performed RT with NP model. Both groups are subjected to 12 weeks of training. PNL strength training consisted of weight training sessions on alternate days, 3 times a week, the rest intervals were 120s among the exercises and included 10 exercises. NLP distribution was as follows: Day 1 (3x4-6 maximum repetitions [RM] with rest intervals of 120 sec between sets); Day 2 (3x8-10RM with 60-90 rest intervals between sets); and day 3 (3x12-15RM with rest intervals of 60 sec between sets). NP training performed the same duration, weekly frequency, exercises and number of sets (3 sets 8-10RM and 60-90 sec rest intervals). Before and after NP and NLP training, muscle peak, speed and agility were evaluated. Results: The ANOVA with mixed model showed no significant interaction between group and moment (F(1,10) = 0.133; p=0.72), and no significant main effect for group (F(1,10) = 0.032; p=0.86) in muscular peak power. There was a significant main effect for moment (F(1,10) = 14.872; p=0.003), where were showed that Post-training presented higher values of muscular peak power compared to Baseline (p= 0.003). Conclusion: It is concluded that both training organization models are effective and can be used to develop peak muscle power.

Resistance training restores skeletal muscle atrophy and satellite cell content in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and numerous recent findings suggest that several pathologic signs, including loss of muscle strength and mass, are also detected in these patients. In the present study, we evaluated muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), myonuclear number, satellite cell (SC) content, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) types in an animal model of AD and examined the possible role of resistance training in controlling skeletal muscle size in this disease. Fifty-eight male rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy-control (H-C), healthy-exercise (H-Ex), Alzheimer-control (A-C), and Alzheimer-exercise (A-Ex). AD was induced by the single injection of 1–42 amyloid into the CA1 region of the hippocampus (1 μl/site). The rats in H-Ex and A-Ex groups performed a 5-week resistance training period (17 sessions). The results indicated that AD induces significant skeletal muscle atrophy and reduces the myonuclear number and SC content in gastrocnemius muscle in both whole muscle cross-sections and isolated myofibers. Interestingly, we did not find any significant differences in the different MyHC distributions of AD animals compared with controls, while resistance training significantly increased the CSA of MyHC IIb fibers in both AD and healthy animals. Altogether, these observations suggest that the skeletal muscle of AD animals are more prone to atrophy and loss of myonuclear number and satellite cell content, while resistance training successfully restores these impairments.

Programações linear e ondulatória do treinamento de força induzem a mesmos resultados na aptidão física em mulheres idosas

Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of two different types of resistance training programming (linear and daily undulating) on submaximal strength and functional capacity in elderly women. Twenty-two participants (64 ± 3 years) were randomly assigned to 2 training groups: linear programming (LP; n=12) and daily undulating programming (DUP; n =10). Functional capacity and submaximal strength (10RM) were analyzed before and after 12 weeks of resistance training. The results demonstrated improvement on strength and functional capacity after the resistance training period (p ≤ 0.05), except for the Bench Press (p = 0.30), for both groups DUP and LP. The Effect Size was, respectively, high for DUP (timed up and go test = -2.07, and timed sit test= 4.69), and high for LP (horizontal leg press = 2.35). For all other results, the effect size was trivial or small. No statistical difference was observed between programming models. The LP and DUP trainnings have similar results in increasing submaximal muscle strength in elderly women inexperienced in RT after 12 weeks of intervention (p ≤ 0,05). However, DUP appears to be more effective in increasing functional capacity. In practice, the professional can use both the LP and the DUP to improve the level of fitness in the early stages of training in this population. However, when the goal of programming is to increase functional capacity, DUP can be prioritized.

Effects of resistance training on body recomposition, muscular strength, and phase angle in older women with different fat mass levels.

The concomitant increase in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and decrease in fat mass has been termed body recomposition. This study aimed to analyze the influence of pre-training levels of fat mass on body recomposition, muscular strength, and (phase angle) PhA after 24weeks of resistance training (RT) in older women. Data from 99 older women (68.6 ± 5.7years, 65.7 ± 8.6kg, 155.1 ± 5.8cm, 27.2 ± 3.1kg/m2) was retrospectively analyzed. Participants were separated into tertiles according to the amount of fat mass at baseline as follows: low fat mass (L-FM, n = 33), moderate fat mass (M-FM, n = 33), and high fat mass (H-FM, n = 33). The participants underwent a RT program consisting of eight exercises, three sets per exercise, with a load between 8 and 15 RM, performed three times per week for 24weeks. The SMM and fat mass were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Body recomposition was determined by the composite Z-score of changes in SMM and fat mass. One repetition maximum (1RM) tests in chest press, knee extension, and preacher curl were assessed to verify muscular strength. Bioimpedance was used to determine phase angle. Results indicated that after the RT period, a greater positive body recomposition was observed in the L-FM group than in M-FM and H-FM groups. Moreover, all groups increased muscular strength and phase angle with no significant difference among groups (P > 0.05). The present study results suggest that the initial amount of fat mass influences the body recomposition induced by RT in older women, with those with lower pre-training fat mass levels presenting higher levels of body recomposition. However, improvements in muscular strength and phase angle are not dependent on the amount of initial fat mass in older women.