Residential Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

A Scenario-Based Simulation Study for Economic Viability and Widespread Impact Analysis of Consumption-Side Energy Storage Systems

This study investigates energy storage within the contexts of production-side and consumption-side energy storage concepts. The theoretical advantages of consumption-side energy storage over production-side systems are initially explored. The analysis is supported by a scenario-based simulation, with results presented to assess the feasibility and applicability of consumption-side energy storage under varying conditions. The simulation examines multiple scenarios, incorporating economic assessments to evaluate the viability of such systems. Additionally, the study explores the broader impact of consumption-side energy storage when adopted by 5 million, 10 million, 20 million, and 40 million residential consumers across separate scenarios. The analysis emphasizes the potential for shifting peak-period energy consumption to nighttime usage and assesses the corresponding reduction in energy generation requirements and transmission line loads, alongside the economic benefits derived from postponing energy infrastructure investments. The study focuses exclusively on residential consumers, with the energy storage systems referred to as residential energy storage systems (RESS). These systems are assumed to be organized and managed by energy provider companies rather than individual consumers. The research also considers the potential costs associated with implementing RESS. The simulation-based findings reveal significant benefits, including reduced reliance on new power plants, decreased risk of transmission line overload, increased utilization of renewable energy resources, financial advantages for both energy providers and consumers, and positive environmental impacts. These results provide valuable insights with implications for shaping future energy policies, particularly in the United States.

Optimal Scheduling of Energy Storage and Shiftable Loads in Grid-Connected Residential Buildings with Photovoltaic Micro-Installations

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming increasingly popular, especially in residential buildings. However, the high penetration of prosumer PV micro-installations can have a negative impact on the operation of distribution networks due to the low self-consumption of the energy produced. One way to mitigate this problem is to use a residential energy storage system (RESS) and load shifting under a demand-side management (DSM) scheme. Energy management systems (EMSs) are used to control the operation of RESSs and to implement DSM. There are two main categories of EMSs: rule-based and optimization-based. Optimization-based EMSs provide better results than rule-based EMSs but can be computationally expensive. This article proposes an optimization-based EMS that is designed specifically for residential buildings. The proposed home energy management system (HEMS) uses a particle swarm optimization method to maximize the prosumer’s financial neutrality, which is calculated based on dynamic energy prices. Simulation-based evaluation using the measurements taken in a building equipped with a PV source, RESS, and shiftable loads shows the improved performance of the proposed HEMS compared to rule-based RESS control. The results show that the designed HEMS increases self-consumption, thus reducing the impact of the prosumer’s PV micro-installations on the distribution grid.

PHASOR ANALYSIS OF DECENTRALIZED GRID-CONNECTED RESIDENTIAL SOLAR FARM: ADDRESSING NIGERIA ELECTRICITY CAPACITY ISSUES

Addressing Nigeria’s energy capacity issues, this paper presents a Phasor-evaluation of a simulation comparing the feasibility of using a Photovoltaic (PV) system with backup power for home use at a large-scale solar farm with a Residential Energy Storage System (RESS) in Nigeria. The Hydro-Québec Research Institute (IREQ) designed a standard power operation system for the simulation, which is essential. The findings, displayed in phasor mode, aim to assess energy storage and solar intensity, potentially revolutionizing the energy landscape for Nigeria’s rural and urban residents.

Battery Scheduling Optimization and Potential Revenue for Residential Storage Price Arbitrage

Residential energy storage systems offer significant potential for price arbitrage by capitalizing on fluctuations in electricity prices throughout the day. This study investigates the potential revenue from optimal battery scheduling for residential storage in different north-western European electricity price zones during 2023. Using Nord Pool day-ahead prices, we applied an optimization model to determine the revenue for two types of batteries: 5 kW/10 kWh and 10 kW/10 kWh. The analysis considered battery capacity, charging and discharging efficiency, and maximum charge/discharge rates. Our results show notable variations in potential revenue across different regions, with the Baltic states demonstrating the highest revenue potential. The findings indicate that while 10 kW batteries can generate higher total revenue, 5 kW batteries are more efficient in terms of revenue per cycle. These regional disparities underscore the need for targeted incentives and policies to enhance the economic viability of residential energy storage. The research results provide valuable insights into optimizing residential battery storage for price arbitrage, offering guidance for consumers, policymakers, and energy providers to maximize economic benefits in various electricity markets.

Incorporating energy storage system into grid connected photovoltaic system with the application of wireless sensor network

The growing use of residential photovoltaics (PV) poses several challenges for distribution system operators. Technical challenges arise when excess PV energy is integrated into the low-voltage utility grid. This leads to current and voltage increase. On the other hand, economic challenges show up when the energy storage system (ESS) is fully charged without a mechanism in place to store excess energy. Residential ESS not only mitigates these challenges but also assists in mitigating irregular PV power issues. Different methodologies have been developed to construct models assessing the techno-economic benefits of integrating ESS with PV systems. Nevertheless, these approaches do not account for PV-ESS operation with feed-in-tariff (FiT) incentives, different electricity rate structures, and the lifetime model of ESS. This paper proposes an energy management strategy (EMS) suitable for rooftop PV installations. The EMS incorporates a temperature model and optimizes scheduling to regulate the power output of the PV/ESS in response to changes/needs in electricity demand. In addition, tactical information exchange between the ESS and the utility grid is facilitated by Link 16 wireless sensor networks. Furthermore, hybrid gated recurrent unit (GRU) and graph convolutional network (GCN) model is introduced for predicting PV power and electricity load. Consumer electricity data, PV data, and tariffs are utilized in the proposed study to examine the impact of MESS on electricity charges. The impact of multi-ESS (MESS) on the objective function is evaluated using the optimization model. Simulation results on a typical system show that the proposed approach significantly enhances battery performance. By the end of the year, the SOC reaches 84.78 % for the proposed MESS and 84.64 % for the DESS. The results reveal that the proposed approach yields 22 % cost savings compared to a dual ESS system and 24 % cost reduction compared to a single ESS. Moreover, the elevated packet delivery ratio values corresponding to higher signal-to-noise ratio levels signify enhanced reliability and superior communication performance. The impact of jamming attacks on battery consumption employing additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is compared with AWGN and single-tone, and AWGN and multi-tone. The results show that when dealing solely with AWGN, less power is needed to filter out noise.

Analysis on Design Failure Mode of Residential Energy Storage System

Analysis on Design Failure Mode of Residential Energy Storage System

Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Case Study Using an AI-Powered Community Energy Management System

The Internet of Energy (IoE) is a topic that industry and academics find intriguing and promising, since it can aid in developing technology for smart cities. This study suggests an innovative energy system with peer-to-peer trading and more sophisticated residential energy storage system management. It proposes a smart residential community strategy that includes household customers and nearby energy storage installations. Without constructing new energy-producing facilities, users can consume affordable renewable energy by exchanging energy with the community energy pool. The community energy pool can purchase any excess energy from consumers and renewable energy sources and sell it for a price higher than the feed-in tariff but lower than the going rate. The energy pricing of the power pool is based on a real-time link between supply and demand to stimulate local energy trade. Under this pricing structure, the cost of electricity may vary depending on the retail price, the number of consumers, and the amount of renewable energy. This maximizes the advantages for customers and the utilization of renewable energy. A Markov decision process (MDP) depicts the recommended power to maximize consumer advantages, increase renewable energy utilization, and provide the optimum option for the energy trading process. The reinforcement learning technique determined the best option in the renewable energy MDP and the energy exchange process. The fuzzy inference system, which takes into account infinite opportunities for the energy exchange process, enables Q-learning to be used in continuous state space problems (fuzzy Q-learning). The analysis of the suggested demand-side management system is successful. The efficacy of the advanced demand-side management system is assessed quantitatively by comparing the cost of power before and after the deployment of the proposed energy management system.

A synthetic dataset of Danish residential electricity prosumers

Conventional residential electricity consumers are becoming prosumers who not only consume electricity but also produce it. This shift is expected to occur over the next few decades at a large scale, and it presents numerous uncertainties and risks for the operation, planning, investment, and viable business models of the electricity grid. To prepare for this shift, researchers, utilities, policymakers, and emerging businesses require a comprehensive understanding of future prosumers’ electricity consumption. Unfortunately, there is a limited amount of data available due to privacy concerns and the slow adoption of new technologies such as battery electric vehicles and home automation. To address this issue, this paper introduces a synthetic dataset containing five types of residential prosumers’ imported and exported electricity data. The dataset was developed using real traditional consumers’ data from Denmark, PV generation data from the global solar energy estimator (GSEE) model, electric vehicle (EV) charging data generated using emobpy package, a residential energy storage system (ESS) operator and a generative adversarial network (GAN) based model to produce synthetic data. The quality of the dataset was assessed and validated through qualitative inspection and three methods: empirical statistics, metrics based on information theory, and evaluation metrics based on machine learning techniques.

Design and Field Implementation of a Hierarchical Control Solution for Residential Energy Storage Systems

This paper presents an innovative approach to the design and real-life field implementation of a hierarchical control solution for a residential ESS (energy storage system) for consumers/prosumers. The proposed control solution minimises residential prosumers’ electricity bill. It consists of an offline controller (secondary level) implemented in the cloud, which works in total synergy with a local real-time controller (primary level) at the ESS. The offline controller proposes an optimal day-ahead energy management strategy using the forecasted demand and PV generation; whereas the local real-time controller is responsible for the management strategy in the best suitable way while dealing with the system real-time constraints and forecast uncertainties. Distributed implementation and demonstration of the solution have been performed through a cloud control platform, operated by an aggregator. Moreover, an offline analysis has been carried out to assess the performances of the real-life implementation outputs and verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The obtained results show promising performances of the overall system and implementation approach. This will further ease the integration process of consumer/prosumer with the future virtual power plant or local electricity market operator. The main concept has been developed to be implemented within the StoreNet pilot project platform.

Extended ZVS-On/ZCS-Off Range for CF-DAB Converter Under DCM Operation for Residential Energy Storage Systems

Extended ZVS-On/ZCS-Off Range for CF-DAB Converter Under DCM Operation for Residential Energy Storage Systems

Impacts of residential energy storage system modeling on power system

Power system reliability can be improved with the use of energy storage. Energy storage technologies are examined critically, including storage kinds, categorizations, and comparisons. Electrochemical and battery energy storage, thermal and thermochemical energy storage, flywheel energy storage, compressed air energy storage, pumped energy storage, magnetic energy storage, chemical and hydrogen energy storage are all taken into account. The recent research on novel energy storage kinds and its significant achievements and discoveries in energy storage are analyzed. It is the goal of this study to undertake a complete and systematic evaluation of the influence of battery energy storage systems (BESS) on power systems and microgrids. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and the start of 2021 provides the basis of the SLR (Systematic Literature Review). Due to inadequate wind or sunlight, renewable energy sources (RESs) like wind and solar are regularly subjected to swings. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) help to solve the issue by storing extra energy and making it available when it’s needed. Despite the fact that there are several EST investigations, the literature is fragmented and out of date. The comparison of EST features and applications is very brief. The purpose of this article is to fill that void. It identifies major ESTs and offers an updated overview of the literature on ESTs and their potential use in the renewable energy industry, based on a set of criteria. The critical analysis reveals that Li-ion batteries have a high potential applicability in the utility grid integration sector and are BESS suited to alleviate RES volatility. However, Li-ion batteries’ costs must be decreased in order for them to be completely utilized in RES utility grid integration. It has long been shown to improve system dependability and reduce transmission costs by introducing energy storage into power networks. The development of energy storage devices is aided by regulations that promote the use of renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuels. There are also voids in this field of research. To help academics better grasp the dependability implications of energy storage systems and fill in knowledge gaps in the field, this review is available. Reduced emissions and global warming as a result of the increased usage of renewable energy resources In terms of renewable energy, wind turbines and solar PV systems are two of the most common. In contrast, the advantages and downsides of using renewable energy sources are numerous. Renewable energy’s biggest flaw is its inability to generate consistent amounts of power. It is difficult to maintain a balance between generation and demand due to the irregularity of renewable energy sources’ power output and the sudden spikes or dips in demand. Consequently, there will be deviations in grid voltage and frequency, leading to operational difficulties and perhaps jeopardizing grid stability. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) can be used to regulate the output of renewable energy sources and keep the grid stable.

Model for payback time of using retired electric vehicle batteries in residential energy storage systems

This work presents a mathematical model for the payback time of reusing electric vehicle batteries as residential energy storage systems from the end of life of automotive application. The model was developed using MATLAB software and calculates the payback time of a battery energy storage system (BESS) under different scenarios while considering the daily electricity consumption profile for a UK household. The results show that battery purchase price, BESS capacity, electricity unit rates and electricity demand profile are variables with large effects on the payback time. At the simulated baseline condition with residential households of two people, a BESS using second-life batteries from five different vehicle models showed payback time ranging from 8.3 to 12.8 years. The combination of battery rightsizing to attend peak and standard demand, battery price drop by 46%, reaching the level where EV price becomes competitive with conventional vehicles, and BESS application to three or more households provides the most favourable scenario with the minimum payback time of 4.8 years. Further reduction in the payback time of up to 41% can be achieved with subsidised off-peak electricity unit rate.

Management and development of a residential energy storage system: A case study Jordan

The use of renewable energy generation (REG) and energy storage systems (ESSs) strategies have a considerable possibility in delivering resilience for renewable energy sources (RESs). Thus, combining REG and ESSs strategies to fix operational, economic, ecological, and power-concerning governmental issues have been received particular concern from power system (PS) operators and planners globally. In this concern, developing countries (Jordan), which are poor in traditional energy resources, have proposed different supportive issues and experiences for the common use of ESSs strategies in the situation of distribution PSs. Therefore, this article performs a universal solution to this problem possessed to construct the infrastructure substantially to achieve high penetration of RE in the PS. Based on this, the article firstly studies the necessity of using REG and ESSs strategies in RE-based distribution PS. So, the current approaches and motivation programs used in various countries for the growth of RERs in optimum composition with ESSs and REG strategies are offered. The results of this study suggest that the use of an ESS is very important for the management and development of residential Solar Energy (SE) applications. Most respondents (85.3%) said that the use of a domestic ESS is critical to the management and growth of demand and supply for RE. To improve main grid efficiency and reduce demand for conventional power supplies, Jordanian engineers and experts recommend that consumers should install ES devices in their homes.

A Novel System-Theoretic Matrix-Based Approach to Analysing Safety and Security of Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are getting increasingly complex and interconnected. Consequently, their inherent safety risks and security risks are so intertwined that the conventional analysis approaches which address them separately may be rendered inadequate. STPA (Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis) is a top-down hazard analysis technique that has been incorporated into several recently proposed integrated Safety and Security (S&S) analysis methods. This paper presents a novel methodology that leverages not only STPA, but also custom matrices to ensure a more comprehensive S&S analysis. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a case study of particular commercial cloud-based monitoring and control system for residential energy storage systems.

Impact of battery storage on residential energy consumption: An Australian case study based on smart meter data

Advanced metering infrastructure has been widely recognized as a key enabling factor for delivering a range of benefits to the electricity industry as well as to energy consumers. The data is commonly used for billing and to educate consumers so they can make economically optimal decisions on choosing between electricity retail plans. More importantly, an in-depth analysis of this data can drive the development and implementation of new energy technologies and to enable evidence-based policy decisions to be made. In this paper, an Australian case study is presented on how residential battery installations lead to behavioral changes in the way energy is consumed. Furthermore, data-informed recommendations to both distribution network operators and policy-makers are also provided. The data comprises more than 5000 energy consumers with either distributed generation systems such as Photovoltaics (PV) and Energy Storage Systems (ESS), or without. The methodology focuses on the analysis of energy consumption of consumers with PV and ESS energy consumers and compares them against consumers without ESS. In addition, an economic analysis on the benefit of installing ESS is presented using payback period and internal rate of return. The main finding is that residential energy storage systems provide a range of benefits to the distribution network. It is recommended that Governments should continue supporting the rollout of such systems by subsidy programs and implementing necessary policy directives.

Residential Energy Storage: U.S. Manufacturing and Imports Grow Amid Rising Demand

The U.S. residential energy storage market grew rapidly during 2017–20, driven by homeowners seeking to increase resiliency, changes in net metering programs, and the financial benefits of installing a system. The residential energy storage system (ESS) market was dominated by Tesla in 2020 and, as a result, domestic production met most U.S. demand. Smaller U.S. producers are also benefiting from market growth, with residential ESS sales substantially increasing in the last few years. There were several new entrants with foreign production to the residential market in 2019–20, however, some of which have a number of competitive advantages that enabled them to quickly gain U.S. sales in the second half of 2020. As a result, U.S. residential ESS imports rapidly increased in 2020. South Korea was historically the largest foreign residential ESS supplier, but an increasing share of imports are shipped from China and Vietnam.

Interface Converters for Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems: Practices, Difficulties and Prospects

Recent trends in building energy systems such as local renewable energy generation have created a distinct demand for energy storage systems to reduce the influence and dependency on the electric power grid. Under the current market conditions, a range of commercially available residential energy storage systems with batteries has been produced. This paper addresses the area of energy storage systems from multiple directions to provide a broader view on the state-of-the-art developments and trends in the field. Present standards and associated limitations of storage implementation are briefly described, followed by the analysis of parameters and features of commercial battery systems for residential applications. Further, the power electronic converters are reviewed in detail, with the focus on existing and perspective non-isolated solutions. The analysis covers well-known standard topologies, including buck-boost and bridge, as well as emerging solutions based on the unfolding inverter and fractional/partial power converters. Finally, trends and future prospects of the residential battery storage technologies are evaluated.

Equivalent Electric and Heat-Pump Water Heater Models for Aggregated Community-Level Demand Response Virtual Power Plant Controls

Advanced control techniques may be used to establish a virtual power plant to regulate the operation of electric water heaters, which may be regarded as a “uni-directional battery” and a major component of a hybrid residential energy storage system. In order to estimate the potential of regulating water heaters at the aggregated level, factors including user behavior, number of water heaters, and types of water heaters must be considered. This study develops generic water heater load curves based on the data retrieved from large experimental projects for resistive electric water heaters (EWHs) and heat pump water heaters (HPWHs). A community-level digital twin with scalability has been developed to capture the aggregated hot water flow and average hot temperature in the tank. The results in this paper also include the “energy take” in line with the CTA-2045 standard and Energy Star specification. The data from the experiments demonstrated that changing from an EWH to an HPWH reduces electricity usage by approximately 70%. The case study showed that daily electricity usage could be shifted by approximately 14% and 17% by EWH and HPWHs, respectively, compared to their corresponding average power. Another case study showed that both EHWs and HPWHs, coordinated with PV to reduce morning and evening peaks, could shift approximately 22% of the daily electricity.

Comparison of economic model predictive control and rule‐based control for residential energy storage systems

This study quantifies the benefits of implementing model predictive control on residential solar PV and energy storage systems considering a time-of-use demand tariff, feed-in tariff and varying PV system sizes and battery life-cycle costs. The control system analysed makes use of economic model predictive control (EMPC) whereby the objective function is directly tied to the economics of the system. Using residential load and PV data from an Australian distribution network service provider, the EMPC controller is compared to a rule-based controller, highlighting the benefits of EMPC in regards to annual economic performance and battery energy throughput. The EMPC algorithm is then tested using 10 residential customers at the low voltage feeder level showing the capacity for the EMPC controller to shift peak demand and flatten the aggregated load profile of 30 residential customers.

An extensive review of energy storage system for the residential renewable energy system

Energy storage system (ESS) plays a prominent role in renewable energy (RE) to overcome the intermittent of RE energy condition and improve energy utilization in the power system. However, ESS for residential applications requires specific and different configuration. Hence, this review paper aims to provide information for system builders to decide the best setup configuration of ESS for residential application. In this paper, the aim is to provide an insight into the critical elements of the energy storage technology for residential application. The update on ESS technology, battery chemistry, battery charging, and monitoring system and power inverter technology are reviewed. Then, the operation, the pro, and cons of each variant of these technologies are comprehensively studied. This paper suggested that the ESS for residential ESS requires NMC battery chemistry because it delivers an all-rounded performance as compared to other battery chemistries. The four-stages constant current (FCC) charging technique is recommended because of the fast charging capability and safer than other charging techniques reviewed. Next, the battery management system (BMS) is recommended to adapt in advance machine learning method to estimate the state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH) and internal temperature (IT) to increase the safety and prolong the lifespan of the batteries. Finally, these recommendations and solutions aimed to improve the utilization of RE energy in power system, especially in residential ESS application and offer the best option that is available on the shelf for the residential ESS application in the future.