Research Of Foreign Scientists Research Articles

Latin legal terminology in national jurisprudence: modern trends in the application of ancient concepts

The article is devoted to the study of the application of Latin legal terminology in Ukrainian jurisprudence. At the outset of the article, the author emphasizes on the correlation of Latin terminology with Roman law, as well as the significance of the reception of Roman law for the further preservation of Latinisms. Particular focus is given to the retrospective analysis of the incorporation of Latinisms into the Ukrainian language. The first trend highlighted by the author is the etymology of Latinisms in court decisions; the second is the Latinisation of legal terms in court decisions. The application of Latinisms in national and foreign scientific research is considered from the angles of (1) being conditioned by practical needs, (2) the element of citing normative provisions, (3) a way of preserving tradition, and (4) a stylistic tool. The article lists a large number of Roman legal terms that are actively applied by Ukrainian judges. At the same time, the author claims that not all Latin terms applied in jurisprudence are related to the sources of Roman law: firstly, some Latinisms date back to the Middle Ages, as well as the New and even Modern times; secondly, individual Latinisms express legal phenomena (principles, doctrines) that originally belonged to the Anglo-American legal tradition. At the same time, the Latin legal terminology applied in court decisions is very diverse and covers a number of legal phenomena. Particular attention is paid to the application in judicial practice of legal doctrines of different origins – Roman law (favor contractus, fraus creditorum) and common law (obiter dictum, per incuriam, ratio decidendi). In addition, the author calls the application of Latin language clichés in court decisions one of the distinct trends in Ukrainian jurisprudence, which can contribute to the accuracy of the presentation, brevity and comprehensibility of the text, as well as the standardisation of the language of law. The author summarises that the application of Latin legal terms by national courts is an absolutely logical process, which indicates the further integration of national jurisprudence into global processes and trends occurring in world jurisprudence.

Behavioral aspects of auditor's professional judgment and professional skepticism

The paper examines the behavioral aspects of auditing in the context of auditor’s independence, auditor’s professional judgment, and professional skepticism. Over the past 50 years, in the researches of foreign scientists, the issues of accounting and auditing have been considered through the theory of behavioral accounting. On the other hand, in the studies of Ukrainian scientists, behavioral accounting in accounting and auditing was almost not considered. The main meaning of the theory of behavioral accounting is not to consider accounting and auditing exclusively in numbers, but to consider that accountants and auditors are people with a specific profession who behave according to their feelings and thoughts. It is customary to consider the concept of behavioral accounting according to the following topics: the influence of accounting information on behavior, management control, audit, ethics. Behavioral aspects of the auditor's independence, which are influenced by an auditor's personal prejudices and the auditor-client relationship, are studied. Auditor’s independence is considered in two dimensions - organizational independence and operational independence. E.g., independent auditors may face the problem of conflicting interests of the public and clients. Behavioral aspects of negotiations between the auditor and the client are also considered. The negotiation tactics used by the participants matter. It can be a yielding tactic, or a tactic of disputes. In particular, in the study of accommodating tactics, it was found that both auditors and clients reciprocated the accommodating negotiation tactics. There are many models of professional skepticism that have been summarized. Nelson and Hurtt's models are considered, the two fundamental components of which are professional skeptical judgment and professional skeptical action. Auditors should exercise professional skepticism, making judgments based on audit evidence without being influenced by clients.

FORMATION OF CORPORATE CULTURE OF OFFICERS: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The article analyzes various perspectives on the formation of corporate culture. The purpose of the article is to review foreign scientific research in the context of the formation of corporate culture in military organizations. Among the analyzed sources are both fundamental works and works of modern authors describing the current state of affairs in the armed forces of Western countries. To achieve the defined goal and fulfill the tasks, theoretical research methods were applied – analysis, synthesis, generalization of scientific sources, in which the definitions of “corporate culture” and “organizational culture” were determined and the state of their formation in the armed forces of different countries was described. The results of research. It is observed that foreign researchers often conflate the concepts of “corporate culture” and “organizational culture”. The majority of scholars focus their studies on organizational culture, with leadership recognized as one of the most influential factors shaping it. Furthermore, the development of corporate culture is closely intertwined with societal and military unit traditions. National, historical, religious, racial, social, and gender characteristics contribute to the establishment of distinct sets of norms and traditions that serve as the foundation for the corporate culture within the armed forces. The entrenched corporate culture among officers influences their career choices, often mirroring those of their parents. However, researchers caution against the emergence of castes within military organizations, as this phenomenon can lead to the degradation of the armed forces. Emphasizing the significance of military training institutions, the article underscores their role in shaping an effective corporate culture among officers by instilling the foundational principles that guide their future activities and worldview. It has been observed that there are several common classifications of the concept of “corporate culture”. However, they can be condensed into two primary models: flexible and hierarchical. The hierarchical model delineates the roles of each participant, the extent of their responsibilities, and the modes of interaction among them. Conversely, the flexible model underscores the capacity for scalability, adaptation, and rapid response to changes in external conditions. Additionally, some researchers highlight that such changes may yield both negative repercussions for corporate culture and offer new opportunities for its development. Historical experience demonstrates that the corporate culture of officers is subject to ongoing evolution. Specifically, the widespread integration of modern information and communication technologies in military affairs is already reshaping both the battlefield and intra-unit relations. The analyzed publications in foreign sources indicate that most researchers identify the concepts of “organizational culture” and “corporate culture” and mostly use the first term. Many studies point to differences in the corporate culture of different countries and different eras, as well as military branches. Therefore, national traditions and certain features inherent in national armies determine the rules that shape corporate culture. It is noticeable that considerable attention is paid to the analysis of threats that exist or may arise in the future. At the same time, the authors offer their own recommendations that would prevent the development of negative effects. Conclusions. The main factor that would contribute to the increase in the effectiveness of the formation of an effective corporate culture is considered to be training in higher education institutions during the training of future officers as well as military training and training during service. Also, most researchers point to the importance of adapting to the changing conditions of the external environment, both for officers and for their corporate culture in general.

Обзор подходов к оценке влияния новых вызовов на экономику и отдельные аспекты налогообложения

The article presents a review of publications devoted to the approaches to assessing the impact of external shocks on the economy in general and on certain aspects of taxation in particular. It considers both studies that assess this impact by analyzing macroeconomic indicators (less often — budget indicators) and building econometric models (mainly SVAR and VAR models are used in this case), and studies in which various authors propose their own indicators to assess this impact (most often they are either sustainability indicators or stress indicators). Special attention is paid to publications the subject of which is the impact of new challenges on the tax system. A separate block includes publications in which the above issues are considered in relation to the Russian tax system. These are not only scientific articles on the topic, but also documents of international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund, OECD, World Bank, etc. In addition, the article provides an overview of publications of foreign scientific institutes and research centers. Sanctions imposed on the economy of the Russian Federation are a particular case of an external shock. Thus, a review of publications assessing the impact of new challenges (by the example of sanctions) on the tax system of the Russian Federation is presented. The authors conclude that to assess the impact of new challenges on the tax system it is more advisable to use indicators based on statistical tax reporting.

Risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension in children and young people in present-day developments

In modern society, there is an intensive increase in the incidence of hypertension among young people, which is mainly due to lifestyle features and associated risk factors. Purpose. To analyze the results of Russian and foreign scientific research concerning the study of risk factors in the development of hypertension in children and young people. Material and methods. A qualitative analysis of the current data available in the literature on the risk factors of hypertension and its prevention has been carried out. Results. It has been established that the occurrence of arterial hypertension in childhood is influenced not only by hereditary factors, but also by a number of environmental risk factors. Conclusion. Further research is needed to study new and established risk factors that need to be considered when conducting primary prevention of the disease in children and young people from the high-risk group.

Сравнительная эффективность и перспективы применения пробиотиков в скотоводстве

This article is a comparative effectiveness of probiotic groups and the prospects of probiotics application in cattle breeding based on the research of foreign scientists. This article is a comparative analysis of the efficacy of different probiotic groups and discusses the prospects of their application in cattle breeding. In recent decades, probiotics have been actively used in livestock production to improve the health and performance of livestock. In this article, different groups of probiotics including probiotics based on lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, bifidobacilli, lactobacilli and saccharomyces were analyzed. The conducted studies allowed to compare their effectiveness on such parameters as improvement of digestion, level of growth and development of animals, reduction of incidence of diseases and antibiotic use. It should be noted that the effectiveness of probiotics may depend on many factors, including stress conditions, feed quality and genetic predisposition of animals. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the optimal conditions and dosage of probiotics. The article emphasizes the importance of probiotics in livestock production and presents an overview of different groups of probiotics, identifying their efficacy and application perspectives. A better understanding of these aspects can contribute to the development of effective and environmentally sustainable methods to improve livestock health and productivity, which is important for the agricultural industry and society as a whole.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ЦИФРОВЫХ ДВОЙНИКОВ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ

This article is devoted to the main problems of implementing digital twins in the industry. The paper explores the key aspects of the implementation of this innovative technology, the main difficulties encountered by companies in the implementation of digital twins, and offers recommendations for overcoming them. The author applies theoretical research methods, uses the results of domestic and foreign scientific research. The article discusses the advantages of digital twins for manufacturing and highlights the main problems such as accurate model building, data processing, security of digital assets and standardization. It is concluded that the successful application of digital twins requires solving the above challenges to realize their full potential in industry.

Reorientation of trade between the European Union and the Russian Federation under sanctions

The issue of the sustainability of the Russian economy, which is under unprecedential geopolitical pressure, is one of the main and most sensitive in the modern agenda of both Russian and foreign scientific research. The task of identifying the effects and effectiveness of trade restrictive measures faces scientists on both sides of the confrontation. Some need to demonstrate the achieved effect, others need to be convinced of adequate containment and overcoming. Solving this problem is accompanied by a search for new channels of foreign economic relations, both in trade and in the investment, which inevitably raises questions about the possibilities of reorienting Russian foreign trade, which for many years was focused on the EU as the main supplier of material and intangible resources. Since February 2022, the European Union has developed and introduced a significant number of large-scale trade restrictive measures. The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of trade restrictions of EU member states on trade with Russia from the point of view of reorienting European trade flows to other countries in the context of circumventing sanctions and identifying product items for which trade substitution and reorientation to other markets is possible. To achieve this goal, a methodology has been developed and proposed for identifying those product items for which such substitution has not occurred and a certain dependence of European countries on Russian supplies still remains, which means that retaliatory restrictive measures can be applied to these items. The analysis made it possible to identify a significant change in trade flows from EU member countries, replacement of trade due to reorientation to other neutral countries, as well as groups of goods that currently could not be replaced.

Biomechanics of diabetic vitreopapillary traction syndrome

Diabetic vitreopapillary traction syndrome (VPT) is a variant of diabetic retinopathy (DR) that can lead to vision loss in advanced stages. This review reports on the biomechanics of the vitreous in the pathogenesis of proliferative DR, in particular diabetic VPT. The article analyzes and summarizes literature data, presents the views of different authors on this problem, and provides the results of Russian and foreign scientific research on this pathology. It is concluded that further research in this area can lead to a significant improvement in the results of therapy, timely diagnosis, and preservation of vision in patients with DR.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ И ОПЛАТЫ МОДЕЛИ ПЕРВИЧНОЙ МЕДИКО-САНИТАРНОЙ ПОМОЩИ С МУЛЬТИДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫМ ПОДХОДОМ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН И РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Significance. The need for practical implementation of new models of organization of the primary health care system is due to demographic, social, epidemiological, technological and economic factors. Promising practices of medical care delivery have been formed in the world, both on the basis of interdepartmental interaction of medical and social workers, and in the form of a teamwork of specialists, including general practitioners, as well as specialists providing social and psychological assistance. The experience of Kazakhstan in organizing multidisciplinary teams has shown high efficiency, including decreased hospitalization rates, increased involvement and patient satisfaction. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of current models of organization of primary care delivery based on a multidisciplinary approach in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. Material and methods. The authors analyzed results of domestic and foreign scientific research confirming effectiveness of the organization model of primary health care delivery based on a multidisciplinary approach in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as normative legal documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation regulating primary care organization and reimbursement. Results. The comparative analysis of the normative-legal base in health care system of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation shows common for both countries approaches to the primary care organization and reimbursement, while in the Russian Federation the provision of social and psychological assistance within the framework of the multidisciplinary approach is regulated only for individual categories of patients (children, elderly citizens, pregnant women). Conclusion. The introduction of multidisciplinary teams increases medical and social efficiency of primary care delivery and quality of life of the population attached to medical organizations on the district-based principle. In order to substantiate feasibility of a large-scale implementation of the multidisciplinary approach to primary care organization and reimbursement in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to test it in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation in medical organizations with adult and pediatric polyclinics, as well as women's consultation.

INTERNET ADDICTION: METHODS FOR ASSESSING VARIOUS FORMS OF COMPUTER DEPENDENCE

Purpose: analysis of methods for assessing various forms of computer addiction in domestic and foreign scientific research.
 Materials and methods. The article presents a review of the literature and analyzes scientific research on Internet addiction in children, adolescents and adolescents. The advantages internet addiction assessment methods (ease of use; minimum filling time; quantitative and qualitative assessment of the features of Internet addiction in children, adolescents and adolescents; obtaining information from any number of respondents) and disadvantages (information obtained during the survey process may be subjective, which can be link the pressure of social approval) of diagnostic questionnaires with the interpretation of the results obtained. In most of the presented scientific studies, the most accessible research methods were used to assess the characteristics of Internet addiction - questionnaires, questioning (full-time).
 A scientific search was carried out using the relevant keywords and basic terms in the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, in the Scopus database, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI (eLIBRARY.RU) and others.
 Results. According to the results of studies conducted in different countries, Internet addiction is widespread among children, adolescents and adolescents, and every year their number is increasing.
 Conclusion. It should be noted that each questionnaire has its own advantages and disadvantages, diagnostic criteria of the norm, the inclusion or non-inclusion of individuals in the study, the formation of groups, as well as the compliance of the questionnaire methods and the results of the study with the tasks set - "validity".

INFORMATION MODELING OF CONCRETE: CURRENT STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT S

The publication relates to the problems of digitalization of building materials science. The relevance of developing a digital model of concrete for solving optimization problems of design and synthesis of its structure, clarifying methods for calculating building structures, and improving the technology of their production is shown. The evolution of information modeling of concrete is analyzed in the context of the stages of development of system-building materials science and technology.
 A review of the main modern methods of computer modeling of concrete structure in domestic and foreign scientific research is provided. It is noted that these methods do not take into account the complexity of the structure of concrete. In the article, concrete is presented as a conglomerate composite with a hierarchically organized structure with dimensions from 10-10 to 10-1 m. It has a minimum of 5-6 scale levels and three types of substructure design. Substructures differ in their scale, genesis and mechanics of manifestation of properties. The first type of substructure is characteristic of the macro-, meso- and micro-scale levels. It is accepted in the form of a two-component “construction” of a spatially continuous matrix and discrete inclusions deterministically and stochastically distributed in it. The second type refers to the submicro-, ultra-micro- and nanoscale levels. It is believed to be in the form of a “microscale spatial structure” of new formations of a cementing substance from consolidated individual crystalline differences. The third type corresponds to the atomic-molecular structure of new formations of the cementing substance.
 The characteristics of each type of substructure are given according to: the scale of the components; features of formation; mechanics of properties manifestation; design criteria; means of synthesis. An assumption is made about the specificity of modeling each of the three types of concrete substructures and their integration into a single digital model. The task is to develop an information platform for such a model. The platform should include: a theoretical knowledge base; empirical data base; database of analytical, numerical and statistical models; algorithms for designing and synthesizing structures; optimization criteria and boundary conditions; terms of reference for computer modeling of concrete.

ECOLOGY – CREATIVITY:
 INNOVATIVE PATH OF YOUNG PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT

In the presented article, for the first time in the practice of domestic and foreign scientific research, two
 fundamental target settings were implemented:
 
 - an attempt was made to systematically analyze the fundamental factors of the formation and functioning
 of creative activity in the context of historical and modern trends in socio-ecological development;
 
 - attention is paid to the concretization of theoretical and methodological approaches in line with the formation
 of ecological and creative orientations of the individual, through the author's results of conducting specific sociological
 surveys of young people in senior classes of secondary schools in Minsk.

POSSIBILITIES OF USING THE PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER AND VOCATIONAL PRE-HIGHER EDUCATION

The article defines the relevance of introducing universal design into the educational process of institutions of higher and vocational pre-higher education. The analysis of Ukrainian educational and normative sources, as well as domestic and foreign scientific research devoted to its study, is suggested. The article analyzes the history and essence of the concept of "universal design", systematizes the possibilities of its implementation, namely: in social space, design, things, products, creation of environment and places accessible to the widest range of people, design of information, communication and policy that allows them to be used by individuals with different needs in most diverse situations and does not provide for the creation of separate or special opportunities for such use, the organization of information technologies or services that are equally accessible or understandable to all and meet the requirements of shared use. The study summarizes the definition of the concept of "universal design in education" and systematizes the components of the educational process in institutions of higher and vocational pre-higher education, the accessibility of which can be increased by its means. Among such components are: didactic foundations of learning (approaches and principles); educational documentation (educational programs, curricul and sillabi); architecture of educational components (structure and features of educational process planning); teaching aids, in particular electronic ones; teaching and assessment methods; forms of educational interaction; design of the educational environment. 7 principles of universal design are presented: equality and accessibility of use; flexibility of use; simplicity and intuitiveness of use; accessibility of information; error tolerance; little physical effort; availability of the necessary size, place, space. Directions for their implementation in higher and vocational pre-higher education are proposed in order to increase their accessibility for students with special educational needs.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE RATIONAL USE OF WATER RESOURCES

In the article, research was conducted on the international experience of increasing the efficiency of water resources use, and scientific research was studied based on the research of foreign scientists. The economic importance of water has been thoroughly studied, suggestions and conclusions on its effective use have been formulated.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EGOCENTRISM PHENOMENON IN ADOLESCENT PERIOD

The article is dedicated to the experimental study of the manifestation of egocentrism in adolescence. First of all, the content of the concept of egocentrism and the researches of foreign scientists in this regard are mentioned. Also, experimental research aimed at determining the degree of formation of egocentrism during adolescence was carried out and its analysis was described.

Automated identification of spills oil with the help of a group of unmanned aircraft

The issues of automation of technological processes are of particular relevance because of the development of the information technology segment. One of the priority tasks for which digital tools are integrated is the monitoring of oil spills. The main purpose of the presented article is to analyze the issue of automated identification of oil spills by means of unmanned aerial vehicles. The paper uses theoretical and statistical research methods. To obtain more up-to-date and accurate information, the author uses the results of domestic and foreign scientific research. The article discusses the technical aspects of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for the identification of oil spills.

On the issue of freedom of conscience

This article examines the problem of the legal relationship of the state to religion, religious organizations and believers on the basis of the theoretical results of domestic and foreign scientific research. An analysis of the formation and development of modern materials on the problem of freedom of conscience and religious organizations in the sociolegal literature is presented. Protestantism laid the foundation for the idea of freedom of conscience, i.e., the religious freedom of the individual in the context of human rights. Avtorami suggests an interpretation of the definition of “conscience” and “freedom of conscience” through the prism of religion as the right of believers and analyses the current Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the CIS “On freedom of conscience and religious organizations” in the context of state-religious organization relations. Conscience as an ethical category has a purely personal character, expressing the inner spiritual and psychological "I", a sovereign spiritual phenomenon from the political and legal spheres of civil relations. The authors identify the problematic points in the regulation of relations between the rights and freedoms of believers to religion and associations in the legal acts of the country.

Перспективы развития современных сверхзвуковых пассажирских самолетов

The paper presents fundamentals of the passenger aircraft supersonic dynamics. Basic information about design and technical characteristics is given, typical parameters of supersonic passenger aircraft are considered and main issues of their design are highlighted. Images are presented of the promising supersonic aircraft, which have competitive advantages due to the best technical, economic, operational and environmental performance. Key areas in ensuring design and development of the domestic supersonic passenger aircraft (SPA) of the next generation are given including the advanced scientific and technical solutions. It is postulated that acceptable ecological performance of the new generation SPA is necessary due to significant tightening of the national and international requirements to ecological characteristics of the civil aviation aircraft, namely in the context of the problem of minimizing harmful effects of the supersonic passenger aircraft on the environment. Ways are considered to ensure acceptable level of the sonic boom during flight at the supersonic cruising speed, compliance with noise standards in the airport area and in reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere. All this requires searching for new technical solutions, comprehensive analysis and selection of the most rational options for the SPA airframe aerodynamic scheme and its power plant. Russian and foreign scientific research, design and development works on the supersonic topics were analyzed. Economic efficiency of the civil aviation aircraft operation is considered with the prospect of flying at the supersonic speed. Difficulties in design and development of a supersonic passenger aircraft are noted. Contradictions that arise during design and development are shown. Namely, selection of the correct model for the aviation industry plays an important role and in most cases becomes the basis for taking an approach to solving a particular problem.

ORGANIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS

B a c k g r ou nd . The article deals with modern requirements for the training and retraining of scientific and pedagogical and scientific personnel, as well as for higher professional education which lacks qualitatively new theoretical and methodical support for scientific and research activities. Higher education institutions of Ukraine occupy a leading place in the system of multi-level training and retraining of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel. Many of them have created such scientific centers as specialized academic councils for the defense of doctoral dissertations and councils for the defense of doctors of philosophy (PhD), master's, postgraduate, doctoral studies, a system of additional professional education, retraining and advanced training of personnel. Being aware of methodology, theory, technology, methods and organization of scientific research activity is a necessary basis for graduate students, doctoral students, holders of scientific degrees, employees of scientific divisions of institutions of various profiles, organizers of scientific research activities of all levels. The requirements for the professional training of graduates of higher education institutions provide for the active involvement of teachers and students in scientific research. Purpose and objectives. To conduct a theoretical analysis of the state of Ukrainian and foreign scientific research work of students with the aim of expanding scientific knowledge about the organization and development of pedagogical research technologies; on the development of student scientific creativity in all its forms for the future teacher to master the methodology of scientific research, the conscious introduction into pedagogical practice of the latest achievements of science, technology and culture. Re su lt s . In this context, the search for new technologies, reproduction and expansion of the scientific potential of future teachers, effective application, formation and development of scientific schools, creation of the most favorable conditions for the creative growth of future specialists acquire special importance. C onc lu si on s . Successful mastery of research and creative work skills by bachelors and masters helps them relatively easily join professional activities, transform scientific knowledge into the field of practical application. In this regard, the curricula of most institutions of higher education in Ukraine include special educational disciplines on the basics of scientific and research activity and elements of scientific creativity are introduced into fundamental, professionally oriented as well as special disciplines. This contributes to the creation of the necessary conditions for the integration of a higher school of Ukraine into the world educational and scientific space by activating the processes of involving talented young people in scientific research, implementing the experience of the world's leading universities as a prerequisite for the formation and development of a teacher's personality.