Cyber-physical Systems Research Research Articles

SLACPSS: Secure Lightweight Authentication for Cyber–Physical–Social Systems

The concept of Cyber–Physical–Social Systems (CPSSs) has emerged as a response to the need to understand the interaction between Cyber–Physical Systems (CPSs) and humans. This shift from CPSs to CPSSs is primarily due to the widespread use of sensor-equipped smart devices that are closely connected to users. CPSSs have been a topic of interest for more than ten years, gaining increasing attention in recent years. The inclusion of human elements in CPS research has presented new challenges, particularly in understanding human dynamics, which adds complexity that has yet to be fully explored. CPSSs are a base class and consist of three basic components (cyberspace, physical space, and social space). We map the components of the metaverse with that of a CPSS, and we show that the metaverse is an implementation of a Cyber–Physical–Social System (CPSS). The metaverse is made up of computer systems with many elements, such as artificial intelligence, computer vision, image processing, mixed reality, augmented reality, and extended reality. It also comprises physical systems, controlled objects, and human interaction. The identification process in CPSSs suffers from weak security, and the authentication problem requires heavy computation. Therefore, we propose a new protocol for secure lightweight authentication in Cyber–Physical–Social Systems (SLACPSSs) to offer secure communication between platform servers and users as well as secure interactions between avatars. We perform a security analysis and compare the proposed protocol to the related previous ones. The analysis shows that the proposed protocol is lightweight and secure.

CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMATED EDUCATIONAL CONTROL

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) have become pervasive across various domains, shaping not only economic activities but also social organization. However, a unified definition and understanding of CPS remain elusive, leading to diverse interpretations across different disciplines. This interdisciplinary paper explores the need for comprehensive research in CPS and its implications for educational control. Drawing from discussions at the Allatra International Public Movement Conference, the paper delves into the benefits of CPS in education, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize learning experiences, enhance student engagement, and facilitate personalized education. By leveraging CPS, educational systems can adapt to individual learning needs while minimizing vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Despite the transformative potential, challenges such as privacy, security, and ethical implications need to be addressed. Looking ahead, the paper suggests future directions for advancing automated educational control through CPS, highlighting the promise of technology-mediated learning spaces and intelligent systems for academic improvement. Overall, this paper underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in harnessing CPS for innovative educational practices. Keywords: cyber-physical systems, education automation, smart education systems, adaptive learning, intelligent systems, digital learning environments.

Estimator-based neural adaptive event-triggered control for strict-feedback nonlinear systems with incomplete measurements

This article addresses a neural adaptive event-triggered tracking control for a class of strict-feedback nonlinear dynamics with incomplete measurements, which is novel on the research of Cyber-physical Systems. The incomplete measurement problem caused by packet loss, saturation, and other issues during data transmission can lead to the unavailability of system state variables, which can degrade system performance and even lead to instability. To solve these problems, a state estimator for data-losing case and two controllers for normal and data-losing cases are designed utilising event-triggered strategies which can reduce the burden of calculation and data transmission. Radial basis function neural networks are adopted to approximate the unknown nonlinear system functions. A strict stability analysis in probability shows that the control laws for the considered strict-feedback nonlinear system can guarantee all the closed-loop to be uniformly ultimately bounded in mean square. Two examples are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the provided control method.

ECS-Grid: Data-Oriented Real-Time Simulation Platform for Cyber-Physical Power Systems

ECS-Grid is the first data-oriented real-time electromagnetic transient simulation platform for cyber-physical power systems (CPPS). Traditional simulation tools are constrained by object-oriented programming (OOP) architecture, which is now a significant obstruction to creating a comprehensive cyber-physical simulation. Therefore, the proposed ECS-Grid platform follows a new data-oriented paradigm based on an Entity-Component-System (ECS) framework, which delivers higher flexibility, extensibility, scalability, and performance to support cyber-physical system research. ECS-Grid proposes a layer of virtual intelligent electronic devices (vIEDs) to model IEDs in CPPSs. The vIEDs directly talk to physical components and communicate asynchronously with cyber services via the proposed high-performance JSON-like binary protocol. Tests with the islanding and the man-in-the-middle cyber attack scenarios on a 711-node AC-DC microgrid cluster based on a modified CIGRE 15-Bus system are performed and give accurate results. A faster-than-real-time performance is achieved on the 10th Gen Intel <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> Core <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM</sup> i7 computer, and real-time performance is achieved on distributed embedded NVIDIA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> Jetson platform. The ECS-Grid design and test results demonstrate the potential of the ECS data-oriented paradigm and may inspire the renovation of industrial simulation software.

Research and Implementation of CPS for Transmission Front Middle Case Assembly Line

As an indispensable part of the automobile factory transmission system, the transmission assembly line has a high level of automation and can play as a pioneer in the digital transformation of production. However, for the transmission production process, especially the front and middle case, there are many problems, such as a low degree of informatization, low efficiency of information transmission, and lack of a platform for rapid information release and sharing. This leads to the difficulty of timely discovery and feedback of exceptional events, resulting in low assembly efficiency. Therefore, this paper constructs its cyber–physical system (CPS) with the help of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, such as physical identification, information collection, and transmission. It contributes to improving the intelligent level of transmission of front and middle case assembly, strengthening the close integration, interaction, and collaboration between a large amount of assembly data and the physical entity of the assembly process, realizing the real-time monitoring of the transmission front and middle case assembly process, timely discovering, provide feedback, and dealing with exceptional events. In addition, scientific and effective adjustment strategies based on the data can be provided. Ultimately, the assembly efficiency of the transmission front and middle case is improved, ensuring the stability of the assembly line.

Formation of a Paradigm for Designing Cyber-Physical Systems: Educational Perspective

The subject of the article is the process of forming a paradigm for designing cyber-physical systems. The object of the work is cyber-physical systems. the purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of cyber-physical systems in the economy and society. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: the formation of a paradigm for designing cyber-physical systems. descriptions of methodological provisions of the general theory of cyber-physical systems. descriptions of the factors generated by the general theory of cyber-physical systems to increase the effectiveness of such systems. General characteristics of methods of design and research of cyber-physical systems at all stages of their life cycle. description of the content of new academic disciplines in the field of design and research of cyber-physical systems. Methods of the article are philosophy and methodology of science, theory of hierarchical systems, theory modeling, historical and system analysis, and theory of technological structures. The scientific novelty of the article is associated with the formation of the design paradigm of cyber-physical systems and the creation of a general theory of cyber-physical systems.

Active, Passive and Cyber-Physical Adaptive Façade Strategies

In view of the required energy savings in the building sector, there is an urgent need for innovative and sustainable solutions to increase the performance of building envelopes. Adaptive façades can make an important contribution, whereby passive low-tech strategies and active high-tech solutions are apparently incompatible. In current digitalization, new technologies and methods for the implementation of adaptive façades emerge in the framework of Cyber-Physical Systems. The investigation follows the research question: How can active and passive approaches of adaptive façades be mediated and what potential do Cyber-Physical Systems have for the implementation of hybrid solution approaches in the future? The article presents a comparative case study of the two research projects ADAPTEX and PRÄKLIMA as examples of passive and active adaptation strategies in the façade industry. In this context, the potential for further research of Cyber-Physical Systems in the application domain of adaptive façades as a catalyst for high-performance and multifunctional solutions, and as a mediator between both strategies, is highlighted. The main findings are the potential application of cyber-physical system technologies to the design and monitoring of passive adaptive façade solutions, as well as the possible integration of passively conceptualized components into active overall systems.

Construction of an Smart Progress Production Unit Based on Paddle Boring

With the continuous improvement of hardware product performance and data processing capability and the rapid development of network communication technology, the intelligent technology of computer systems is becoming more and more mature, and the intelligence of manufacturing has become the focus of people's attention. The intelligent performance of manufacturing is to use the knowledge obtained from data analysis to make inferences and decisions to solve problems, and the Cyber-Physical System (CPS) supports the deep integration of informationization and industrialization by integrating advanced information technology and automatic control technology, such as perception, computation, communication, control, etc. Although there has been great progress in the research of CPS, it has been widely used in the development of computer systems. Despite significant progress in CPS research, some key issues have yet to be fully addressed at the shop floor level, including dynamic reorganization and local intelligence. These issues have hindered the research on the intelligence of complex processes. For progress units of complex processes, this study proposes a CPS-based smart progress unit (SPU) construction method. In order to improve machining efficiency and quality consistency, this study proposes a multi-source data acquisition technique and a multi-objective optimization algorithm to process the data within the machining unit. Finally, this study takes the paddle boring process as an example, and designs hardware and software systems to automate the paddle boring process and meet the needs of automation and intelligent transformation of the paddle boring process.

A Review of the Integration of Cyber-Physical System and Internet of Things

Cyber-physical system has a bigger impact on the present and future of the engineered systems. The integration of cyber-physical system with other technologies often poses challenges that are unique in the fields of design, implementation, and applications. This study explores the definitions of the integrated cyber-physical system from different perceptions, how cyber-physical systems evolved, emerging fields of research in cyber-physical systems. Efficiency, reliability, predictability, and security are some of the challenges that cyber-physical systems pose in the overall implementation. cyber-physical systems when integrated with the Internet of Things evolves into a hybrid technology that advances the technology aspects. The CPS-IoT models complement each other offering useful insights to deal with engineering systems and control modules.

Sequential Modeling for the Recognition of Activities in Logistics

Activity recognition is an important task in cyber physical system research and has been the focus of researchers worldwide. This paper presents a method for activity recognition in logistic operations using data from accelerometer and gyroscope sensors. A Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network, bidirectional LSTM and a Convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) are used to classify between six activities being performed in the logistics operations being carried out. Comparing the performance of the LSTMs to the Conv-LSTM network, the designed Bi-LSTM RNN outperforms the other networks considered

Systemic formalisation of Cyber-Physical-Social System (CPSS): A systematic literature review

The notion of Cyber-Physical-Social System (CPSS) is an emerging concept developed as a result of the need to understand the impact of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) on humans and vice versa. This paradigm shift from CPS to CPSS was mainly attributed to the increasing use of sensor enabled smart devices and the tight link with the users. The concept of CPSS has been around for over a decade and it has gained an increasing attention over the past few years. The evolution to incorporate human aspects in the CPS research has unlocked a number of research challenges. Particularly human dynamics brings additional complexity that is yet to be explored. The exploration to conceptualise the notion of CPSS has been partially addressed in few scientific literatures. Although its conceptualisation has always been use-case dependent. Thus, there is a lack of generic view as most works focus on specific domains. Furthermore the systemic core and design principles linking it with the theory of systems are loose. This work aims at addressing these issues by first exploring and analysing scientific literatures to understand the complete spectrum of CPSS through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Thereby identifying the state-of-the-art perspectives on CPSS regarding definitions, underlining principles and application areas. Subsequently, based on the findings of the SLR, we propose a domain-independent definition and a meta-model for CPSS, grounded in the Theory of Systems. Finally a discussion on feasible future research directions is presented based on the systemic notion and the proposed meta-models.

Developing Industrial CPS: A Multi-Disciplinary Challenge.

Industrial Cyber–Physical System (CPS) is an emerging approach towards value creation in modern industrial production. The development and implementation of industrial CPS in real-life production are rewarding yet challenging. This paper aims to present a concept to develop, commercialize, operate, and maintain industrial CPS which can motivate the advance of the research and the industrial practice of industrial CPS in the future. We start with defining our understanding of an industrial CPS, specifying the components and key technological aspects of the industrial CPS, as well as explaining the alignment with existing work such as Industrie 4.0 concepts, followed by several use cases of industrial CPS in practice. The roles of each component and key technological aspect are described and the differences between traditional industrial systems and industrial CPS are elaborated. The multidisciplinary nature of industrial CPS leads to challenges when developing such systems, and we present a detailed description of several major sub-challenges that are key to the long-term sustainability of industrial CPS design. Since the research of industrial CPS is still emerging, we also discuss existing approaches and novel solutions to overcome these sub-challenges. These insights will help researchers and industrial practitioners to develop and commercialize industrial CPS.

Cyber-physical systems research and education in 2030: Scenarios and strategies

Future cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as smart cities, collaborative robots, autonomous vehicles or intelligent transport systems, are expected to be highly intelligent, electrified, and connected. This study explores a focal question about how these new characteristics may affect the education and research related to CPS in 2030, the date identified by the United Nations to achieve the Agenda for Sustainable Development. To this end, first, we have conducted a trend spotting activity, seeking to identify possible influencing factors that may have a great impact on the future of CPS education and research.These factors were clustered in a total of 12 trends – four certainties; namely connectivity, electrification, data and automation – and eight uncertainties; namely intelligence, data ethics, labour market, lifelong learning, higher education, trust in technology, technological development speed, and sustainable development goals.After that, two of the eight uncertainties are identified and used to construct a scenario matrix, which includes four scenarios. These two uncertainties – the so-called strategic uncertainties – are: fulfilment of sustainable development goals and the nature of the technological development, respectively. These two important uncertainties are considered to build the scenarios due to their potential impact on the research and education of CPS. For instance, sustainable development goals are significant targets for many initiatives, organisations and countries. While 2030 is the deadline to achieve these goals, the relationship between the sustainable development goals related to CPS research and education is not studied well. Similarly, the speed of technological development is seen as a driving force behind future CPS. However, the effect of this speed to CPS research and education environment is not known.Different outcomes of the chosen two uncertainties are, then, combined with the remaining trends and uncertainties. Consequently, four scenarios are derived. The Terminator scenario illustrates a dystopian future where profit is the driving force behind technological progress and sustainable development goals are not accomplished. In contrast, The Iron Giant scenario represents the successful implementation of the sustainable development goals where technological development is the force behind the accomplishment of these goals. The scenario called Slow Progress represents a future where gradual technological improvements are present, but sustainability is still not seen as concerning the issue. The Humanist scenario illustrates a future where slow technological development is happening yet sustainable development goals are successfully implemented.Finally, the scenarios are used to initiate discussions by illustrating what the future of research and education could look like and a list of strategies for future CPS research and education environments is proposed. To this end, we invite educators, researchers, institutions and governments to develop the necessary strategies to enable data-orientated, continuous, interdisciplinary, collaborative, ethical, and sustainable research and education by improving digital fluency, advancing digital equality, contributing to new ways of teaching complex thinking, expanding access to learning platforms and preparing next generations to adapt for a rapidly changing future of work conditions.

Big Data for Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are characterized by deep and complex intertwining among cyber components and physical components. Due to the fast increase in system complexities, the operations of CPS involve sensing, processing and storage of massive amount of data. This nature of “big data” imposes fundamental challenges on the design and management of CPS in multiple aspects such as performance, energy efficiency, security, privacy, reliability, sustainability, fault tolerance, scalability and flexibility. Tackling these challenges necessitates innovative big data techniques for handling massive data in CPS. The articles in this special section include a few selected state-of-the-art research results on the topic of big data sensing, processing and storage for CPS, and stimulates a broad range of researchers to participate in the interdisciplinary CPS research in the future. This special issue has received a significant number of submissions while only a small portion of them are selected for publications. The selected papers showcase how interesting data analytics techniques can be leveraged to optimize different metrics in CPS, such as timing, efficiency, schedulability, power, reliability, and security, etc.

Cyber-physical platform development and implementation for industry 4.0

AbstractIndustry 4.0 is referred as the fourth industrial revolution that represents the information intensive transformation of industrial automation and manufacturing processes. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are building blocks in Industry 4.0 and part of the Industry 4.0 vision. This paper presents a cyber-physical platform development and implementation strategy for Industry 4.0 applications. It has been considered a cyber-physical platform model (CPP) built upon hardware reconfigurable technology based on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) processor framework. The development strategy exploits the full benefits enabled by reconfigurable hardware, such as scalability of complex systems, platform-based design approach, adaptive processing, real-time constrains management, or high performance prototyping capabilities. The implemented experimental setup also combines major advantages of both the hardware and software platform-based design trends in Industry 4.0. In this endeavor, the used software toolkit comprises the entire system complexity as a high performance integration layer. The presented design method and implementation strategy can serve as rough orientation for future CPS research and development activities.

赛博物理系统研究与发展综述

赛博物理系统研究与发展综述

Emerging Education Challenges for Resilient Cyber Physical Systems

AbstractEngineering resilient cyber physical systems (CPS) is viewed as a systems engineering (SE) challenge. The research and education programs in computer and software security and resilience were advanced through the 1990's with many formal approaches to system reliability, security, dependability, and safety. Since that time, the internet and the information security needs in information technology (IT) systems has had a large education focus. Meanwhile, the scale and complexity of today's critical computing systems used in engineering domains has increased immensely. There has not been a related increased focus on research, knowledge, and education specifically addressing dependable and secure computing in domains such as infrastructure, industrial control, defense, and emerging commercial autonomous systems and the Internet of Things (IoT). While security education in the U.S. has greatly expanded in the domain of IT systems and related computer science and engineering fields, there exists a lack of engineering education programs and opportunities for engineering graduates to gain knowledge and skills related to design of secure, safe, and dependable CPS, what we call resilient CPS. There is also a lack of investment in laboratory facilities that can simulate large scale CPS, which are costlier to develop than IT related facilities. Formal research or studies in CPS and resilient computing related curricula are also difficult to find, although the domain is well researched. This paper discusses the primary foundations and characteristics of resilient CPS as a step toward a general taxonomy, the emerging needs and gaps in engineering education related to these systems, and the knowledge areas and bodies of knowledge that are already established or need to be developed in the education system. The goal is to bring broad attention in the systems engineering community to these needs.

The application of CPS in library management: a survey

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the current state research of cyber-physical system (CPS) and its application in libraries. CPS is a kind of large-scale and networked system that consists of physical and cyber elements and is currently of interest in academia, industry and government. In this survey, the definitions, theoretical foundation and basic applications of CPS are systematically reviewed. In addition, the development of library and current research of CPS application in library management are presented. The vision and challenge of smart library are also discussed.Design/methodology/approachBy retrieving the main scholarly databases, the literature of CPS and its application in libraries were examined.FindingsThis study shows that a lot of CPS technology applications are still in initial stage, and explores CPS potential impacts on libraries.Originality/valueThe application of CPS in library management has not been paid much attention, this study provides a prospective for the application of CPS in libraries.

A Review of Cyber-Physical System Research Relevant to the Emerging IT Trends: Industry 4.0, IoT, Big Data, and Cloud Computing

Recently, there has been an explosive growth in the development and implementation of various Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Accordingly, CPS-related research and advancements in CPS technologies have increasingly been part of the emerging trends in IT areas such as Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, cloud computing, and Industry 4.0. However, there are only a few research efforts that identify the comprehensive CPS research trends relevant to the emerging IT trends. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore what CPS research topics are related to the emerging IT trends and to investigate how industries have implemented CPS technologies.

Cyber Physical System (CPS)-Based Industry 4.0: A Survey

Cyber Physical System (CPS) has provided an outstanding foundation to build advanced industrial systems and applications by integrating innovative functionalities through Internet of Things (IoT) and Web of Things (WoB) to enable connection of the operations of the physical reality with computing and communication infrastructures. A wide range of industrial CPS-based applications have been developed and deployed in Industry 4.0. In order to understand the development of CPS in Industry 4.0, this paper reviews the current research of CPS, key enabling technologies, major CPS applications in industries, and identifies research trends and challenges. A main contribution of this review paper is that it summarizes the current state-of-the-art CPS in Industry 4.0 from Web of Science (WoS) database (including 595 articles) and proposes a potential framework of CPS systematically.