China Research Institute Research Articles

Ontology-oriented diagnostic system for traditional Chinese medicine based on relation refinement.

Although Chinese medicine treatments have become popular recently, the complicated Chinese medical knowledge has made it difficult to be applied in computer-aided diagnostics. The ability to model and use the knowledge becomes an important issue. In this paper, we define the diagnosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as discovering the fuzzy relations between symptoms and syndromes. An Ontology-oriented Diagnosis System (ODS) is created to address the knowledge-based diagnosis based on a well-defined ontology of syndromes. The ontology transforms the implicit relationships among syndromes into a machine-interpretable model. The clinical data used for feature selection is collected from a national TCM research institute in China, which serves as a training source for syndrome differentiation. The ODS analyzes the clinical cases to obtain a statistical mapping relation between each syndrome and associated symptom set, before rechecking the completeness of related symptoms via ontology refinement. Our diagnostic system provides an online web interface to interact with users, so that users can perform self-diagnosis. We tested 12 common clinical cases on the diagnosis system, and it turned out that, given the agree metric, the system achieved better diagnostic accuracy compared to nonontology method—92% of the results fit perfectly with the experts' expectations.

Final report of the key comparison CCQM-K88: Determination of lead in lead-free solder containing silver and copper

The CCQM-K88 key comparison was organized by the Inorganic Analysis Working Group of CCQM to test the abilities of the national metrology institutes to measure the mass fraction of lead in lead-free solder containing silver and copper. National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Metrology of China (NIM) and Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) acted as the coordinating laboratories. The participants used different measurement methods, though most of them used inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or isotope-dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS). Accounting for relative expanded uncertainty, comparability of measurement results was successfully demonstrated by the participating NMIs for the measurement of the mass fraction of lead in lead-free solder at the level of 200 mg/kg.It is expected that metals at mass fractions greater than approximately 100 mg/kg in lead-free solder containing silver and copper can be determined by each participant using the same technique(s) employed for this key comparison to achieve similar uncertainties mentioned in the present report.Main text.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

The Fabrication Technique and Property Analysis of Racetrack-Type High Temperature Superconducting Magnet for High Power Motor

The superconducting motor is now the focus of the research on the application of high temperature superconducting (HTS) materials. In this manuscript, we mainly introduce the recent progress on the fabrication technique and property research of the superconducting motor magnet in Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI) in China, including the materials, the winding and impregnation technique, and property measurement of magnet. Several techniques and devices were developed to manufacture the magnet, including the technique of insulation and thermal conduction, the device for winding the racetrack-type magnet, etc. At last, the superconducting magnet used for the MW class motor were successfully developed, which is the largest superconducting motor magnet in china at present. The critical current of the superconducting magnet exceeds the design value (90 A at 30 K).

Microwaves in China

The history of microwave research in China can be traced back to the 1950s and has been comprehensive ly reviewed by both Prof. Huang [1] and Prof. Lin [2], who offered complementary perspectives. Since the 1980s, microwave technology (including millimeter waves and THz techniques) has rapidly developed and nowadays plays a major role in both the daily life and the industrial environment in China. This article intends to give an overview of the state-of-the-art microwave technology in China today, and details its progress over the past decades. It is impossible to cover the entire subject comprehensively because of its depth and breadth; however, some major topics relating to the microwave technology, which are in fact tremendous accomplishments made by certain key universities and research institutes in China, are presented.

Development of clean energy and environmental technologies to address humanity’s top problems

This special issue on clean energy and environmental technologies aims at providing a forum for researchers who are working on relevant areas to exchange ideas driving innovation and report their latest research outcomes in developing clean energy and environmental technologies. A few years ago, Nobel Laureate Richard E. Smalley outlined Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for the next fifty years, in a talk given for the Enterprise Forum at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Energy was listed as the first of the top ten problems and the environment as the fourth. Actually energy is the most basic requirement for economic development and people’s livelihoods while this requirement is constantly increasing, particularly in economically rapidly developing countries like China. Supply of energy still mainly relies on fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas around the world. However reserves for fossil fuels are limited and producing energy from these fossil fuels with existing technologies has caused serious environmental problems, e.g., increasing greenhouse gases emission which exacerbates global warming. Resolutions to these global problems lie in the innovative technologies to produce energy in a clean and environmentally friendly manner. Both developing renewable energy and using energy more efficiently are major components of clean energy and environmental technologies. Development of clean energy and environmental technologies has been thought of as two of the most active research fields today. This special issue includes 12 papers consisting of research and review articles selected from different research institutions in Australia, China and Indonesia. They contain a wide range of the hottest research topics in clean energy and environmental technologies, including development of the innovative catalysts used for clean energy and environmental processes, studies on hydrogen production and storage, CO2 capture and syngas clean technology as well as other research in energy efficiency, coal seam gas recovery and environmental economics. These research and/or review articles, which although do not cover the full scope of studies in energy and environment due to page limitations , can still provide readers with brief track references to facilitate the development of new clean energy and environmental technologies. This special issue was organized as per instructions of the Editors Dr. Fei Yuan, Prof. Yaodong Huang, and Prof. Yanni Li. We have received invaluable help from colleagues working with or having worked with clean energy and environmental research, especially Prof. Edward White, Prof. Duong Do, Dr. Greg Birkett and Dr. Fu-Yang Wang in School of Chemical Engineering, the University of Queensland. They provided careful peer-reviews on the selected papers with many useful comments and suggestions for authors to enhance the quality of the papers. It would be impossible to publish this special issue without the help of these peer-reviewers. Finally, as the Guest Editor, I would like to thank all the people—all the authors and co-authors and reviewers for their contributions to this special issue, and editors of the Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering for their scientific input and consistent support.

Nutritional Science Research at Shanghai China

Dear Colleagues, One of the goals of the new ASN journal, Advances in Nutrition, is to interact with the international community of nutritional researchers and to encourage manuscript submissions from them. With the rapid progress of the Chinese economy in recent years, there are a number of nutritionally related problems within the country. Malnutrition is still a major problem among the poor in some rural environments, but the problems of overnutrition such as diabetes and obesity in the urban population are also on the rise. Recently, a delegation from the ASN visited several prominent nutritional research institutes in China. One of these was the Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS) within the Chinese Academy of Science in Shanghai, China. The ASN delegation was very impressed with the excellent research efforts presented by a number of principal investigators within this institute. As part of the ASN’s effort in seeking more international collaboration, as well as the INS’s willingness to collaborate with American scientists, we have invited the director, Dr. Yan Chen, and his colleagues to write a review paper to introduce their institute to the world through the Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal. In this review, Dr. Chen and his colleagues have highlighted their recent cutting-edge research that provided an inside look at the current status of nutritional research in China. Through this format, we hope to provide a bridge to learn about current nutritional science research activities in China and to extend these efforts to other countries in the future.

<i>Brief communication</i> "Monitoring ionospheric variations before earthquakes using the vertical and oblique sounding network over China"

Abstract. The problem of earthquake prediction has stimulated the research for correlation between seismic activity and ionospheric anomaly. Many observations have shown the existence of anomaly of critical frequency of ionospheric F-region, foF2, before earthquake onset. Ionospheric sounding has been conducted routinely for more than 60 years in China by the China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation (CRIRP), and deveoloped a very powerful ability to observe the ionosphere. In this paper, we briefly describe the anomalous variation of the foF2 before Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake (occurred on 12 May 2008 at 14:28 LT; 31.00° N, 103.40° E), which is a sign of the great interest arising in the seismo-ionospheric investigation of Chinese researchers. Furthermore, we introduce the routine work on seismo-ionospheric anomaly by the ground based high-resolution ionospheric observation (GBHIO) network comprising 5 vertical and 20 oblique sounding stations.

Lidar Observations of Middle Atmospheric Density and Temperature Over Qingdao

介绍了中国电波传播研究所瑞利散射激光雷达系统的结构和性能, 阐述了激光雷达探测中层大气密度和温度的工作原理, 给出了青岛地区中层大气密度和温度的初步探测结果. 通过与卫星、探空气球和大气模式数据的结果对比, 验证了激光雷达探测大气温度的可靠性. 基于2008-2009两年的观测, 获得了青岛地区上空中层大气温度的季节变化和平均分布. 激光雷达观测结果表明, 青岛地区平流层温度比CIRA86模式结果高, 且二者偏差呈夏秋季小、冬春季大的特点, 中间层温度则正好相反.

Rethinking of Some Issues Regarding Ethnic Tourismunder Modern Linguistic Environment

The issue of ethnic tourism presently has officially entered the vision as well as the linguistic environment of the authoritative tourism research institutes in China. Regardless of plentiful highlighted unsatisfactory issues in ethnic tourism development, overall however appropriately developed and effectively controlled ethnic tourism will be beneficial to the protection of traditional cultures. The paper believes ethnic tourism should be recognized and it is neither considerate nor objective to totally repudiate ethnic tourism positive effects in ethnic regions simply because of some issues occurred. This paper proposes author’s own views countering some important issues in ethnic tourism studies. Key word: ethnic tourism; authenticity; positive effect

Steel Research Institutions in China

Steel Research Institutions in China

An updated ranking of the economic research institutions in China (2000–2009)

Abstract This paper ranks the economic research institutions in China based on publications in the SSCI economics journals from 2000 through 2009 and finds that the gap in the research capacity of economic research institutions between the mainland and Hong Kong is very large, even though the difference in overall quality is not so significant. This paper can reflect successes and failures of the reform of the economics education in China over the past decade and give important implications for the ongoing reforms as well.

The inside Story of China's High-Tech Industry: Making Silicon Valley in Beijing. Yu Zhou

The Inside Story of China's High-Tech Industry: Making Silicon Valley in Beijing, by Yu Zhou. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. xii + 201 pp. US$75.00 (hardcover), US$29.95 (paperback). At last we have an insider telling the story of China's Silicon Valley story in English! Yu Zhou's book, The Inside Story of China's High-tech Industry: Making Silicon Valley in Beijing, centers the study primarily on the information communication technology (ICT) industry, one of the most dynamic industries in and the world. This is the first comprehensive account of high-tech industrial development in Zhongguancun (ZGC) - the Beijing district with the greatest concentration of universities and research institutes in China. As an inhabitant of ZGC from middle school in the late 1970s till graduate school at Peking University - a major university located in the heart of ZGC - Zhou has built a remarkable network of informants. This allows her to unveil a truly inside view of the extraordinary and complex dynamics of ZGC. Though there are a few good journalistic books about ZGC published in Chinese by embedded journalists, and the early writers do provide a good insider view of the industry, many of these are not innovative but repetitive. More importantly, these nonacademic books lack the theoretical insights of Zhou's book. The book is written mainly for academics in geography, urban studies, innovation studies and economics, yet it is quite readable for the general public interested in China's economy and technological development. Chapters 2-4 detail the three phases of ZGCs development. Chapter 2 provides a historical overview of the period from the 1950s to the 1980s when ZGC was established. Chapter 3 explains the critical role of multinational companies (MNCs) in shaping technological competition and fostering innovation among local firms. Chapter 4 argues that the Internet boom is helping to consolidate the telecommunication sector in Beijing because ICT firms have to win approval or favor from the decision-makers in Beijing. This makes the city a favorable location for the industry (p. 67). Chapters 5-8 analyze the major actors in ZGC, namely the minying companies (privately owned companies freed of direct intervention from the Chinese government), multinational companies and companies established by overseas-trained Chinese entrepreneurs. Chapter 5 details the leading role of minying companies, which capitalize on a tech-savvy labor force, the collaborative networks with universities and the dense alumni networks embedded in ZGC. At the same time, minying companies also pay dearly for this legacy of the planned economy - lack of trust, weak enforcement of the legal framework and minimal protection of intellectual property rights. Chapter 6 analyzes competition and collaboration between local firms and the MNCs. Zhou asserts that the numerous MNC Research and Development centers are generally cut off from extensive interaction with the local firms, so formal technology transfer to local firms is minimal. Chapter 7 argues that the Chinese returnees act like MNCs in maintaining ongoing technological, capital and market connection with the global technology centers, but unlike MNCs they are well integrated into the research and business communities in China (p. 141). However, Zhou cautions that the state's preferential treatment of Chinese returnees has created unfair competition and prompted resentment among the local firms. Chapter 8 discusses the efforts of the Chinese state in exploiting the technological standard strategy to promote local firms. …

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD GENERATED BY A HORIZONTAL ELECTRIC DIPOLE ON A DOUBLE NEGATIVE MEDIUM HALF SPACE

The electromagnetic field produced by a horizontal electric dipole over a double negative (DNG) medium half space is discussed, and the analytical expressions of the field which are convenient for calculation are derived. It can be concluded that the dipole on the configuration composed of the double positive (DPS) medium and the DNG medium half space can effectively excite the surface wave. The propagation wave number of the surface wave is less than that in both of the mediums, so that this kind of surface wave is a slow wave. Considered both the mediums are lossless, the amplitude of the surface wave decreases with the radial distance as 1/ρ1/2. The total field shows complicated interference because of the superposition of three kinds of wave modes. Corresponding author: X.-Q. Zhu (xqzhu@sina.com). † Also with China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China. 124 Zhu, Pan, and Guan

The Third International Conference of Quantitative Genetics

The third International Conference of Quantitative Genetics was held at Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China from August 18 to 24, 2007. The papers of invited speakers at the conference comprise this issue of Genetica. The first ICQG was held in Ames, Iowa in 1976 and the second in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1987. Since the conference in Raleigh statistical techniques then in their infancy, such as QTL mapping and MCMC analysis, have become standard but still developing practices. New molecular techniques have enabled individual genes contributing to variation in quantitative traits to be identified. The new technologies of genomics and gene expression arrays provide new opportunities to understand the genetic basis of quantitative characters, but also new problems in statistical inference. The application of quantitative genetics has broadened from primarily animal and plant breeding into the genetics of human disease and the analyses of natural populations and their evolution. Indeed, it is now often termed the genetics of complex traits, in recognition of the fact that most diseases, for example, are not determined by just one or a handful of genes. The death of quantitative genetics has been forecast for 40 years or more; but it lives on, strongly. The wide range of topics and methods discussed in these papers show the diversity of applications of quantitative genetics and of the technologies employed. The conference was run as a single session in order to foster interactions and exchange of ideas and problems among those working on these different systems, species and technologies. In addition a number of selected short papers were presented in the oral sessions and others as posters. There were a total of 201 delegates at the conference, including 129 from outside the home country, who had opportunity to see and hear about research in quantitative genetics in China. Zhejiang University is one of the five most highly ranked research institutions in China, and arose from the merger of four specialist universities in the city. A new campus is being built and part of the University is already on that site. The City of Hangzhou is one of the seven ancient capital cities of China, and has many attractive features, including the famed West Lake. It is the capital city of Zheijiang province and has a population of nearly 4 million. Participants in Hangzhou considered intervals of 10 or 20 years far too long to enable adequate discussion and review of a changing subject, and that 5 years should be aimed for. Accordingly, the fourth conference will be held in Edinburgh in 2012. Those from outside the University are grateful to Jun Zhu and to the large team of staff and students at Zheijiang University led by Longjian Fan who undertook all the work and were exposed to the stresses and strains of managing a successful large conference. The conference and social events were excellent and provided many visitors their first exposure to Chinese culture. We are also grateful to Ron B. S. Weir Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915, USA

Osteology and taxonomic revision of Hyphalosaurus (Diapsida: Choristodera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, China.

Although the long-necked choristodere Hyphalosaurus is the most abundant tetrapod fossil in the renowned Yixian Formation fossil beds of Liaoning Province, China, the genus has only been briefly described from largely unprepared specimens. This paper provides a thorough osteological description of the type species Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis and the con-generic species Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis based on the study of fossils from several research institutions in China. The diagnoses for these two species are revised based on comparison of a large sample of specimens from the type area and horizon of each of the two species. The skull, better known in H. baitaigouensis, exhibits key choristodere synapomorphies including an elongate contact between the prefrontals and posteriorly expanded supratemporal fenestrae that strongly support the placement of the highly derived hyphalosaurids within Choristodera. Both species of Hyphalosaurus share a proportionally small head, an elongate neck, a relatively unspecialized appendicular skeleton and a long, dorsoventrally heightened tail. Soft tissue preservation in several specimens provides rare insight into the integument of an extinct group. The integument of Hyphalosaurus is made up of small polygonal scales with several parasagittal rows of large, keeled, ovoid scutes. These possibly ornamental scutes bear a strong resemblance to the rows of large scutes in the monjurosuchid choristodere Monjurosuchus splendens. Observations from a variety of growth stages reveal that significant ontogenetic change in the proportions of the body and limb bones occurred in both species of Hyphalosaurus.

Shanghai Institute of Ceramics

The Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SICCAS) enjoys an international reputation for its research, with a strong focus on advanced and functional ceramics. In addition to expertise in fundamental research, SICCAS actively exploits this knowledge through licensing agreements and its own development and manufacturing facilities. It is regularly ranked in the top five research institutes in China, across all disciplines, in terms of research output.

The Asian Maize Biotechnology Network (AMBIONET): A Model for Strengthening National Agricultural Research Systems

This report reviews the impacts of the Asian Maize Biotechnology Network (AMBIONET), organized by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) with funding from the Asian Development Bank to strengthen the capacity of public maize research institutions in China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam to produce high-yielding, disease resistant, stress tolerant maize cultivars. It was found that, during its lifetime (1998-2005), AMBIONET clearly benefited researchers and institutions in participating countries, as well as CIMMYT. In addition, there was good progress toward developing improved cultivars. Asian farmers are just beginning to gain from the work, but their future benefits will likely pay for AMBIONET’s relatively modest expenditures many times over.

Performance of Chinese Coals under Conditions Simulating Entrained-Flow Gasification

A novel, two-stage entrained-flow gasifier is being developed by the Thermal Power Research Institute in China. In the present work, the factors that affect the pyrolysis and gasification reactivity of 14 potential coals for this plant have been studied, under conditions that simulate the temperature, pressure, and particle heating rates in the proposed gasifier. The work was performed using a high-temperature, high-pressure, variable-heating-rate wire-mesh apparatus (2000 °C, 3.0 MPa). The trends in reactivity, measured for three of the coals at laboratory scale, and a 20-kg/h (small) pilot plant in China were similar. The use of the wire mesh reactor (WMR), coupled with a residual char reactivity measurement, using a thermogravimetric analyzer, has proved useful in characterizing coals selected for entrained-flow gasification. The data have allowed the comparison of reactivities within the suite of coals. The results showed a general trend of declining reactivity with increasing rank. However, the scatt...

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR A HORIZONTAL ELECTRIC DIPOLE BURIED INSIDE A DIELECTRIC LAYER COATED HIGH LOSSY HALF SPACE

In this paper, analytical formulas have been derived for the electromagnetic field generated by a horizontal electric dipole inside high lossy half-space coated with a dielectric layer. This problem is corresponding to the electromagnetic field generated by a horizontal antenna in a submarine under an ice layer, or the measurement of the conductivity of the oceanic lithosphere with a horizontal antenna as the source, and a layer of sediment on the sea floor. These formulas obtained for the electromagnetic field can be employed to calculated the total field including the lateral-wave term and the trapped-surfacewave term. Because the wave number of the trapped-surface-wave term is different from that of the lateral-wave term, the interference appears in the total field. Additionally, this paper has presented the approximative formulas for a thin dielectric layer, which can be used for the communication in low frequencies region. † Also with China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao Branch, 19 Qingda 1 Road, Qindao, Shandong, 266071, P. R. China

Transition in R&D management control system: Case study of a biotechnology research institute in China

China's transition from a command economy to a market economy calls for a transformation from a centralized to a decentralized model in research and development (R&D) management control system. Virtually all scientific research was funded and monitored by the state under the centralized economy, thus creating an incentive structure for individuals and institutes to get state research grants to carry out scientific research without being able to commercially exploit its final results. This study investigates a biotechnology research institute's commercialization effort in response to economic reform. The findings show that market demand is not sufficient in bridging the gap between technological potential and commercial exploitation. Management control system based on clearly defined property rights is of critical importance to successful R&D commercialization, and market-based financing is key to an effective control system.