Scientific Misconduct Research Articles

명리학의 학문적 정체성 확립에 관한 연구

The Saju Myeongli get more popular in modern times as its culture still gets active. Accordingly, it is important to check out the Classification of Academic Research Fields set by National Research Foundation of Korea as the requirements for establishing the academic identity of Myeongli Science. The Saju Myeongli shall be the process in which the possibility contained in one Saju shall be analyzed to expand that person’s potential in a more positive way instead of the necessity and determinancy. It means that the Saju Myeongli shall play a role of consultant for people by communicating with that person based on the logical and systematic inference. The reason why Myeongli Science has been considered as fake science up to now is more attributable to the field of Myeongli Science not preparing the academic requirements rather than the external error or prejudice. Therefore, though it is late, it is absolutely necessary for the in-depth academic review and criticism for the Myeongli Science itself. Even though, in early 2000s, there were almost no academic and systematic researches on the Myeongli Science itself, the academic papers on Myeongli Science started to be posted on the registered (candidate) academic journals in 2006. The number of academic papers started to rise from 2011 and made the continuous increase from 2016. For the continuous publications of in-depth academic papers and the systematic researches on Saju Myeongli, there need the granting of proper classification code and classification name to the Myeongli Science at the Classification of Academic Research Fields. Considering all kinds of requirements, it is most appropriate for Myeongli Science to be large classified as an ‘interdisciplinary science’ and then is assigned to ‘interdisciplinarity’ rather than oriental philosophy in humanities or consulting psychology in sociology. So, the classification of ‘interdisciplinary science (large classification) - interdisciplinarity (middle classification) - Myeongli Science (small classification)“ is suggested. For the total access to Saju Myeongli, the interdiciplinarit of folk study, religion, psychology, philosophy, astronomy, sociology and history are very important in terms of consilience with related studies.

Motivating and Maintaining Ethics, Equity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Expertise in Peer Review

Scientists who engage in science and the scientific endeavor should seek truth with conviction of morals and commitment to ethics. While the number of publications continues to increase, the number of retractions has increased at a faster rate. Journals publish fraudulent research papers despite claims of peer review and adherence to publishing ethics. Nevertheless, appropriate ethical peer review will remain a gatekeeper when selecting research manuscripts in scholarly publishing and approving research applications for grant funding. However, this peer review must become more open, fair, transparent, equitable, and just with new recommendations and guidelines for reproducible and accountable reviews that support and promote fair citation and citational justice. We should engineer this new peer-review process with modern informatics technology and information science to provide and defend better safeguards for truth and integrity, to clarify and maintain the provenance of information and ideas, and to rebuild and restore trust in scholarly research institutions. Indeed, this new approach will be necessary in the current post-truth era to counter the ease and speed with which mis-information, dis-information, anti-information, caco-information, and mal-information spread through the internet, web, news, and social media. The most important question for application of new peer-review methods to these information wars should be ‘Who does what when?’ in support of reproducible and accountable reviews. Who refers to the authors, reviewers, editors, and publishers as participants in the review process. What refers to disclosure of the participants' identities, the material content of author manuscripts and reviewer commentaries, and other communications between authors and reviewers. When refers to tracking the sequential points in time for which disclosure of whose identity, which content, and which communication at which step of the peer-review process for which audience of readers and reviewers. We believe that quality peer review, and peer review of peer review, must be motivated and maintained by elevating their status and prestige to an art and a science. Both peer review itself and peer review analyses of peer reviews should be incentivised by publishing peer reviews as citable references separately from the research report reviewed while crossreferenced and crosslinked to the report reviewed.

O-222 Surveillance of scientific research integrity in medically assisted reproduction: a systematic review of the retracted literature

Abstract Study question How many retracted papers are there in the medically assisted reproduction (MAR) literature and, more importantly, what are their particulars? Summary answer Article retraction within MAR literature is increasing and the most common reasons for retraction are errors in data and duplicate publications. What is known already Article retraction accounts for one of the most serious consequences of research misconduct. Articles may be subject to retraction whenever the findings are found to be unreliable, redundant, plagiarised or the authors are found to have performed unethical research or hidden Trial registration number N/A

An unethical trial and the politicization of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: The case of Prevent Senior.

The Brazilian Federal Senate created a Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (CPI) to investigate the Bolsonaro government's irregularities in the management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. One of the cases that drew attention was the research conducted by Prevent Senior, a private health insurance company, on the early treatment of COVID‐19. The article analyzes the scientific validity of the research and the ethical problems related to its implementation. It is based on analysis of Prevent Senior's report of the clinical study, the Brazilian and USA clinical trial registries, the Senate's CPI report, and on the information reported by the media. This case of scientific fraud and political‐ideological bias exemplifies how Prevent Senior, using a questionable protocol to enhance its reputation and gain government support, was instrumental in building the “early treatment” narrative for COVID‐19, and shows how it served as a basis for a government public policy that promoted the use of ineffective drugs.

Research Misconduct in Developing Countries

Research Misconduct in Developing Countries

Building Capacity for Research Ethics: Policy Insights For Nepal

Knowledge and skills in research ethics are essential for conducting ethically responsible research. Despite some local policies, strategic guidelines, and manuals on the antithesis of research misconduct, researchers’ adherence to research ethics, especially ethically responsible conduct of research, is still critical in developing countries like Nepal. This study explores the policy provisions to develop researchers’ capacity on research ethics in Nepal. With the aim, we identified ten key documents related to research ethics from the University Grants Commission (UGC), Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), and Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST). We analysed the provisions using the adapted version of Cooke’s framework for research capacity development. The result shows that although there are provisions for capacity development for scientific research, none provisioned that the higher education research institutions need to take action for developing early career researchers’ capacity on research ethics. Further, this review depicts several structural, institutional, and procedural limitations that make the condition difficult to adopt and implement those policies, strategic guidelines, and manuals.

A Review of Related Literature Review on the Accuracy of Securities Analysts' Earnings Forecast

Analysts play a pivotal role in the capital market. As an important information transmission medium between listed companies and investors, securities analysts use their superb professional level and information advantages to integrate and analyze the financial data and business information of listed companies, and publish research through published research. Analytical reports assist investors in making decisions. In recent years, there have been numerous cases of fraudulent research report information in my country. The quality of research report information has been criticized, and domestic analysts have also become the target of criticism. They are facing an unprecedented crisis of trust. Therefore, how to improve the accuracy of analysts' forecasts has become an urgent problem at present. The article systematically sorts out research results at home and abroad, and reviews the literature from three aspects: the role of analyst forecasts, influencing factors and economic consequences, which has important practical significance for stabilizing the market economic order and improving the efficiency of resource allocation.

Evolution and characterization of health sciences paper retractions in Brazil and Portugal

ABSTRACT The retraction of health sciences publications is a growing concern. To understand the patterns in a particular country-context and design specific measures to address the problem, it is important to describe and characterize retractions. We aimed to assess the evolution of health science retractions in Brazil and Portugal and to describe their features. We conducted a cross-sectional study including all health sciences retracted articles with at least one author affiliated to a Portuguese or Brazilian institution identified through Retraction Watch database. A total of 182 retracted articles were identified. The number of retractions increased over time, but the proportion related to the whole of publications remained stable. A total of 50.0% and 60.8% of the Portuguese and Brazilian retracted articles, respectively, were published in first and second quartile journals. Scientific misconduct accounted for 60.1% and 55.9% of retractions in Brazil and Portugal. In both countries, the most frequent cause of misconduct was plagiarism. The time from publication to retraction decreases as the journal quartile increases. The retraction of health sciences articles did not decrease over time in Brazil and Portugal. There is a need to develop strategies aimed at preventing, monitoring and managing scientific misconduct according to the country context.

How do researchers perceive research misbehaviors? A case study of Indian researchers

ABSTRACT Despite ample evidence of increasing research misconduct in India, little attention has been paid to understanding researchers’ perception of research integrity and research misconduct among young Indian researchers. Interviews among 30 research scholars were conducted at Pondicherry University in India to understand their experience and perception of research misconduct. The top three influencing factors for scientific misconduct, according to the participants, were unavailability of adequate funds (35%), pressure from research supervisors (29%), and desperation to publish articles (25%). The participants had witnessed research misconduct in different forms i.e., data fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. However, plagiarism was the most often cited cause of misbehavior in our interviews. Majority of participants have witnessed or personally encountered multiple instances where authorship conflicts occurred. The other questionable research practices highlighted in the study were improper citations, authorship disputes like gift and ghost authorships, misrepresentation of statistical data, failure to publish negative results. In an increasingly diverse and changing research environment, our research calls for practical research guidelines based on honesty, openness, and accountability that can help articulate and strengthen scientists’ core values. More importantly, scientific misconduct can only be prevented by using a multifaceted strategy that includes identifying instances of scientific misconduct and implementing suitable deterrents and treatments that could change the behavior associated with such misconduct.

La Oficina de Integridad Científica en España. Una tarea pendiente

In recent years, many cases of scientific misconduct have come to light, some with considerable consequences, highlighting the existing breaches in the scientific integrity globally. In Spain, there have also been high-profile cases of scientific misconduct. However, so far, no organism or agency has been created to monitor the execution, analysis and publication phases of biomedical research from an ethical point of view. Therefore, in this context, we consider that there is a need for the creation of an office which supervises research integrity in Spain which would act in cases of suspected scientific misconduct, carrying out an independent investigation and proposing public sanctions. The existence of such an organism would be of particular importance in the case of publicly funded research, since in that case research fraud would involve the misappropriation of public funds. The creation of an office that would act on detected cases could have a deterrent effect on potential misconduct by some researchers, thus preventing cases of scientific misconduct.

Assessment criteria for research misconduct: Taiwanese researchers’ perceptions

ABSTRACT Assessing the severity of an instance of research misconduct is undoubtedly challenging, especially when the result of the assessment may be key to suggesting subsequent sanctions. However, only a few references are currently available in the Taiwanese academic context. In a previous study, the present authors developed The Assessment Criteria for Research Misconduct (The Criteria) based on existing international policies and guidelines and reviewed by local research scholars for content validity. The Criteria, with a total of 28 items, were organized into three sections: general criteria for determining case severity, aggravating criteria, and mitigating criteria. In the current study, the authors further conducted a survey and collected data on 277 Taiwanese researchers’ perceived importance of each criterion included in The Criteria. The results showed that participants generally agreed with the importance of all criteria. However, the group that lacked case-handling experience attributed significantly greater levels of importance to the criterion of original will (proactive, passive, or coercive) toward participation in misconduct than did the experienced group. In addition, the participants exhibited greater variation in the perceived importance of the mitigating criteria. Finally, the possible utility of The Criteria in real contexts and training materials is suggested in the study.

Construction and Validation of the Research Misconduct Scale for Social Science University Students.

The current study aims to construct and validate a measure of research misconduct for social science university students. The research is comprised of three studies; Study I presents the scale construction in three phases. In Phase I, the initial pool of items was generated by reviewing the literature and considering the results of semi-structured interviews. Phase II involved a psychometric cleaning of items, after which 38 items were retained. In Phase III, those 38 items were proposed to 652 university students, and data were exposed to exploratory factor analysis, which extracted a one-factor structure with 15 items and 55.73% variance. Study II confirmed the factorial structure of the scale using an independent sample (N = 200) of university students. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scale demonstrates a good model fit to the data with the one-factor structure established through the exploratory factor analysis. The scale exhibits good internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.95. Study III involves validation of the scale, with evidence for convergent validity collected from a sample of university students (N = 200). The results reveal that the research misconduct scale has significant positive correlations with academic stress and procrastination and a significant negative correlation with academic achievement. The obtained convergent validity testifies that the scale can be considered a psychometrically sound instrument to measure research misconduct among social science university students.

Deepfakes: A new threat to image fabrication in scientific publications?

There is an increasing risk of people using advanced artificial intelligence, particularly the generative adversarial network (GAN), for scientific image manipulation for the purpose of publications. We demonstrated this possibility by using GAN to fabricate several different types of biomedical images and discuss possible ways for the detection and prevention of such scientific misconducts in research communities.

Weirdness! What Fake Science and the Paranormal Tell Us About the Nature of Science

Weirdness! What Fake Science and the Paranormal Tell Us About the Nature of Science

Assessment of knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Plagiarism Among Postgraduate and Undergraduate Medical Students

Background: Scientific misconduct is a key issue in research these days and plagiarism is common practice irrespective of its awareness and consequences. Plagiarism is a theft of others ideas and intellectual property. We aimed at assessing the level of knowledge and practices regarding plagiarism in our postgraduate and undergraduate medical students. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, (PIMS) a constituent health facility under SZABMU, Islamabad. A total of 100 postgraduate and undergraduate students were enrolled in a period of 6 months from October 2018 to January 2019. Primary outcome measure was knowledge of plagiarism and routine practices of research and writing of the students. Data was analyzed in SPSS software. Results: Females were slightly greater in this study, both PG and UG level students were almost equal in numbers. It was noticed that 16.0% students had no knowledge regarding plagiarism. Similarly, one third (32.0%) were continuously practicing plagiarism as they felt that their peers also do so. When demographic and educational background was analyzed according to plagiarism knowledge, there was no statistical differences observed. Conclusion: Knowledge of plagiarism is not up to mark in medical students. Despite their knowledge regarding plagiarism, still one third were found confessing to continue its practice. Keywords: Plagiarism, Scientific misconduct, Intellectual property, Medical students

A Study of Health Insurance Fraud in China and Recommendations for Fraud Detection and Prevention

Healthcare insurance fraud influences not only organizations by overburdening the already fragile healthcare systems, but also individuals in terms of increasing premiums in health insurance and even fatalities. Identifying the behavioral characteristics of fraudulent claims can help shed light on the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies to detect fraud in health information system research. In this paper, a theoretical model of medical insurance fraud identification is proposed, which characterizes the judgment variables of fraud from the three dimensions of time, quantity, and expenses. The model is verified with large-scale, real-world medical records. Our study shows that, in comparison with claims made by normal people, fraudulent claims usually have a greater frequency of hospital visits, and more medical bills, accompanied by higher amounts of medical expenses. An interesting discovery is that the price per bill for fraudulent cases is not statistically different from the normal cases.

Bibliometric Analysis of Fraud In Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Fraud has become a worldwide issue that threatens the sustainability of organisations of all sizes. However, there are issues on the disintegration of frauds towards certain disciplines. The goal of this study is to create a meaningful single-source reference for accounting scholars concerning fraud in small and medium enterprises. This study aimed to: (i) evaluate the trend of research on fraud in SMEs, (ii) determine key areas in fraud research, and (iii) identify the major players in fraud research. The study employed a bibliometric method to describe and analyse data on 72 works related to fraud. The data was retrieved in August 2021 from a Scopus database. The study employed VOSviewer and Harzing Publish or Perish software in visualising and integrating the data, respectively. The study also analysed data using Microsoft Excel. Findings showed that research on fraud was started as early as 1989. The early development was very slow which caught only the attention of scholars from the West especially the U.S and the U.K. The number of publications started to evolve in the year 2004. The analysis revealed that the Journal of Financial Crime published the most articles related to fraud in SMEs. Nevertheless, the list of the 20 most cited papers reflects that there is still a scarcity of studies in this field. Since the study confines on papers published in the Scopus database only; hence, the representativeness of ‘fraud n SMEs’ research is considered moderate. This bibliometric study can be a stepping stone in complementing meta-analysis and structured literature reviews.

REORIENTING TEACHING DYNAMICS OF CULINARY EDUCATION WITH SUSTAINABILITY

INTRODUCTION
 There is growing concern among environmental scientists that our food consumption pattern is harming the planet and acting as a catalyst for climate change. With the world already in the Anthropocene epoch, considerable harm is caused to the environmental systems by human activity. Achieving environmentally sustainable food systems is an immediate challenge. Food consumption is massively influenced by food trends and culinary innovations conceptualised by traditional and modern chefs. The greatest chefs in the past have linked food artistry with expensive ingredients and most importantly meat. Traditional culinary education was based on learning the art and science of cooking, but in the last decade, there has been a growing inclination to incorporate sustainable culinary practices, such as optimal usage of ingredients and controlling food wastage. Due to this, there has been an introduction of innovative cooking programmes initiated by culinary schools. Food, climate change and sustainable menus should be driving the next generation of chefs to rethink the way fine-dining is approached. This calls for understanding the various changes that can be brought in to change the face of culinary education, thus making it environmentally friendly.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 The current study aims at understanding the need of changing the dynamics of culinary education and thus training a clan of futuristic chefs who advocate and practice environmentally sustainable menus. The study also aims to conceptualise the various interventions required in culinary education in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030. In this study, the PRISMA technique has been adopted to bring out the themes in the collected literature. The work has been drafted as a viewpoint paper, as the author’s own experience has gone into making the research fit the context.
 RESULTS
 The study aims to indicate the role of transforming culinary education in achieving sustainable development goals by 2030. The results would identify the gaps by reviewing the extant literature and would suggest a way forward to achieve sustainable commercial kitchens, introducing changes at the grass-root level by transforming culinary education.
 CONCLUSIONS
 The study would help understand the way commercial kitchens are changing and the role of transforming culinary education as well as the face of commercial kitchens. The study has a futuristic approach and considers the need to train chefs in promoting and cooking sustainable meals.

What do participants think of our research practices? An examination of behavioural psychology participants' preferences.

What research practices should be considered acceptable? Historically, scientists have set the standards for what constitutes acceptable research practices. However, there is value in considering non-scientists’ perspectives, including research participants'. 1873 participants from MTurk and university subject pools were surveyed after their participation in one of eight minimal-risk studies. We asked participants how they would feel if (mostly) common research practices were applied to their data: p-hacking/cherry-picking results, selective reporting of studies, Hypothesizing After Results are Known (HARKing), committing fraud, conducting direct replications, sharing data, sharing methods, and open access publishing. An overwhelming majority of psychology research participants think questionable research practices (e.g. p-hacking, HARKing) are unacceptable (68.3–81.3%), and were supportive of practices to increase transparency and replicability (71.4–80.1%). A surprising number of participants expressed positive or neutral views toward scientific fraud (18.7%), raising concerns about data quality. We grapple with this concern and interpret our results in light of the limitations of our study. Despite the ambiguity in our results, we argue that there is evidence (from our study and others’) that researchers may be violating participants' expectations and should be transparent with participants about how their data will be used.

179 Responsible Conduct of Research for Undergraduates

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In spite of significant growth in undergraduate research, there is little accessible RCR training material targeting this group. The goal of this project was to develop level appropriate RCR materials and test them for effectiveness of teaching basic knowledge of RCR. It was developed cognizant of the type of learning preferred by this group. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Todays undergraduate students are digital natives accustomed to using on-line resources for learning and value the ability to work independently. An asynchronous, online series of eight RCR modules were developed using PowerPoint. Audio instruction was overlaid over the presentations and uploaded to YouTube. Each module includes quiz at the end that must be completed with a 90% score in order to continue and students can retake each quiz until correct. Case studies, a plagiarism game, and additional resources such as infographics created by the Office of Research Integrity were included. 275 first year undergraduates completed the pilot and the on-line retrospective pre-post assessment that included 28 Likert scale items and two open-ended questions that were analyzed with RapidMiner. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants rated their ability prior to and after the course to recognize the roles/responsibilities of a mentor, maintain and organize data records, recognize what constitutes research misconduct and multiple types of plagiarism, define ethics of authorship and the types of peer review, recognize responsible handling of human and animal subjects and to define collaborative research. Responses were analyzed using t-Tests and all items showed a significant increase. Students reported between a 28% and 50% increase in knowledge in each topic and gains in understanding where to report RCR violations. Text analysis using RapidMiner provided developers with suggestions on how to enhance the project. Students reported finding the course concise and easy to understand and valued the included case studies. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrated that RCR materials developed specifically for todays undergraduate students, presented an easily accessible format, effectively conveys the basics of RCR. The on-line, asynchronous format made it accessible to those for whom in person course is not possible. This model fills the gap in RCR training for early researchers.