Youth Research Research Articles

Історико-філософський погляд на феномен демократії

As a form of social life democracy is around for over 2,500 years. The development of democracy is noted to be as a large-scale process in the XXIst century, that became a factor determining the totality of social and legal relations in the world. The today’s democracy as a form of socio-political system of the state, acquired a form different from the democracy that emerged in Athens and which was perceived as perfect and equated to the goddess, whose sanctity was not in doubt and did not allow encroachment. We believe that the transformation of democracy requires reflection. The purpose of the article is to generalize the researchers’s views of different historical epochs on the democracy phenomenon. The democracy, at the time of its inception, was the ideas bearer of the concept of socio-political order, in opposition to the pyramidal-hierarchical social relations. The democracy is also noted to not be approved throughout the history of its existence, which is confirmed by the statements of Plato, Aristotle, Churchill W. and others. However, it is also pointed out that at present the change of attitude to democracy is conceptually fixed, so a variable number of democracy assessments, as well as democracy as a phenomenon itself, have acquired considerable variants. Conclusions. In contrast to the limited classical democracy definition in modern philosophical discourse, this concept is quite broad and has nuances that are emphasized by researchers. Experts proves that democracy is always built in a particular society, thus acquiring unique features. According to researchers, it is a process that requires time, patience and the ability to use the result. In addition, it cannot be achieved by giving only the right to choose, nor as a recipe to “write”, it requires knowledge and skills, which are the result of experience with mistakes and victories. This was emphasized by both ancient highly intelligent youth and modern researchers. Key words: aristocracy, democracy, people, power, polyarchy, democracy waves.

YPAR Dreams Deferred? Examining Power Bases for YPAR to Impact Policy and Practice

Practitioners and scholars have argued that youth participatory action research (YPAR) challenges systemic injustice in education, as youth and adults research mechanisms of oppression and propose recommendations. However, oftentimes YPAR does not lead to new policies, as institutional decision-makers ignore youth’s moral pleas and empirical evidence. In this conceptual article, we propose a consideration of the ways in which YPAR can mobilize power bases using youth organizing and institutionally sanctioned decision-making. We argue that being attuned to power bases provides YPAR groups a more reliable means, in comparison to moral pleas, to move from YPAR findings to shifts in policy and practice.

Hierarchical lichee-like Fe3O4 assemblies and their high heating efficiency in magnetic hyperthermia* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61975162), Youth Research Foundation of Shanxi Datong University (Grant No. 2019Q1), Important R&D Projects of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 201803D121083), and Shanxi Scholarship Council, China (Grant No. 2020-135).

A nontoxic and biocompatible thermoseed is developed for the magnetic hyperthermia. Two kinds of thermoseed materials: hierarchical hollow and solid lichee-like Fe3O4 assemblies, are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The crystal structure of Fe3O4 assemblies are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the prepared Fe3O4 assemblies are used as a magnetic heat treatment agent, and their heating efficiency is investigated. Compared to solid assembly, hollow lichee-like Fe3O4 assembly exhibits a higher specific absorption rate of 116.53 W/g and a shorter heating time, which is ascribed to its higher saturation magnetization, larger initial particle size, and the unique hierarchical hollow structure. Furthermore, the magnetothermal effect is primarily attributed to Néel relaxation. Overall, we propose a facile and convenient approach to enhance the heating efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles by forming hollow hierarchical assemblies.

569-P: Fear of Nighttime Hypoglycemia: Diabetes Providers Recognize Parents’ Concerns

Objective: Pediatric diabetes healthcare providers and parents of youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) described specific fears regarding nighttime hypoglycemia and behaviors parents engage in at night to avoid nighttime lows (i.e., blood glucose < 70mg/dL). Methods: We completed semi-structured interviews with 10 diabetes providers (i.e., physicians, nurses, educators) and 15 parents of youth with T1D (Mean parent age= 41.92 ± 5.72 years, Mean child age= 10.96 ± 2.37 years). All children used a continuous glucose monitor and 87% used an insulin pump. Providers described the fears and behaviors parents express in clinic related to their child’s overnight glucose management. Parents described their own fears and behaviors specific to nighttime lows. We transcribed interviews verbatim, and used Framework Matrix Analysis to identify common themes among responses. Results: Provider and parent interviews converged on several main themes (provider percentages first, parent percentages second). Regarding specific fears, consensus among participants indicated that parents fear overnight lows will harm their child (i.e., death, seizures; 90%, 87%), parents worry they will not hear alarms or wake up to help their child at night (50%, 93%), and parents fear devices will malfunction at night (20%, 67%). Regarding avoidance behaviors, participants reported that parents provide snacks at bedtime to raise glucose levels (70%, 60%), parents set temporary (lower) basal levels (40%, 53%), under-correct at night 20%, 46%), set multiple alarms to wake up during the night to check on their child (80%, 87%), and do not allow their child to attend sleepovers (30%, 80%). Conclusions: We identified several common fears and avoidance behaviors that may be specific to overnight lows in parents of youth with T1D. As a next step, we will use our qualitative data to inform a new tool to specifically assess parental fear of nighttime hypoglycemia, which will fill a current gap in both research and clinical care for youth with T1D. Disclosure A. Monzon: None. R. Mcdonough: None. C. C. Cushing: None. M. A. Clements: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Employee; Self; Glooko, Inc., Research Support; Self; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc. S. R. Patton: None.

Effectiveness of medication for opioid use disorders in transition-age youth: A systematic review

BackgroundSequalae of opioid misuse constitute a public health emergency in the United States. A robust evidence base informs the use of medication for opioid use disorders (MOUD) in adults, with far less research in transition-age youth. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of MOUD for transition-age youth (age 16 to 25). MethodsThis synthesis was part of a larger systematic review focused on adolescent substance use interventions. The study team conducted literature searches in MEDLINE, the Cochrane CENTRAL Registry of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL through October 31, 2019. We screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using standard methods. The primary and secondary outcomes were the effect of MOUD on opioid abstinence and treatment retention, respectively. ResultsThe study team screened a total of 33,272 records and examined 1831 full-text articles. Four randomized trials met criteria for inclusion in the current analysis. All four trials assessed a combination of buprenorphine plus cognitive behavioral therapy versus a comparison condition. Some trials included additional behavioral interventions, and the specific duration/dosage of buprenorphine varied. Risk of bias was moderate for all studies. Studies found that buprenorphine was more effective than clonidine, effectively augmented by memantine, and that longer medication taper durations were more effective than shorter tapers in promoting both abstinence and retention. Notably, we did not identify any studies of methadone or naltrexone, adjunctive behavioral interventions were sparingly described, and treatment durations were far shorter than recommended guidelines in adults. DiscussionThe literature guiding youth MOUD is limited, and more research should evaluate the effectiveness of options other than buprenorphine, optimal treatment duration, and the benefit of adjunctive behavioral interventions. Subgroup analyses of extant randomized clinical trials could help to extend knowledge of MOUD effectiveness in this age cohort.

Anthropocene challenges for youth research: understanding agency and change through complex, adaptive systems

ABSTRACT The Anthropocene has come to signify human dominance over the more-than-human world with all its negative consequences for this planet’s human and nonhuman inhabitants. As young people have started to express their feelings of concern and frustration with the inertia of the political elites, youth research, too, is called upon to reconsider and broaden its perspective. In particular, we argue, that the Anthropocene challenges anthropocentrism, dualisms, and traditional notions of agency in youth research, and must be critiqued through multi-disciplinary investigation. A transgression of the mainstream paradigm in youth research through the perspective of Complex Adaptive Systems Theory (CAS) could provide much needed analyses of a broad range of issues at the intersection of youth and ecological concerns. This article will therefore outline Complex Adaptive Systems Theory (CAS) as a multi-disciplinary tool, and apply it to two examples: the biosocial system of the Elwha River waterscape, and the #Fridays for Future strikes that are both motivated by environmental concerns. Finally, it discusses the possible contributions of a CAS approach in youth research to a better understanding of agency and change in ecologically turbulent times.

Speaking Softly and Listening Hard: The Process of Involving Young Voices from a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse School in Child Health Research.

The involvement of young people in the planning of research continues to be rare, particularly for young people from culturally and linguistically diverse communities. This paper describes our experience in establishing a Youth Research Advisory Group (YRAG) in South West Sydney (SWS), including barriers and successful strategies. One hundred and fifteen students between school Years 7 and 12 (ages 11–18) took part in at least one of five sessions between 2019 and 2021. In total, we carried out 26 YRAG sessions, with between five and 30 students in each. Sessions focused on mapping the health priorities of the participants and co-developing research project proposals related to their health priorities. Our work with students revealed that their main areas of concern were mental health and stress. This led to material changes in our research strategy, to include “Mental Health” as a new research stream and co-develop new mental health-related projects with the students. Important strategies that enabled our research included maintaining flexibility to work seamlessly with organisational and individual preferences, and ensuring our processes were directed by the schools and—most importantly—the students themselves. Strategies such as maintaining an informal context, responding rapidly to student preference, and regularly renegotiating access enabled us to engage with the students to deepen our understanding of their experiences.

A - 02 The Epidemiology of Concussion in Middle School Football

Abstract Objective Middle school is often the first exposure to American football for many children. However, research examining concussion in football has primarily focused on high school and older athletes. Therefore, we investigated the incidence of concussion and subsequent sport time loss (TL) in MS football. Methods Athlete exposure (AE) and injury rates (IR) were gathered by onsite Certified Athletic Trainers within public middle school for all events across the 2015/16–2019/20 school years. AE was defined as one athlete participating in one practice or game. TL was defined as the number of days between the injury and return to sport dates. Concussion rates per 1000AE with corresponding confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs were compared IR between practices and games. CIs excluding 1.0 were considered significant. Results 75 concussions (IR = 1.38/1000AE, 95% CI = 1.06–1.69) occurred across 54,544 AEs. The concussion rate was significantly higher in games (n = 31, IR = 3.51, 95%CI = 2.27–4.75) than practices (n = 44, IR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.68–1.25; IRR = 3.65, 95%CI = 2.30–5.77). The mean sport TL was 16.50 ± 8.25 days. Conclusions We observed middle school football concussion rates (practices and games) and associated TL from sport to be consistent with prior youth and high school football research. However, the concussion rate for middle school games was more than 3 times that of practices. This is similar to prior middle school football findings, but less than reported in high school football. Continued research evaluating modifiable risk factors for concussion in middle school football games and practices is needed.

“I believe this team will change how society views youth in disasters”: the EnRiCH Youth Research Team: a youth-led community-based disaster risk reduction program in Ottawa, Canada

SettingThe Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction promotes an “all-of-society” approach to disaster risk reduction (DRR). Since 2013, the EnRiCH Research Lab has implemented a community-based, participatory program to promote youth development and engagement in DRR in Ottawa-Gatineau. The EnRiCH Youth Research Team used an existing community education program called the Enrichment Mini-Course Program as a framework to engage youth in DRR. We aim to share the implementation process and lessons learned from this innovative “all-of-society” approach to DRR.InterventionThe EnRiCH Youth Research Team provides high school and university students with a platform to be heard on disaster and climate change issues. Youth are given opportunities to design and lead knowledge dissemination projects intended to educate members of the community about disaster prevention and preparedness. Students have opportunities to connect with academics, governmental and non-governmental organizations, and public health practitioners to share their ideas on youth participation in DRR in Canada.OutcomesTo date, this public health intervention has produced DRR training modules that can be used as curriculum support by teachers, a children’s book on earthquake preparedness, an educational video about youth participation in DRR, and several conference presentations. Members of the team have become well versed in disaster preparedness strategies.ImplicationsThis program has demonstrated that youth can contribute to DRR through knowledge mobilization, and support public education about disaster preparedness. Offering this opportunity at a grassroots level can support participation by youth by allowing flexibility in design and adaptation to individual environmental and social contexts.

Physical-mental multimorbidity in children and youth: a scoping review

ObjectiveEfforts to describe the current state of research are needed to advance the field of physical-mental multimorbidity (ie, the co-occurrence of at least one physical illness and at least one...

Attendance of Pop and Classical Music Concerts among the Hungarian Youth

In this paper we wanted to give a comprehensive picture of capital theories from a theoretical point of view, looking at it from several angles. In our empirical study, we analyzed the Hungarian Youth Research 2016 database, which was recruited Hungarian youth aged 15-29. The study was conducted with several variables in mind, mapping the influence they have on the attendance of classical and pop music concerts. We took into account the gender, age, place of residence of the respondents, the highest level of education and looked at the frequency of the concert attendance by counties and regions. Our results show that many variables influence the frequency of attendance at concerts by both genres.

The youth rationality of working in the tourism in Derawan Island, Berau Regency, East Borneo, Indonesia

This article aims to analyze the rational choice of working and owning a business in the tourism sector for youth on Derawan Island, Berau Regency, East Borneo. This article uses James S. Coleman's theory of rational choice as a tool to analyze the phenomenon under study. The study uses a qualitative research method (descriptive approach) with youth research on Derawan Island in triangulating analysis process. They work or own a business in the tourism sector. The technique of selecting informants in this study was purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data obtained through in-depth interviews and observation techniques. The results are that young people on Derawan Island choose to work and have a business in the tourism sector because of several rational reasons: 1.) seeing the potential of the region; 2.) According to their passion; 3.) Having an income. The same or even more significant than those who work in the formal sector; and 4.) have more free time.

Feasibility and Short-Term Outcomes of the MGH Youth Neurology Education and Research Program (2033)

Feasibility and Short-Term Outcomes of the MGH Youth Neurology Education and Research Program (2033)

Creating Safe Schools for LGBTQIA+ Displaced Migrant Youth: A Journey Towards Anti-Oppressive Pedagogy

According to research, abuse and harassment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, two-spirit, queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual (LGBTQIA+) youth in US-based schools continues to rise despite the media’s attention. Although often grouped under one community, the LGBTQIA+ community is vastly diverse. As a result of laws that persecute individuals based on sexual orientation and gender identity, LGBTQIA+ displaced migrant youth are among the world’s most vulnerable populations. Post-migration stressors such as marginalization, isolation, oppression, and microaggressions by staff and students against LGBTQIA+ displaced migrant youth in schools, will be discussed. This article proposes queer theory and intersectionality theory as frameworks to inform the implementation of anti-oppressive, school-based practices in support of LGBTQIA+ displaced migrant students under the age of 21. A case composite example illustrating the experiences of a displaced migrant student identifying as a gay male is included. The role of school administrators, policy landscape, professional development, and reform to education curricula will be addressed as factors that may have significant influence in the development of anti-oppressive and safe schools.

Aalan’s Story: Waithood, Capital, and Categories of Youth Research and Policy in Young People’s Lives

This article presents a young man living in Oslo, Norway, who had been a street youth, a youth at risk, and a young man not in education, employment, or training (NEET). The young man himself did not use any of these categories when he told me his story; he used other words. The article analyses his story by drawing on approaches to time, life story, and biography in youth research; the distinction between different forms of capital; and the concepts waithood and waiting from the research on youth in African countries. Thus, the article illustrates how concepts such as waithood and waiting can contribute to analyses that are sensitive to young people’s situations and the solutions they devise, especially when coupled with attention to the often limited capital available to individual young people. The discussion compares the categories the young man used with the relevant categories of youth research and policy. Thus, the article shows how the young man shifted from being part of a hyper-visible category of youth at risk to being part of an invisible category of NEET young people, with consequences for his access to benefits and services from the welfare state. The article shows how categories of youth research and policy can impact young people’s lives even when they do not use those categories themselves. This points towards a need to understand how categories of youth research and policy interact with the categories young people use and other factors to shape their stories and lives.

Modeling of cascaded high isolation bidirectional amplification in long-distance fiber-optic time and frequency synchronization system* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61701040, 61771062, and 61871044), the Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61901046), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant Nos. 2019XD-A18 and 2019PTB-004), and

We propose a physical model of estimating noise and asymmetry brought by high isolation Bi-directional erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (Bi-EDFAs), no spontaneous lasing even with high gain, in longdistance fiber-optic time and frequency (T/F) synchronization system. It is found that the Rayleigh scattering noise can be suppressed due to the high isolation design, but the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise generated by the high isolation Bi-EDFA and the bidirectional asymmetry of the transmission link caused by the high isolation Bi-EDFA will deteriorate the stability of the system. The calculated results show that under the influence of ASE noise, the frequency instability of a 1200 km system composed of 15 high isolation Bi-EDFAs is 1.773 × 10−13/1 s. And the instability caused by asymmetry is 2.6064 × 10−16/30000–35000 s if the total asymmetric length of the bidirectional link length is 30 m. The intensity noises originating from the laser and detector, the transfer delay fluctuations caused by the variation in ambient temperature and the jitter in laser output wavelength are also studied. The experiment composed of three high isolation Bi-EDFAs is done to confirm the theoretical analysis. In summary, the paper shows that the short-term instability of the T/F synchronization system composed of high isolation Bi-EDFAs is limited by the accumulation of ASE noise of amplifiers and the laser frequency drift, while the long-term instability is limited by the periodic variation in ambient temperature and the asymmetry of the amplifiers. The research results are useful for pointing out the direction to improve the stability of the fiber-optic T/F synchronization system.

(In)equality of opportunity: educational attainments of young people from rural, regional and urban Australia

Since 1990, the Australian higher education system has experienced ongoing reform resulting in the number of universities and student populations more than doubling. Despite this expansion, inequalities in access to higher education related to family background and location persist. Due to the concentration of higher education campuses in the capital cities of each Australian state, inequalities related to geographic location may be as important as those related to socio-economic status. Our analysis of data collected by the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) research programme shows that students from regional and rural areas are less likely than their urban peers to enrol at university. Furthermore, this trend persists when levels of academic achievement at age 15 and Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) are accounted for. Given that demand for highly educated workers is increasing and that workers with no post-school qualifications are the most likely to experience unemployment or underemployment, the inaccessibility of educational opportunities may consign the current generation of non-metropolitan youth to extended periods of precarious employment.

Loss of Value Bundo Kanduang in the Attention of Parents Who Affect Stress in Young Stunting

Research goals to know the stress and stress risk factors of a parent’s attention to the loss of value BundoKanduang. Sampling techniques by purposive sampling. Data collection is conducted in the in-depthinterview, observation of participation, and secondary data. The Number of subjects 5 people. The researchwas conducted in March 2020. The subject of youth research stunting Padang. The attention of parents isthe dominant factor in causing stress. Based on the results of qualitative research of 5 informants. If parents’attention is good then low child stress levels For example children can control emotions, control themselves,be calmer when facing problems, easily socialize with the surrounding environment as well as vice versa.The loss of the value of Bundo Kanduang in the attention of parents greatly affects the stress experienced byteenagers. From qualitative analysis, 5 informants say the parents ‘ attention to risk factors related to stress.

Association Between EGFR Mutation Status and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and PD-L1 Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Background: A systematic search was performed on the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. The meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status on programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the association between EGFR mutation status and PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods: Pooled effect (HR/OR) with 95% CI was calculated, the source of heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analysis and meta-regression using Stata/SE 15.0. Meta-analysis of the association between EGFR mutation status and overall survival in NSCLC with immunotherapy was calculated from four randomized controlled trials. Results: We found that immune checkpoint inhibitors significantly prolonged overall survival (OS) over docetaxel overall (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.64-0.79) and in the EGFR wild-type (HR=0.67, 95% CI=0.60-0.75), but not in the EGFR-mutant subgroup (HR=1.11, 95% CI=0.80-1.52). Meta-analysis of the association between EGFR mutation status and PD-L1 expression in NSCLC included 32 studies. The pooled OR and 95% CI were 0.60 (0.46 0.80), calculated by random effects model. No source of heterogeneity was found in subgroup analysis. The sensitivity analysis was carried out with a fixed model, and the influence of a single study on the pooled results showed no significant change with robust meta-analysis methods. Harbord s weighted linear regression test (P=0.956) and Peters regression test (P=0.489) indicated no significant publication bias. Conclusions: The benefit of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC is not obvious and may due to the lower expression of PD-L1. Funding: This study was supported by Fujian Program for Outstanding Young Researchers in University awarded by Education Department of Fujian (Grant Number 2017B019), Fujian Provincial Health Research Talents Training Programme Medical Innovation Project (Grant Number 2019- CX-33), Joint Funds for the innovation of science and Technology，Fujian province (Grant Number 2019Y9022), and Fujian Provincial Health Research Talents Training Programme Youth Research Project (Grant Number 2019-1- 58).The funding sponsors played no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, writing of the report, and the decision to submit the paper for publication. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fujian Medical University (Fuzhou, China).

Preface

The ICAPS 2021 (The 3rd International Conference on Applied and Practical Sciences), after the successful ICAPS-2017 and ICAPS-2018, has been organized to be held both in virtual and physical by Malaysian Youth Researchers to be held at Q Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 18th & 19th of February 2021. This conference aims to bring together scientists, researchers, professors, academicians, industry and policy makers of applied and practical sciences. The gathering of such high profile delegates enables you to exchange and discuss the original research results, practical developmental experiences, technological advancements of applied and practical research areas.Because of the COVID-19 and guidelines from Malaysian Government, we had to organize the conference all in virtual model. There were 5 plenary speeches (20 minutes for each including 3-5 minutes of Q&A) followed by 42 live presentations (15 minutes for each including 3-5 minutes of Q&A) by participants of ICAPS 2021.As the organizing committee of the ICAPS 2021, we would like to thank all the authors who contributed to ICAPS 2021 and also the technical program committee members and reviewers who contributed to the event giving their valuable suggestions and comments to improve the manuscripts.The papers of ICAPS 2021 are published in this Book. Please check http://www.icaps.asia for further news and the dates of next ICAPS in 2022.Technical Committee are available in the pdf