Armenia Research Articles

ԱՌՈՂՋՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՄԱՊԱՐՓԱԿ ԱՊԱՀՈՎԱԳՐՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԿԱՐԳԻ ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ ՀՀ ԲՆԱԿՉՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵԿԱՄՈՒՏՆԵՐԻ ՆԵՐԱՌԱԿԱՆ ԲԱՇԽՄԱՆ ՈՒ ԱՆՀԱՎԱՍԱՐՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՂԹԱՀԱՐՄԱՆ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ / THE EFFECTS OF THE UNIVERSAL HEALTH INSURANCE SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF INCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME OF THE RA POPULATION AND OVERCOMING INEQUALITY

The purpose of the article is to discuss the possible social consequences of the implementation of the universal health coverage (UHC) system in the Republic of Armenia from the point of view of ensuring inclusiveness and to evaluate their possible effects on the incomes of different strata of the population. The problems of the research are related to the study of the issues of both quantitative and qualitative assessment of the effects caused by the introduction of UHC and the development of relevant recommendations for reforms in that context. During the research, statistical, inductive and deductive, analytical, simulation analysis methods were used. According to the results of the research, the introduction of UHC in the form proposed by the draft law will significantly increase the tax burden of taxpayers included in the lowest income groups of the population, in some cases even reaching up to the entire income. Within the framework of the research, it was substantiated that the Gini coefficient of income inequality before taxation in the Republic of Armenia is 0.5724, after taxation, taking into account only income tax, 0.5722, with the effects of other regressive components of labor taxation: social and stamp fees, 0.5911. And here, if we take into account the impact of the introduction of the Universal health coverage rate, the Gini coefficient after taxation will be 0.6088, which means that the inequality from the viewpoint of income distribution will be deepened even more with the introduction of this framework of the system. In order to solve the problems, identified within the framework of the research, it is proposed to introduce a progressive scale of mandatory medical insurance premiums, as well as to provide somewhat different mechanisms of state copayments (subsidies) for socially vulnerable and low-income groups of the population.

ՄԱՍՍԱՅԱԿԱՆ ՏԵՂԵԿԱՏՎՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԱԶԱՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՍԱՀՄԱՆԱԴՐԱԻՐԱՎԱԿԱՆ ԵՐԱՇԽԻՔՆԵՐԸ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՈՒՄ / CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL GUARANTEES OF FREEDOM OF MASS INFORMATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA

In addition to the Declaration of Human Rights, it is important to implement them; that is, to create favorable conditions for their implementation, to ensure their preservation and protection, and to eliminate the obstacles that prevent people from utilizing their opportunities. In other words, human rights must be guaranteed. The right to freedom of information is one of the fundamental human rights, and in the absence of proper legislative regulation and implementation mechanisms, it will be significantly difficult for a person to realize other rights as well. This article aims to study the constitutional and legal guarantees of mass media freedom in the Republic of Armenia. The study of the legislation regulating the field has revealed that the legislative fixation of the concept of freedom of mass media is one-sided and does not fully reflect the constitutionally justified need to guarantee the balance of the interests of the individual, society, and the state.

ՊԱՏԱՍԽԱՆՈՂԻՆ ՍՆԱՆԿ ՃԱՆԱՉԵԼՈՒ ՀԻՄՔՈՎ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՑԻԱԿԱՆ ԳՈՐԾԻ ՎԱՐՈՒՅԹԸ ԿԱՐՃԵԼՈՒ ԴԵՊՔՈՒՄ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՏՈՒՐՔԻ ՎԵՐԱԴԱՐՁՄԱՆ ԱՆՀՆԱՐԻՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՐՑԸ՝ ԴԱՏԱԿԱՆ ՊԱՇՏՊԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ՍԵՓԱԿԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԻՐԱՎՈՒՆՔՆԵՐԻ ԼՈՒՅՍԻ ՆԵՐՔՈ / IMPOSSIBILITY OF REFUND OF THE STATE FEE IN CASE OF TERMINATION OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS ON THE BASIS OF RECOGNITION OF THE DEFENDANT AS BANKRUPT

This article examines the problem of the impossibility of returning the state fee in the event of termination of the proceedings on the basis of the recognition of the defendant as bankrupt due to the current legislative regulations in the Republic of Armenia in the light of the right to access to court, which is an element of the right to effective judicial protection, and right to property (protection of property). The purpose of this study is to establish, as a result of a comprehensive study of the current legal regulations, the legal grounds that will allow the court, in the event of termination of proceedings in a civil case on the basis of recognition of the defendant as bankrupt, to partially or completely return to the plaintiff the state fee already paid, and in case of non-payment, to resolve this issue. As a result of the research, the authors discuss such issues as the ratio of the right to access to court and the institution of state fee collection, the purpose of state fee collection, the issue of refund of state duty in the light of property rights, as well as the issue of distribution of court costs in the light of the specifics of bankruptcy proceedings.

Գիրքը Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում (ազգային մատենագիտություն)

So we can say: the printed heritage is one of the most important manifestations of civilization. Armenian printing and bibliography have a centuries-old history. State and national bibliography has an important role in the collection, processing and transmission of the printed heritage to the descend-ants in the Republic of Armenia. It also plays a big role in popularizing print culture.

Banking Stability Multifactor Modelling Using Varma Methodology in the Republic of Armenia

The banking stability modelling with VARMA model has been conducted in the given research where 48 factors, representing different sectors of economy, have been selected. After that, by using RIDGE and Lasso regressions, as well as correlation coefficients with the dependent variable, only the most significant factors have been chosen. As the determinant of the banking stability, the banking Z-score has been selected, which is calculated as a country level measure, and not for individual banks. Using these factors, the VARMA model has been estimated, and the best model is identified as the VARMA(2,1). It is proven, that factors like Regulatory capital to riskweighted assets, dollarization rate, exchange rates, CPI, profitability of government bonds, nonperforming loans, ROA, ROC, liquid assets to demand deposits, and other factors selected in the result of model evaluation are good indicators for modelling the banking stability. The model prediction power is tested by splitting data into train and test parts and comparing predicted values with test dataset. The model shows quite small mean squared error and proves to be useful for modelling Armenian banking stability with existing dataset.

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS IN BASKETBALL

Contemporary society places significant emphasis on sports development today. The use of marketing communications will contribute to the development of basketball. Sports marketing as a distinct domain is a field that quite a lot of people are interested in. Consequently, sport-related events become an opportunity for marketing research and the implementation of various types of marketing activities, fostering an environment conducive to sports marketing exploration and the realization of various marketing initiatives. The following methods were applied to solve the problem: 1. Literature research 2. Pedagogical observation and experience, questionnaire, interviews, testing 3. Study of consumers, competitors, and competition. Surveys have revealed that most of the population lacks sufficient information about the sport of basketball. One of the necessary conditions is the presence of the hall. It was indeed obvious that the gyms were not equipped with sufficient facilities. This was due to limited financial resources. The important question was how the public is informed about the ongoing basketball competitions. 75% of information is received via the Internet, 20% through the federation, 5% through friends, and 0% through television. In fact, basketball competitions are not broadcast on television. In the field of television, the main goal of marketing should also be the sale of advertising time. In the realm of marketing communications in the Republic of Armenia, respondents have consistently highlighted the paramount importance of advertising. Perhaps the specifics of the use of communication forms in the field of physical culture and sports have not been studied well enough. This study seeks to fill this gap focusing on evaluating the effectiveness of these communication methods. It is necessary to present one's own development strategy to make it more attractive and profitable, to indicate the most effective methods to attract potential consumers.

ՀՀ ՏՀՏ ոլորտի արտահանման հաղթարշավը/ EXPORT TRIUMPH OF ARMENIA'S ICT SECTOR

The paper analyzes the rate of growth of the ICT sector in the Republic of Armenia, its structure and share in total exports, both in terms of goods and services. The export growth of ICT services during the studied period exceeded the growth rate of the total export of the RA. The lion's share of ICT sector exports belongs to services, and among them, computer services. Moreover, in the last 10 years, there has been a structural shift in the export of ICT services, the share of telecommunications has decreased from around one-third to one percent in 2022, while the share of computer services has increased even further.

FEATURES OF THE MENTAL STATE OF CHILDREN OF FAMILIES FORCED MIGRANTS

The aim. In this article, we present the mental state of children refugee from Nagorno-Karabakh in September 2024 and studying in different schools in the Republic of Armenia. The intensity of psychological stress as a result of forced migration is influenced by the following factors: the danger of the situation (life threat), the intensity and duration of negative consequences, the uncertainty of the situation, the inability to control it, the lack of social support, the impossibility of a rational explanation of what is happening. Material, methods. The study involved 34 children aged 11-14 years (16 girls, 18 boys), refugee from Nagorno-Karabakh at the end of September 2024 and studying in schools in Charentsavan and Abovyan. The study was conducted using the Luscher 8-color psychodiagnostic test. Results. As a result of traumatic experiences during wars, children become the most vulnerable part of the population and are exposed to danger, and therefore require additional attention and professional help from society. However, it is difficult for parents to provide favorable conditions for the development of children and provide the necessary support, since adults are also in a stressful situation. Adults are frustrated by the need for professional activitGhazaryany and self-realization, they are overcome by difficult situations of adaptation to new conditions, most of them have not developed adequate psychological defense mechanisms, negative past experiences do not allow them to focus on the future, relying on their creative potential and internal resources, all this complicates the process of raising and adapting children to a new social situation. Conclusion. As a result of research, we have established that children due to forced migration have the following mental state: an unfavorable psychoneuroses state, a state of psychological and physical discomfort, loss of energy that is spent on adaptation, overcoming stress and anxiety, lack of purposeful activity, which can lead to serious problems in learning, the presence of these problems emphasizes the need for qualified psychological assistance to children, which will prevent the formation of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as problems with psycho-social maladjustment.

PRIORITIES OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR IN ARMENIA DURING THE SANCTION WAR: FOSTERING LENDING AND INVESTMENT THROUGH ONLINE PLATFORMS

The paper puts forward the claim that during the sanctions war, "P2P" lending and investment platforms can have priority demand and lead to a synergistic effect for the real sector of the economy. In times of sanctions and/or crisis, the entire economy, including financial market segments, require certain coping approaches that emerge in the form of new and related financial mechanisms, bringing forth new products and services. "P2P" lending and investment platforms can become an effective alternative to investing in shares in the financial market of Armenia, especially for small and novice investors. "P2P" lending platforms in RA are still in their infancy. The international practice of "P2P" lending platforms is presented. The comparative strengths and weaknesses of P2P lending and stock market shares are highlighted, according to their criteria of profitability, security, affordability, liquidity and volatility. Certain mechanisms are proposed for the formation of a matrix of "P2P" lending platforms in the Republic of Armenia. The problem of the competition of the newly created "P2P" lending platforms with the existing institutions of the financial market is considered.

Նորարարական բիզնես մոդելները ՀՀ տնտեսության թվայնացման համատեքստում / Innovative business models in the conditions of digitization of the economy of the RA

In the article, the problems of the development of innovative business models in the Republic of Armenia in the conditions of the digital transformation of the economy are considered. Business models were considered in the context of innovative development and modernization of organizations in the existing digital environment. The main classes of innovative business models, the main directions of their manifestation in the high-tech business environment of Armenia and existing problems were studied. In the article, innovative business models are considered from the point of view of the relationship between key parameters characteristic of business models. The features of the Canvas business model and the possibilities of its localization in the Republic of Armenia were studied on the example of the VIVA MTS company.

Illegal Enrichment As An Instrument In The Fight Against Corruption

Corruption in its various manifestations has always been and remains a phenomenon that causes discomfort and anxiety to the broad sections of society, causes indignation, insecurity and injustice among citizens, which creates lawlessness and permissiveness, devaluing both the complex of individual rights and dignified life, as well as discrediting the state, creating a threat to the foundations of statehood. As a result of the change in the socio-political situation in our country in recent years, the fight against corruption, due to the unprecedented political will to fight corruption, has gained new momentum and content. Accordingly, the prevention of corruption and the fight against it in the Republic of Armenia have been declared as priorities of strategic importance. In such circumstances, it is important to introduce new internationally accepted tools for fighting corruption and their continuous improvement, aimed at combating corruption both in the civil, administrative and criminal spheres. In this context, the analysis of the crime of illegal enrichment is more than important, considering its new and still insufficiently studied nature for our legal system. In the article, an attempt was made to justify the need to fight against illegal enrichment with criminal legal measures in the context of the perception of corruption in RA, its level and prevalence, the international obligations assumed by RA, international best practices, the possibility and effectiveness of fighting against illegal enrichment in RA with other, non-criminal legal means. Accordingly, the article refers to the need for criminalization of illegal enrichment in RA, presents the main arguments for and against the criminalization of illegal enrichment, as well as conclusions regarding the justification of criminalization of illegal enrichment in RA.

Trzydziestolecie stosunków między Rzeczpospolitą Polską a Republiką Armenii

THIRTY YEARS OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND AND THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
 The thirty years of diplomatic relations between Poland and Armenia represent a challenging and inspiring history of seeking a collaboration between states belonging to different political and military alliances, geographically and culturally distant, with significantly different potentials.

ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJIAN CONFLICT: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS AND POLITICAL ASPECT

The issue of the long-term Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict within the framework of the Nagorno-Karabakh region has been studied. The problem of the ethnic polemic of Nagorno-Karabakh as one of the main factors of the confrontation is considered, and the historical roots of its initiation are indicated. The issue of escalation between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan after the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s was analyzed and conclusions were drawn regarding a new wave of confrontation. The classification of official documents and materials for the analysis of the specified problem is given. The importance of the military conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan due to the non-resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh region issue is emphasized not only for the Central Asian region, but for the whole world. The interest of certain external players in the need to solve the Karabakh problem is considered. The role of international actors in the framework of indirect participation, as well as peacekeeping mission, arbitration, etc. is evaluated. The current state of the military conflict is determined. The chronology and course of hostilities between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan are analyzed. The latest events of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region are considered and the main points of the dynamics of the confrontation are shown, as well as the main decisions made as a result of the anti-terrorist operation of the Azerbaijani army in the Nagorno-Karabash region are highlighted. Possible ways to stabilize the situation and settle the Karabakh conflict are identified, the involvement of civil society and communities on both sides to resolve the interstate problem is especially emphasized, and the importance of a comprehensive solution to both the political and humanitarian aspects of the conflict is emphasized. A significant role in the stabilization of the Nagorno-Karabakh region is given to international organizations in the role of mediators and development of realistic and mutually acceptable solutions.

Antimonopoly compliance in the Republic of Armenia

The article discusses the legal regulations related to antimonopoly compliance programs in the Republic of Armenia and the necessary actions to ensure their effective implementation. The circumstances and factors that business entities should take into account when drafting antimonopoly programs were also discussed. Through the implementation of warning and prevention procedures, it is possible to practically improve the compliance of business entities with the antimonopoly legislation, because the application of milder measures of administrative responsibility by the authorized body provides a unique opportunity to correct and prevent possible violations. Acceptance of the antimonopoly compliance program does not imply its implementation, because a number of business entities can stipulate the acceptance of the act as a tool for reducing the fine imposed in the event of a possible violation of the antimonopoly legislation in the future, as a result of which it is necessary that the Commission for the Protection of Competition is not limited only to the presence of a compliance program at the business entity, but also through other appropriate mechanisms, find out whether the relevant business entity is guided and was previously guided by the compliance act adopted by it, or whether its existence is formal. The article also singles out the conditions, the simultaneous presence of which will make it possible to ensure the effective implementation of the antimonopoly compliance program.

Contemporary Matters of Constitutionalization of Legal Norms in the Republic of Armenia

The article examines the issues of constitutionalization of law in RA.The constitutionalization of the right is one of the contemporary problems of modern constitutionalism, which is currently of interest not only to specialists in the field of constitutional law but also to scholars dealing with problematic issues in other branches of law, the article studied the Constitutionalization process, which is of great importance in terms of guaranteeing the supremacy of the Constitution and is meant to ensure the compliance of normative legal acts with the requirements of the Constitution. The process of constitutionalization was studied from an institutional point of view, conventionally classifying it into two main groups. First, it is the units operating in the field of public service which is entitled to subject the drafts of normative legal acts to legal examination. One of the important goals of such examination is to provide law-making bodies and officials with conclusions on the conformity of the legal acts reflected in the drafts of the aforementioned normative legal act with the requirements of the Constitution. Second, as a result of the constitutional reforms of 2015, the role and importance assigned to the Constitutional Court in order to ensure the constitutionalization of the legal fiel was studied. The Constitutional Court, as a constitutional supervisory body, is called to ensure the supremacy of the Constitution, which is carried out within the framework of concrete and discrete control.

ՏԱՎՈՒՇԻ ՄԱՐԶԻ ԳՅՈՒՂԱԿԱՆ ՏԱՐԱԲՆԱԿԵՑՄԱՆ ՇԱՐԺԸՆԹԱՑԻ ԱՐԴԻ ՄԻՏՈՒՄՆԵՐԸ ԵՎ ԱՌԿԱ ՀԻՄՆԱԽՆԴԻՐՆԵՐԸ/CURRENT TENDENCIES AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF RURAL SETTLEMENT DYNAMICS IN TAVUSH REGION

Changes and development tendencies in settlement patterns have direct and indirect effect upon the distinct territories, regions, various economic sectors and territorial organization of the society. These changes are most uniquely manifested in mountainous countries and their individual regions, particularly in Tavush region of the Republic of Armenia. The problems of rural settlement in Tavush region became more relevant especially during the years of independence, when their development, strengthening, stabilization, overcoming socio-economic challenges became a strategic issue for the state. Following the military conflicts in 2020, enhancing the infrastructure of border territories in the Republic of Armenia, particularly the rural areas in the Tavush region, is viewed as a crucial element in fortifying the national security framework. The solution of the existing problems of the rural settlements of Tavush region depends on various factors, with particular emphasis on the development of these settlements, dynamics of rural population number and reproduction, identifying the existing problems and pointing out ways of solution. The analysis of rural settlement pattern formation and development of Tavush region is carried out in the article. The dynamics of rural settlements, population numbers, reproduction indicators, and the associated problems have been discussed. Keywords: Tavush region, rural settlement, rural population and residents, dynamic tendencies, population reproduction, problems.

Norms of the Council of Europe in the Postsoviet Space: National Minorities in the Republic of Armenia and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

The present paper includes activities of Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM), which is Europe’s most comprehensive treaty protecting the rights of persons belonging to national minorities in the territory of South Caucasus focusing on The Republic of Armenia. The paper the instruments and mechanisms of protection of national minorities in therepublic. It aims to analyze FCNM monitoring cycles, focusing on recommendations by Council of Europe and Reports by the government of the Republic of Armenia as well as Opinions by Advisory Committee of FCNM, considering the influence of Constitutional amendments of 2015 and the “Velvet Revolution” of 2018 in the Republic of Armenia if they are. The paper helps to understand the causes of problems in fulfillment of obligations undertook by the Republic of Armenia in the sphere of national minority protection.

The Essence of Social Partnership and the Necessity of its Establishment in the Republic of Armenia

Key words: critical culture, negotiation environment, coexisense environment, trade unions, collective agreements The questions raised in the article and the observations of the views put forward by various authors show that the estabilised social partnership significantly contributes to the formation of a favorable atmosphere and cooperation within the state, ensures an improvement in the socio-economic condition of the population, especially low-income segments of the population, increases the vital needs of the population, quality of life, physical, mental and moral potential. Thanks to the social partnership, institutional and socio-economic prerequisites are also created for the citizens of various social status to realize their needs and interests. Social partnership is a dynamic process that will constantly strive to form and improve new systems of social protection, ensure the environmental safety, health, living standards of the population, and develop social infrastructure. Social partnership is important as the issues related to social rights, social equality and social justice are being addressed. Emphasizing the modernization of the social partnership in RA and the formation of a post-Soviet model, we believe that increasing the competence of labor collectives, their involvement in the decision- making process with employers on equal terms can significantly promote social partnership development in RA.

Preface

These Proceedings are published as a recollection of contributions presented at the International Scientific School-Conference on Acoustophysics named after Academician A. R. Mkrtchyan, which was held in Yerevan, June 12-17, 2023, Republic of Armenia. Chairman of the organizing committee was A.K. Atanesyan.The school-conference is for young scientists and is planned to be organized every year. For the first time it was organized in 2022 in the city of Sevan and aroused wide interest of the international scientific community of acoustic physicists and young scientists. The school-conference was attended by about twenty advanced scientists and more than fifty students from five countries. During the activities of the scientific school-conference students get acquainted with the intensively developing areas of acoustic physics, gain experience in conducting scientific discussions and reports, and also with applied developments introduced at the institute and other scientific organizations of the Republic of Armenia.The school-conference contributes to the creation of new international and republican collaborations in the field of science and education, as well as encourage young scientists to engage in science. More information about the conference can be found at the following website: https://school.iapp.am

Characterization of cognacs and grape brandies by fluorescence spectra processed using machine learning methods

A method for express characterization of cognacs and grape brandies is proposed in the case study of their classification by geographical origin. The method is based on the use of informative fragments of fluorescence spectra of samples of different geographic origin and their subsequent processing using machine learning algorithms. Three types of fluorescence spectra were selected, i.e., spectra of synchronous scanning at a wavelength difference of 50 nm, and emission spectra at an excitation wavelength of 250 and 280 nm. These spectra were measured for 43 samples of cognacs and grape brandies, which were divided into 3 classes according to their geographical origin, the regions of the Russian Federation (except for Dagestan), the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation), and the Republic of Armenia. A training set consisting of 33 samples and a test set consisting of 10 samples were formed from the samples under study. To train the models, an extreme gradient boosting, one of the modern machine learning algorithms, was chosen as suitable for a limited number of samples in the training set. The correctness of the sample recognition of the test set (consisting of 10 samples not used in training) was 100% for models based on emission spectra and spectra of synchronous scanning. The results obtained demonstrate the fundamental possibility of using informative fragments of fluorescence spectra in combination with machine learning to characterize cognacs and grape brandies, including their classification by the geographical origin. However, the use of this method in regulated procedures of the product control is possible only for cognacs and grape brandies with a protected geographical indication (designation of the origin). The above approach can also be used to classify other liquid food products (juices, honey, etc.).