Reproductive Function In Women Research Articles

Exercise and reproductive function in polycystic ovary syndrome: protocol of a systematic review

BackgroundAlthough many post-participation outcomes in different types of physical training (e.g., aerobic and strength) have been previously investigated for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, there is no recent systematic review of the relationship between various types of intervention and the reproductive function of women with PCOS. The current paper describes a systematic review protocol on the benefits of physical exercise and dietary or drug interventions on endocrinological outcomes in women with PCOS.MethodsPubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Bireme, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Library (Cochrane Systematic Reviews Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Studies (CENTRAL) databases will be searched. Studies randomized controlled trials reporting on intervening changes in exercise interventions with or without interventions compared such as diet, medication and acupuncture on the menstrual cycle, and fertility in women with PCOS will be included. Results will be on the decrease of the characteristics of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and obesity. Studies published since 2010 and in the English language will be included.DiscussionThis systematic review will identify improvement strategies and types of interventions that are geared toward improving endocrine and consequently metabolic parameters. Thus, the use of such strategies may increase the types of low-cost non-drug therapies that aid in the treatment of PCOS.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42017058869

Влияние метформина на репродуктивную функцию женщин с различными фенотипами СПКЯ

Влияние метформина на репродуктивную функцию женщин с различными фенотипами СПКЯ

Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome and Vit D Correlation with Fertility : Review Article

Over the past few decades, vitamin D was proposed to be highly influential on female fertility and reproductive health. Its role was extensively studied and evaluated specifically in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Objectives: the aim of this research was to study the correlation between vitamin D and fertility in general, and in polycystic ovarian syndrome-associated infertility in particular. Methods: we searched Cochrane Library and PubMed for articles addressing the impact and role of vitamin D in fertility issues in females with polycystic ovary disease. Specifically-related topics were carefully reviewed and analyzed to summarize their conclusive results. Results and Discussion: Vitamin D was lower in females with PCOS and vitamin D administration had increased its level, improved metabolic disturbance and shortened inter-menstrual intervals in those patients. Patients with high vitamin D levels had a better success rate of in-vitro fertilization. However, it did not affect the time to pregnancy in PCOS women. Conclusion: Vitamin D is beneficial for improving metabolic as well as reproductive functions in women with PCOS. It is also essential for successful in-vitro fertilization, and it is probably protective against endometriosis. However, results from different studies are contradictory, and still there is no solid evidence that there is a cause-effect relationship between vitamin D and fertility.

GENERALITY OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFERTILITY AND ACNE IN WOMEN

The development of acne in women with infertility is not such a rare phenomenon, as it seems at first sight. And although there is no official statistics for today, the problem exists and has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients. The uniqueness of this pathology is the simultaneous occurrence of a cosmetic defect and disfunctions of the reproductive system, which further exacerbates violations of the psychological status and social functioning of the individual.One of the leading factors in the violation of reproductive function in women is hyperandrogenism (HA), which is registered in 10-30% of women and makes up 1.3-4% of all gynecological diseases of women of reproductive age. In addition, HA is manifested androgen-dependent dermopathy in the form of hirsutism, alopecia, seborrhea and acne. Acne is one of the most common manifestations of GA syndrome, which is registered in 70-86% of these patients. Hyperandrogenism is a pathological condition that develops as a result of the increased effects of androgens. It can develop by activating the production of androgens, as well as in violation of their metabolism. The increased amount of androgens in the body of a woman is the result of disorders in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary-adrenal system. Hyperandrogenism can be caused by an increase in the production of androgens in the ovaries and / or adrenal glands of a functional or tumor origin; an imbalance of different androgen fractions caused by activations or a decrease in their binding by proteins, and an increase in the level of free androgens in the blood; changes in the activity of enzymes at various stages of their transformation in the body: an increase in the activity of 5-αreductase, which converts testosterone into a more active androgen-dihydrotestosterone in the skin; an increase in the number of androgen receptors or an increase in their sensitivity to these sex hormones at their normal concentration. Excessive androgenization of the female body gives rise to a whole range of problems in different periods of a woman's life. And above all, this is a violation of menstrual and reproductive functions (oligomenorrhoea, anovulation, infertility) and the development of androgen dependent dermopathy. External manifestations of excess androgens form a significant cosmetic defect - appearance bring the patients deep psychological suffering, reducing their self-esteem, adversely affecting the quality of life, social status, professional activity, personal life. The development of violations in the psychosocial sphere is further exacerbated by the combination of acne and infertility. Thus, infertility and acne are links of one chain, at the basis of their development lies hyperandrogenia, which causes a violation of reproductive function and a cosmetic defect, provokes the formation of violations of the psychological status of the individual, its socialization.

Mechanisms of disorders of the reproductive function in women of the Republic of Dagestan survived the vital stress

The analysis of case histories and ambulatory cards of women from different districts of the Republic of Dagestan. Women experienced psychological trauma in puberty metabolic disorders are manifested by increased glucose level and decrease high density lipoproteins. Violation of reproductive function in women who have experienced psychological trauma high risk of terrorist threat, due to the increase in the concentration of cortisol, prolactin and a decrease in luteinizing hormone and estradiol. Revealed that women exposed to mental trauma associated with a high risk of a terrorist threat in the pubertal period compared to women from areas powerassist attack, developed stressinducing immunity disorders manifested in the reduction of amount of b-cell populations system immune system Supplement available, increased levels of IFN-g and TNF-α and decrease in IL-4 and IL-6. It is proved that the key mechanisms of pathology of the reproductive system are dysregulation of the immune and endocrine. (For citation: Temirkhanova KT, Tsykunov SG, Pyatibrat ED, et al. Mechanisms of disorders of the reproductive function in women of the Republic of Dagestan survived the vital stress. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2017;15(2):73-79. doi: 10.17816/RCF15273-79).

The Role of Vitamin D in Male and Female Reproductive Health: A Review Study

مقدمه: کمبود ویتامین Dدر سنین باروری امری شایع است. مطالعات اخیر نشان می­دهد که کمبود ویتامین Dبا کارکردهای ضعیف تولید‌مثل در زنان و مردان سنین باروری همراه است. لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین نقش ویتامین D بر برخی عملکردهای تولید مثلی انسان (مانند سندرم تخمدان پلی‌کیستیک، آندومتریوز، میوم، نارسایی زودرس تخمدان‌ها، ناباروری مردان و IVF) انجام شد. روش‌کار: در این مطالعه مروری، مطالعات انجام شده فارسی و انگلیسی در طی سال‌های 1378 تا آبان ماه 1395، با استفاده از کلید واژه‌های فارسی ویتامین D، باروری، ناباروری و کلید واژه‌های انگلیسی fertility، infertility، vitamin D، در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی معتبر SID، Iranmedx، Scopus، Irandoc، PubMed، Magiran و Google scholar جستجو شدند. یافته‌ها: 35 مقاله استخراج شده از 302 مطالعه در ارتباط با نقش ویتامین D در عملکرد تولید مثلی انسان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از آخرین مطالعات انجام شده دراین زمینه مورد بحث قرار گرفت و خلاصه شد. نتیجه­گیری: کمبود ویتامین Dکه به عنوان سطح سرمی کمتر از 20 نانوگرم در میلی‌لیتر در نظر گرفته می‌شود، در سنین باروری شایع است و کمبود ویتامین D در عملکردهای تولید مثل مانند سندرم تخمدان پلی‌کیستیک، فیبروم رحمی، پارامترهای نامناسب اسپرم و در شکست درمان IVF نقش دارد، بنابراین مکمل ویتامین Dدر درمان ناباروری زنان و مردان توصیه می‌شود.

CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN WOMEN

The article surveys the generalized and systemized modern data on the influence of the changes in neuroendocrine regulation of hydrocarbonate and lipid metabolism on women's reproductive function and developing of gynecological diseases.

Associations between urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and reproductive function during menstrual cycles in women

Essentially all women are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formed during incomplete combustion of organic materials, including fossil fuels, wood, foods, and tobacco. PAHs are ovarian toxicants in rodents, and cigarette smoking is associated with reproductive abnormalities in women. Biomonitoring of hydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) metabolites in urine provides an integrated measure of exposure to PAHs via multiple routes and has been used to characterize exposure to PAHs in humans. We hypothesized that concentrations of OH-PAHs in urine are associated with reproductive function in women. We recruited women 18–44years old, living in Orange County, California to conduct daily measurement of urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrone 3-glucuronide (E13G) using a microelectronic fertility monitor for multiple menstrual cycles; these data were used to calculate endocrine endpoints. Participants also collected urine samples on cycle day 10 for measurement of nine OH-PAHs. Models were constructed for eight endpoints using a Bayesian mixed modeling approach with subject-specific random effects allowing each participant to act as a baseline for her set of measurements. We observed associations between individual OH-PAH concentrations and follicular phase length, follicular phase LH and E13G concentrations, preovulatory LH surge concentrations, and periovulatory E13G slope and concentration. We have demonstrated the feasibility of using urinary reproductive hormone data obtained via fertility monitors to calculate endocrine endpoints for epidemiological studies of ovarian function during multiple menstrual cycles. The results show that environmental exposure to PAHs is associated with changes in endocrine markers of ovarian function in women in a PAH-specific manner.

MODERN METHODS FOR RECOVERY OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN OBESE WOMEN

Obesity has negative impact on female reproductive health. Various medical conservative and surgical interventions have been used to improve the reproductive function in obese women. In this literature review, we featurethe main modern methods of treating obesity in order to restore reproductive function in women.

JUVENILE MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY: FOCUS ON THE USE OF TOPIRAMATE (LITERATURE REVIEW AND OWN DATA)

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is an inherited genetic syndrome within the group of idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE). The disease is characterized by an adolescence-onset with massive myoclonic seizures often combined with generalized convulsive seizures and absence seizures and by typical changes in the electroencephalogram appearing as short generalized polyspike-and-wave epileptiform discharges with a frequency of 3–6 Hz. Despite the high rate of remission (75–85 %) in patients receiving adequate therapy, this form of epilepsy brings more significant inconveniences for patients than many other forms of IGE. Such factors as violation of sleep hygiene, missing the doses of antiepileptic drugs (AED) or discontinuing the therapy cause recurrence of seizures in the vast majority of patients with JME, even in those with long-term remission. Due to the high recurrence rate in patients with JME, the treatment is usually lengthy; thus, the issues of its efficacy and tolerability, as well as the choice of starting therapy are particularly important in the case of JME. The impact of AED on the reproductive functions in women is a subject of major concern, since the active period of the disease and antiepileptic therapy covers the adult (and often adolescent) age. Valproic acid was widely used for treatment of JME, but now this drug is prescribed less frequently (especially in girls and women) due to the possible negative impact on reproductive function and its teratogenic effect. So, choosing an alternative drug with high efficacy and tolerability is crucial for patients with JME. The authors present their own experience of JME treatment with topiramate. Our results suggest that topiramate is a highly effective well-tolerated drug that can be used for JME therapy without a significant impact on the reproductive functions in female patients.

CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF MURAMYLDIPEPTIDE (GMDP) IN FERTILITY DISORDERS (scientific review)

Aim. The analysis of literature data on the peculiarities of immunity in physiological pregnancy and its complications, as well as the possibility of correction of fertility disorders using muramyldipeptide. Recent deterioration of reproductive health is largely due to socio-economic stresses and unfavorable environmental conditions, leading to a significant increase in immunopathological states, an increase in the incidence of women and men of reproductive age, increasing frequency of infertility, complicated pregnancy and neonatal diseases. Genital tract infections are one of the causes of disorders of immune and reproductive functions of women, in this connection, so that the knowledge of the fastgrowing immunology of reproduction and their clinical implementation take on particular significance. Analysis of literature data allows us to consider an important outcome of the immunological discoveries of the last years a change of opinion on the issue of infectious diseases treatment and the role of drugs as activators of innate immunity, among which an important role is given to a synthetic analogue of a component of bacterial wall – muramyldipeptide (glucosaminilmuramilpentapeptide, GMDP) as an active domestic active principle of a medicinal product with a known molecular mechanism of action. This review presents recent data, including results of research showing the clinical and immunological efficacy of GMDP in reproductive function disorders. Conclusion. Analysis of published data on long-term practice of application of immunotropic drugs based on muramyldipeptide (GMDP) in the therapy of a number of gynecological diseases, as well as in programs preconception preparation of women of reproductive age, evidence of high clinical and immunological efficacy of immune modulating therapy, as well as on the possibility of expanding clinical indications for the directional correction of innate immunity through GMDP.

Аспекты репродуктивного здоровья у женщин с низкой и избыточной массой тела при рождении

The aim of the research was to determine the characteristics of menstrual function and the spectrum of disorders of reproductive health among women born with low weight and overweight. Materials and methods. The study included 122 healthy women of reproductive age, the city dwellers of the Eastern Ukraine, 53 (group I) of them were born weighing 2500 g or less, and 69 (group II) with body weight of 4000 g or more. To achieve this purpose conducted an anonymous survey and personal interviews. Were estimated characteristics of the formation of the menstrual function, its characteristics, the frequency of violation of menstrual cycle and the spectrum of pathology that requires medical, surgical or minimally invasive intervention. Results. This study determined the relationship of family history, perinatal development, the formation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive function in women with various deviations of body weight at birth. There was stated the relationship between weight at birth and fertility in the future. Were updated perinatal risk factors for female infertility. Were discovered the relationship between the deviation from normal body weight at birth and increased frequency of gynecological pathology, which require surgical or minimally invasive treatment, trigger factors for hormonal-metabolic disorders in the population of Eastern women. It was determined the necessity of a differentiated approach to medical care of women with different variants of the deviations of weight growth indicators at birth. Conclusion. Thus, the obtained data about the delay in sexual development and later about the high incidence of infertility in women who are born with low body weight are in agreement with the literature data, reflecting the parallelism of woman's ability to conceive, weight and growth parameters at birth. Key words: low birth weight, large for gestational age fetus, gynecological pathology, infertility.

Rehabilitation of reproductive health of women with menstrual cycle disorders due to chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs

The article presents the results of the comparative study of the effectiveness of phytodrug Normocycle to restore the menstrual cycle in women with chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.The study cohort included 96 women aged 25–32 years with verified chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and disorders of the menstrual cycle, which developed after suffering inflammation.At the first phase of the rehabilitation program was provided for the appointment of a 14-day course of anti-inflammatory therapy for all study participants. Patients from two major groups received Normocycle by standard scheme: the first group (40 patients) – from the first day of anti-inflammatory therapy and for 3 months thereafter, the second group (30 patients) –within 3 months after completion of the anti-inflammatory therapy. 26 patients of control group received anti-inflammatory therapy only.As a result of treatment in both major clinical groups was observed significantly decrease the incidence of dysmenorrhea (from 67.5 to 12.5% in the first group and from 53.3 to 20.0% in the second group), whereas significant reduction the manifestations of dysmenorrhea in patients of control group was occurred only in 15.4% of cases (from 42.3 to 26.9%). Normalization of the menstrual cycle after 3-month Normocycle therapy was occurred in 77.5% of patients of the first group and 70.0% of patients of the second group, and only in 42.3% of cases of the comparison group.As the study authors note, rehabilitation of reproductive function in women with menstrual cycle disorders due to inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs should be initiated concurrently with the anti-inflammatory therapy. Pharmacological effects of Asparagus racemosus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Kurkuma longa, Symplocos racemosa, which are the part of the drug Normocycle, enhance the effects of anti-inflammatory therapy, and allow to achieved the clinical effect in 77.5% of patients, the normalization of hormonal balance at 72.5% of patients and the recovery of ovulatory cycles in 52.9% of patients.

LONG-TERM RESULTS OF SURGERY FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS IN ADOLESCENTS: A META-ANALYSIS

The paper presents an analysis of the English-language literature on the results of surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis observed in the period from 5 to 30 years after surgery. Seventy-one selected publications were analyzed after division into two groups according to the used endocorrector: the Harrington distractor or CD instrumentation and other 3rd generation instrumentation. The 3rd generation instrumentation provides better deformity correction and its maintenance. Pseudarthrosis following fusion and complications associated with implants are approximately equifrequent in both groups. Surgical wound suppuration is more frequent in CDI Group, and reoperation - in the Harrington Group. Reproductive function of women after surgery does not differ from that in the general population. Health-related quality of life does not change depending on the remoteness of intervention. No significant dependence of pain syndrome on the location of lower instrumented vertebra and the time after surgery was observed.

FEATURES OF FOLLICULOGENESIS, OOGENESIS AND EMBRYOGENESIS OF WOMEN IN ART CYCLES ON THE BACKGROUND PATHOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND

Introduction. In recent years, the relationship becomes actuality problem of violations of reproductive and thyroid glands (thyroid). On the one hand, this is due to the fact that the prevalence of infertility in marriage is 13-15% and in spite of the advancements in the field of human reproductive medicine, there is no downward trend. On the other hand, thyroid diseases occupy first place in the structure of endocrine pathology among women of reproductive age. Purpose - improving the efficiency restore reproductive function in women with infertility in thyroid pathology background. Results and discussion. The features of folliculogenesis, oogenesis and embryogenesis of women in art cycles on the background of thyroid disease. The detection rate of low level AMH in patients with pathology of the thyroid was 2.5 times above, than in women without thyroid pathology. In women young and middle age with disorders of the thyroid was dominated by low and medium levels of AMH, while the high level of AMH was only every third women aged 20-27 years (36,4%) and every 6 patients in the age 28-35 years, indicating a decrease in ovarian reserve in women with thyroid pathology. Conclusions. The studies indicate a reduction in the basic parameters ovarian reserve in patients with thyroid disorders compared with a group of women without thyroid pathology, namely, the significant reduction in average concentrations of AMH and FSH levels rise in average decreased ovarian volume (<5 cm 3) was diagnosed in 3 7 times more frequent in the group of patients with thyroid disorders. The normal ovarian volume (5 -10 cm 3) in the first group experienced 1.5 times less than in the second group. The average number of antral follicles in the ovaries of patients with thyroid disorders was significantly lower than in the control group. Thus, women with thyroid disorders in assisted reproduction cycles found significantly lower rates folliculogenesis and embryogenesis compared with women without thyroid disease.

ПЕРЕВАГИ ІМУНОКОРЕГУЮЧОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ У КОМПЛЕКСНОМУ ЛІКУВАННІ ЗОВНІШНЬОГО ГЕНІТАЛЬНОГО ЕНДОМЕТРІОЗУ

В статті відображено результати клінічних досліджень про вплив імуномодулятора 5-аміно-1,2,3,4-тетрагідрофталазин-1,4-діону натрієвої солі на результати комплексного лікування зовнішнього генітального ендометріозу (ЗГе). Простежено зміни ступеня вираження больового синдрому, частоту та тривалість рецидивів, репродуктивної функції жінки, а також гуморальної та клітинної ланок імунітету (сD-3, сD-4, сD-8, сD-16, сD-22-клітини). Під спостереженням перебувало 66 пацієнток із зовнішнім генітальним ендометріозом, які знаходилися на лікуванні у відділенні малоінвазивної хірургії КЗ ТОр “Тернопільська університетська лікарня” та у відділенні оперативної гінекології Тернопільського обласного клінічного перинатального центру «Мати і дитина». Контрольну групу склали 36 здорових жінок з такими ж віковими характеристиками, яких госпіталізовано у відділення малоінвазивної хірургії для хірургічної стерилізації. Обстежуваних пацієнток поділили на дві групи. До першої групи було включено 32 пацієнтки, яким у післяопераційному періоді проводили гормональну терапію з використанням агоністів гонадо-рилізинг-гормону (за 3-ін’єкційною схемою). До другої групи увійшло 34 пацієнтки, яким на фоні вищеописаної гормонотерапії проводили імунокорекцію. З даною метою використовували низькомолекулярний метаболічний імуномодулятор 5-аміно-1,2,3,4-тетрагідрофталазин-1,4-діону натрієвої солі. Для оцінки результатів лікування визначали ступінь вираженості больового синдрому, динаміку перебігу менструального циклу, частоту та тривалість рецидивів, репродуктивну функцію жінки. Із лабораторних методів використовували імунологічні – для оцінки гуморальної та клітинної ланок імунітету (сD-4, сD-16, сD-22-клітини). хворих обстежували до і після лікування. больовий синдром та симптоматику захворювання оцінювали в балах (за Mac Laverty). Доведено, що застосування низькомолекулярного метаболічного імуномодулятора 5-аміно-1,2,3,4-тетрагідрофталазин-1,4-діону натрієвої солі при проведенні комплексного лікування вказаної патології приводить до зменшення скарг на диспареунію, чіткого зниження проявів больового синдрому, зменшення частоти рецидивів, ніж в групі без його використання. Препарат показаний для імунокорекції ЗГе в якості комплексного лікування, що включає гормональну терапію з використанням агоністів гонадо-рилізинг-гормону та малоінвазивне лапароскопічне видалення ендометріоїдних осередків, роз’єднання спайок. Запропонований метаболічний імуномодулятор відновлює субпопуляційний склад імунокомпетентних клітин, мобілізує реакції клітинного імунітету, а відтак – ефективно забезпечує імунотропний ефект.

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Nutrition as a mediator of oxidative stress in metabolic and reproductive disorders in women.

Nutrition can generate oxidative stress and trigger a cascade of molecular events that can disrupt oxidative and hormonal balance. Nutrient ingestion promotes a major inflammatory and oxidative response at the cellular level in the postprandial state, altering the metabolic state of tissues. A domino of unfavorable metabolic changes is orchestrated in the main metabolic organs, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas, where subclinical inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial deregulation and impaired insulin response and secretion take place. Simultaneously, in reproductive tissues, nutrition-induced oxidative stress can potentially violate delicate oxidative balance that is mandatory to secure normal reproductive function. Taken all the above into account, nutrition and its accompanying postprandial oxidative stress, in the unique context of female hormonal background, can potentially compromise normal metabolic and reproductive functions in women and may act as an active mediator of various metabolic and reproductive disorders.

Thyroid disorders in women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Background: Thyroid hormones play a key role in the menstrual and reproductive function of women .It is recognized universally that menstrual disturbances may accompany clinical alteration in thyroid function and every clinician has encountered altered menstrual pattern among women suffering from thyroid disorders. The aim of this study was to find the incidence of thyroid disorders in Dysfunctional uterine bleeding and its correlation with menstrual patterns.Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study including 75 cases with dysfunctional uterine bleeding attending the OPD of Nobel Medical College, where incidence of thyroid disorder was evaluated along with its correlation with menstrual patterns and histopathology.Results: The incidence of Gynecological OPD attendance due to abnormal uterine bleeding was 3%.and the incidence of thyroid dysfunction was 10.6% with hypothyroidism being the commonest. (9.3%). The commonest menstrual pattern found was menorrhagia/polymenorrhoea in 8 percent.Conclusion: Prevalence of hypothyroidism was more common in DUB. Thus every woman with menstrual irregularities should undergo thyroid assessment and this will ultimately avoid unnecessary intervention like misuse of hormonal treatment and hysterectomy.

Features of Reproductive Function in Women With Premenstrual Syndrome

The objective: of research is to evaluate course of pregnancy and labor in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Patients and methods. The research included 200 women of reproductive age with diagnosis of PMS and 50 women without diagnosis of PMS. Data of reproductive and obstetrical history were collected. Results. We determined that women with PMS have more pregnancies (in 1.59 times, c2=10.74, p=0.001) and labors (in 1.70 times, c2=10.56, p=0.001) compared with controls. Also they have a tendency for development of pathological course of pregnancy and labor. Complications of pregnancy and labor are the most typical for patients with edematous form of syndrome compared with healthy individuals (c2=4.71, p=0.03, OR=3.92, 95%CI=1.27–12.06, p=0.02). These persons have a greater share of late gestosis – in 4,55 times significantly greater incidences – 47.82% versus 10.52% of women in control group (c2=6.51, p=0.01, OR=7.79, 95%CI=1.61–37.65, p=0.01). Conclusion. Special attention should be paid to women with edematous form of PMS, which are significantly more marked the development of late gestosis. These women are at risk of pathological labor – caesarean section, forceps, hypotonic/atonic postpartum uterine bleeding and preterm labor. Key words: premenstrual syndrome, pregnancy, labor, complications.

Motherhood in the Islamic Tradition Rethinking the Procreative Function of Women in Islam

AbstractThis paper focuses on the reproductive function of women from an Islamic religious perspective. It aims to depict motherhood as it is imaged in some verses of the Qur’an with the objective of understanding how the Islamic Tradition positions the feminine with regards to maternity. Motherhood is not all a bundle of joy and the Qur’an clearly acknowledges that pregnancy, as well as childbirth, are painful events that mothers live with much difficulty; meanwhile, some verses portray maternity as an act of deep spirituality, mingled with an intellectual awareness of the role to be undertaken and much feelings. Through a thorough study of some verses of the Qur’an, I will undertake a deep literary analysis with the objective of outlining maternity from an Islamic perspective. The objective is to answer one major question at the core of the feminist debate: is motherhood an acknowledged only a biological destiny that is incumbent on women as a duty meant for the species’ survival and therefore rather a burden hindering women’s full engagement as productive agents in society or contribution by women and thus a feminine particularity to defend.