Theory Of Syntax Research Articles

Space Syntax's Relation to Seating Choices from an Evolutionary Approach

Space syntax provides information on the probabilities of certain behaviour types (e.g., seating choice, movement) depending on the configuration of space. The evolutionary approach (e.g. Appleton’s prospect-refuge theory) in environmental psychology can help designers in creating spaces by providing a better understanding why certain parts of an open space or a building are avoided or occupied, why good "observation points" or "hiding places” are preferred. Our research aimed to explore how different space syntax variables predict specific behaviours – the seating choices of 216 participants – in a 3D virtual model of a lounge area and how the prospect-refuge theory relates to these predictions. The participants had to choose a seat in simulated spaces in two social situations, which differed in the degree of focused work and concentration: one of the situations implied seeing others and being seen, while the other highlighted focused work and hiding. The results show that there was a variation in the seating choices depending on the goal of the situation (user: trying to be seen or hiding). The expected significant correlations with the space syntax measurements were presented in the situations where being seen was the goal of the participants. However, in the situations where hiding was induced, our results need further clarification. Our future goal is to provide quantitative, evidence-based reflection on the prospect-refuge and space syntax theories, and to investigate the psychological factors (e.g., goal of the user) that need further consideration when applying these theories in the design practice.

Design guidelines for the functional efficiency of laboratory facilities

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the development of design guidelines to improve the functional efficiency of academic and research laboratory facilities. The study was carried out in four stages, firstly, key performance indicators for the functional performance of laboratory facilities were identified. Furthermore, the space syntax theory was used to identify the functional performance issues of selected case studies, and a post occupancy evaluation (POE) was also carried out to obtain users’ feedback on these case studies. Finally, design guidelines containing functional elements were assessed through a five-point Likert scale questionnaire survey, and analysed using the Relative Importance Index (RII). Sample drawings based on the guidelines were developed and reviewed by 10 professional architects. The study resulted in 31 design guidelines, grouped into 5 categories, including ‘space’, ‘access/circulation’, ‘building features’, ‘design for disabled users’, and ‘design for flexibility’. The RII values showed that the top three most important design guidelines included ‘ease of identifying emergency or escape route’ (97.78%), ‘additional space for knee and chair space under the benches’ (93.33%), ‘adequate teaching equipment, such as a bookstand and marker board’s storage space for student microscopes, book bags and coats’ (93.33%), and ‘designated office space’ (89.09%). Though design guidelines exist for laboratory facilities. The current study approaches the subject matter through a triangulation of methodologies. It also re-emphasizes the need for research and development to support the evolving requirements of modern laboratory facilities. It has the specific contribution of complementing existing standards and guidelines in the design of laboratory facilities.

Isolated or integrated? Planning and management of urban renewal for historic areas in Old Beijing city, based on the association network system

Against the backdrop of urban renewal and owing to functional segmentation, land resources in old cities are often trapped in an isolated management mode, causing ratcheting tensions in the human–land relationship. Therefore, the efficiency of land utilization and urban renewal suitability has attracted considerable attention. This study provides an urban renewal planning and management model to improve land-use efficiency and revitalize the old city via integrated development. Further, it seeks to strengthen system connectivity and network coordination of natural, social, and cultural resources in the old city and to propose a resource-sustainable development strategy of regionalization, cooperation, and differentiation for historic-area development. Based on the tracking data of tourism routes and the check-in data of tourists, and adopting a social network analysis and space syntax theory, the tourism network structure, node level, and network location are analyzed to differentiate the connections between area and node functions. Finally, an integrated network model of multi-group and multi-core hierarchical structures is proposed to strengthen the overall development. Based on the construction of a spatial network, from the perspective of supporting traffic network and land-resource spatial elements, similarities and differences between the status-quo land use and tourism development demand based on the association network system are compared to help promulgate management strategies for the land use of areas lacking attraction and supporting functions, which is conducive to land-use adjustment. The aim of this study is to provide a new view of the balance between resource sustainability, functional adaptability, and cultural continuation during the process of old-city renewal and to coordinate the relationship between urban conservation and renewal planning and industry development in historic areas.

Improving the attractiveness and accessibility of campus green space for developing a sustainable university environment.

A growing body of research has investigated the vital effects of urban greening. However, the green space on campus, also recognized as an important element of urban greening and providing many benefits to college students, has gained very limited attention. In developing China, after nearly 20 years of campus construction climax, the speed of expansion has dropped significantly and the focus of a sustainable and optimized green campus has emerged. Improving the accessibility, availability, and attractiveness is a control determining if the green spaces can realize their values. Therefore, this study, taking a case, aims to explore and better understand students' usage conditions, perceptions, and demands about campus green spaces. On Yijin campus in Hangzhou, China, through the questionnaire among 590 students, and accessibility analysis based on Space syntax theory, we have revealed that the negative usage condition of green spaces: most students rarely or occasionally visit the green space, and the visit time is concentrated in the afternoon and after class but rarely in the morning. Besides, students' gender and growth surroundings have little influence on the perception of campus green space, but the plant configuration, seasonal color richness, and facilities required at different spaces will affect. In addition, the ranking of accessibility analyzed by Space syntax theory is similar to campus convenience considered by students. In the conclusions, suggestions are made about how to fulfill students' requirements and improve the attractiveness and accessibility of campus green spaces so that they may inform to the growth of emerging colleges and universities in other cities and countries undergoing campus construction climax.

Space syntax theory and Durkheim’s social morphology: a reassessment

ABSTRACT In outlining their influential architectural theory of space syntax, Hillier and Hanson acknowledge its affinity to Durkheim’s sociological considerations on the spatial-morphological basis of social life. In doing so, space syntax theory promised to address the then woefully under-theorized relationship between society and space, specifically by emphasizing the agency of spatial-morphological arrangements. Given the Durkheimian inspiration, it is surprising that sociology has been so silent on the subject of space syntax. This lack of dialogue may be explained by the gestation of space syntax research within the specialist disciplinary silo of architectural theory, as well as by the default sociological assessment that formal methodologies of spatial analysis – such as those associated with space syntax – sustain a discredited fallacy of physical determinism. Yet, intellectually this situation is unfortunate: while sociology overlooks how space syntax theory has advanced the Durkheimian understanding of spatial morphologies, space syntax theory misses an opportunity to update and broaden its notion of social processes. In response, we revisit Durkheim’s social morphology and review the strengths and deficits of Hillier and Hanson’s consideration of Durkheimian theory. We identify how difficulties arise because of an over-reliance of space syntax theory on the structural-functionalist macro-wing of the Durkheimain tradition. To address this issue, we prepare the ground for a theoretical engagement between space syntax and the micro-sociological branch of Durkheiminan scholarship, and show how this tradition offers a more coherent means for translating the spatio-morphological insights of space syntax theory into contemporary debates in the sociology of space.

Structural analysis of the elements of Lynch's image of the city based on space syntax

Kevin Lynch, in The Image of the City, studied the mental image of citizens as separate elements, namely nodes, paths, districts, edges and landmarks, without considering the structural relations among them. Redefining these elements in the form of a coherent structure using the descriptors of space syntax theory makes a structural analysis of these elements possible. This study explored the relations between Lynch's elements and the descriptors of space syntax theory. Taking a descriptive–analytical approach, a theoretical framework was proposed following a literature review related to the image of the city and space syntax theory, which was then used to extract the mental image of the citizens of Bojnourd city (located in the North Khorasan province of Iran), with the elements redefined by isovists and axial lines from a structural aspect. The findings of this research demonstrated a close relation between the paths and nodes in the mental image map and the axial lines map of Bojnourd city. Finally, it was concluded that there was a multi-dimensional relation between Lynchian elements and descriptors of space syntax, which could have practical applications in urban development plans.

A Study on the Space Analysis of SANAA’s Houses based on Space Syntax Theory

A Study on the Space Analysis of SANAA’s Houses based on Space Syntax Theory

Faster shift-reduce constituent parsing with a non-binary, bottom-up strategy

An increasingly wide range of artificial intelligence applications rely on syntactic information to process and extract meaning from natural language text or speech, with constituent trees being one of the most widely used syntactic formalisms. To produce these phrase-structure representations from sentences in natural language, shift-reduce constituent parsers have become one of the most efficient approaches. Increasing their accuracy and speed is still one of the main objectives pursued by the research community so that artificial intelligence applications that make use of parsing outputs, such as machine translation or voice assistant services, can improve their performance. With this goal in mind, we propose in this article a novel non-binary shift-reduce algorithm for constituent parsing. Our parser follows a classical bottom-up strategy but, unlike others, it straightforwardly creates non-binary branchings with just one Reduce transition, instead of requiring prior binarization or a sequence of binary transitions, allowing its direct application to any language without the need of further resources such as percolation tables. As a result, it uses fewer transitions per sentence than existing transition-based constituent parsers, becoming the fastest such system and, as a consequence, speeding up downstream applications. Using static oracle training and greedy search, the accuracy of this novel approach is on par with state-of-the-art transition-based constituent parsers and outperforms all top-down and bottom-up greedy shift-reduce systems on the Wall Street Journal section from the English Penn Treebank and the Penn Chinese Treebank. Additionally, we develop a dynamic oracle for training the proposed transition-based algorithm, achieving further improvements in both benchmarks and obtaining the best accuracy to date on the Penn Chinese Treebank among greedy shift-reduce parsers.

Linking perception to decision point complexity for adaptive indoor wayfinding support

Linking perception to decision point complexity for adaptive indoor wayfinding support

Q-adjectives in Mandarin and the interpretation of nominal phrases

Abstract In Mandarin, predicative quantity adjectives (henceforth, Q-adjectives; e.g., duō ‘many’ and shăo ‘few ’; henceforth, predicative Q-adjectives), but not ordinary adjectives (e.g., cōngmi̇́ng ‘smart’), may influence the interpretation of the nominals they are predicates of; while the Mandarin counterpart of speaking of the students one taught, Zhangsan many can (and only can) mean that the students that Zhangsan taught are many, that of speaking of the students one taught, Zhangsan smart can only mean that Zhangsan, but not the student/s that Zhangsan taught, is/are smart. This paper is to show how this previously unnoticed contrast may be accounted for in current theories of degree syntax and semantics. The proposal is couched on Solt’s (2015) analysis of Q-adjectives, according to which measurement of cardinality is introduced via a covert functional head rather than the Q-adjectives per se. The main idea is that in Mandarin the covert functional head that introduces measurement of cardinality semantically encodes a contextually provided function from individuals to individuals. Crucially, although the content of this function is context-dependent, various syntactic and semantic factors may be at play.

Guide-Tone Space

This article develops a transformational space based on the concept of guide tones. In jazz pedagogy, guide tones are the chordal third and seventh and are often used to connect consecutive chords through efficient voice leading. Transformational representations of guide-tone syntax illustrate how guide tones provide a pathway for listeners and improvisers to seamlessly traverse the tonally complex harmonic progressions often found in jazz compositions.

Syntax Errors in The Qur'an

<p>This research is motivated by the thought of an orientalist–‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi–which states that the Qur’an has no perfection. He poured his thoughts into a book Is The Qur’an Infallible? In his book, he states that the Qur’an contains 22 Arabic syntax errors. His thoughts effected in many Muslims doubtful towards the authenticity of the Qur’an. In addition, non-Muslims also increasingly undermine the authenticity of it. Considering that this issue is a matter that must be addressed, the researcher will research further in this case. The purpose of this study is to refute the thoughts of ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi and to maintain the purity, image, and authenticity of the Qur’an. The research method used in this research is descriptive analysis with the qualitative approach. The finding of this research indicates that ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi’s thoughts on Qur’anic verses are wrong and this is due to his lack of understanding of Arabic theories especially the theories of Arabic syntax.</p>

Штрихи к лингвистическому портрету А. М. Пешковского в контексте научной полемики его времени

This paper reveals little-known episodes from A. Peshkovsky's scientific biography and analyses some fragments of his books and articles in the 1920s and 1930s that became the focus of linguistic discussions and showed ambiguous ideological situation in the science of that time. Special attention is paid to the formation of A. Peshkovsky as a linguist and methodist. His first works on “school and scientific grammar” that laid the foundations of the modern approach to the study of the theory and practice of syntax are analysed. It is noted that the studies by A. Peshkovsky teetered at the level of implementing the ideas of the old Moscow linguistic school of academicians Fortunatov and Shakhmatov, while gravitating toward the insight of A. Potebnya and yet showing at the same time a different way of understanding grammatical ideas. The author claims that A. Peshkovsky went from the traditional diachronic analysis in the direction of the formal approach, while not abandoning “the psychological perception of the word”. A. Peshkovsky, a reformer taking a stand in his search and linguistic experiments against the Marrist and tunnel-visioned understanding of the tasks of Soviet linguistics and methodological science, was subjected to unfair criticism for his stance. The discussions that took place at that time testify to the consistency and scientific integrity of the scientist's views in the era of the struggle against “eclecticism”, “formalism”, and “incorrigible Indo-Europeanism”. The paper presents some instances of correspondence disputes by V. Voloshinov and M. Bakhtin with A. Peshkovsky on the issues in relationship of grammar and stylistics. His opponents believed that “grammar detached from the semantic and stylistic side of speech inevitably degenerates into scholasticism”. Drawing on materials from archives and personal collection, the author of this paper gives unique facts of the lexicographical activity of A. Peshkovsky in the early 1920s related to his work on the explanatory dictionary of the Russian literary language (not published). The closing part of the paper analyses the dispute between L. Timofeev and A. Peshkovsky. It is stated that “the new theory of the rhythm of prose” by A. Peshkovsky and his works on psychophonetics caused an ambiguous reaction in the philological community and contributed to the activation of research seeking for a “system of division of prose into units” and other experiments on the study of literary texts. Consideration is also given to the works by A. Peshkovsky in the 1930s, in which the scientist solved new problems in the field of formal characteristics of words and word combinations, wrote about the functioning of literary speech as well as the role of intonation in the formation of the syntactic structure of the sentence. Emphasis is laid on the originality and experimental character of many theses by A. Peshkovsky further developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Assessment of street-level noise in three different urban settings in Tripoli

Recent research shows that street-level noise represents one of the main noise sources in urban spaces. The noise source includes various transportation modes, human activities and environmental sounds, such as the wind and rain. Continuous exposure to high-level noise may lead to health and psychological problems that directly threaten public health and well-being. This paper is an experimental study that aims to analyse street-level noise in three different urban settings in Tripoli, Lebanon, characterized by two categories: type of main activities and historical/new areas in the city of Tripoli. The data collection process is through sound and GPS data loggers aggregated into GIS maps. The results are compared to the spatial configuration analysis of the urban fabric, using space syntax theory and methods. The sound mapping could be the onset of wider research for obtaining a full soundscape of the city of Tripoli, with the potential of being applied in other cities.

Shared neural representations of syntax during online dyadic communication

When people communicate, they come to see the world in a similar way to each other by aligning their mental representations at such levels as syntax. Syntax is an essential feature of human language that distinguishes humans from other non-human animals. However, whether and how communicators share neural representations of syntax is not well understood. Here we addressed this issue by measuring the brain activity of both communicators in a series of dyadic communication contexts, by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning. Two communicators alternatively spoke sentences either with the same or with different syntactic structures. Results showed a significantly higher-level increase of interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) at right posterior superior temporal cortex when communicators produced the same syntactic structures as each other compared to when they produced different syntactic structures. These increases of INS correlated significantly with communication quality. Our findings provide initial evidence for shared neural representations of syntax between communicators.

Research on the correlation between pedestrian density and street spatial characteristics of commercial blocks in downtown area: a case study on Shanghai Tianzifang

ABSTRACTTaking Shanghai Tianzifang as an example, this study attempted to utilize theories, such as the Space Syntax Theory, to build a multivariate model with street spatial characteristics as variables, and investigate the correlation between street spatial characteristics and pedestrian density in commercial blocks using multivariate regression analyses of the variables in this model. This study inspected two aspects of spatial characteristics of street space. First, in terms of commercial use characteristics, this study examined how pedestrian density is affected by three variables: store density, overflow ratio of store-front space. Density of building exits and entrances. Next, in terms of structural characteristics, this study probed the relationship between commercial pedestrian density and three other variables: street integration, height of buildings on both sides of the streets, and the stores’ distance from block entrances. Last, a multivariate regression analysis was conducted on the research data of the six variables. The results validated that four of the variables are correlated with commercial pedestrian density, in the order of their degree of influence: street integration, store density, density of building exits and entrances, and height of buildings on both sides of the streets.

PENERJEMAHAN ARAB-JAWA TRADISI PESANTREN PADA KARYA KITAB-KITAB KLASIK: ANALISIS FUNGSI

The aims of education in Javanese pesantren is generally to transmit the teachings of Islam. Its teaching system to this day still refers to the Arabic classic books al-kutubul-mu`tabara (KKbA). In order for KKbA to be understood by the general public, there is an effort to translate it into Javanese language by translating the pesantren model or tradition (PTP). The typical translation of Pesantren is done per word according to the order in the source language (BSu) or the Arabic language. The apparent feature of the translation results is the addition of markers to the grammatical unit functions of the source language in the target language (BSa), like Javanese language. The theory used in this research is the Arabic syntax theory which is already well known and written by Arabic linguists. The result of the research about the marker of the grammatical unit function in KKbA is divided into four parts. This division is done to show the uniqueness of the structure owned by Arabic language. The division includes: a) marker of mubtada ' and khabar function; b) the marker of the functions of fā'il and nāib fā'il, c) the syntactic function marker of maf'ūl bih; and d) the marker of an explanatory function, such as maf'ūl fīh, maf'ūl mutlaq, maf'ūl li ajlihi, hāl, and tamyīz. Thus, this tradition of interpretation of Pesantren in addition to acquiring knowledge of KKbA studied, as well as get knowledge about Arabic grammar.

A Formalized General Theory of Syntax with Bindings: Extended Version

We present the formalization of a theory of syntax with bindings that has been developed and refined over the last decade to support several large formalization efforts. Terms are defined for an arbitrary number of constructors of varying numbers of inputs, quotiented to alpha-equivalence and sorted according to a binding signature. The theory contains a rich collection of properties of the standard operators on terms, including substitution, swapping and freshness—namely, there are lemmas showing how each of the operators interacts with all the others and with the syntactic constructors. The theory also features induction and recursion principles and support for semantic interpretation, all tailored for smooth interaction with the bindings and the standard operators.

Subject-Aux Inversion in Children with SLI.

An elicited production study investigated subject-aux inversion in 5-year-old children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 2 control groups, typically-developing 5-year-old children and 3-year-old children matched by mean length of utterance. The experimental findings showed that children with specific language impairment produced subject-aux inversion in yes/no questions significantly less often than either of the control groups. However, the fact that lack of inversion is reflected in the input led to the proposal that children with specific language impairment choose the most economical grammatical option. For main clause wh-questions, children with SLI carried out subject-aux inversion at a rate that was not significantly different from the control groups. This finding suggests that these children have access to hierarchical phrase structure representations for questions and the relevant movement operations. In embedded wh-questions, where subject-aux inversion is not permitted, children with SLI implemented SAI more frequently than the control groups. Our interpretation of this finding is that once children with SLI acquire the subject-aux inversion rule, that they are slower to learn that embedded clauses present an exception to the rule.

EFECTOS DE LA FORMA URBANA SOBRE LA ACCESIBILIDAD PEATONAL EN BARRIOS DEL SUR DE CHILE

El objetivo de este articulo es evaluar los efectos de la forma urbana sobre la accesibilidad peatonal en dos barrios en transformacion en el sector de Isla Teja en la ciudad de Valdivia. La metodologia integra tres metodos de evaluacion. El metodo Morpho, para explorar las condiciones morfologicas que influencian la transitabilidad, el metodo elaborado por Emily Talen, para medir distancia caminable a comercio y servicios locales y el metodo People Following, de la teoria Space Syntax es utilizado para evaluar la distancia que una persona camina entre sus puntos de interes y la eleccion de rutas. Los resultados muestran que variables que promueven la accesibilidad peatonal en los barrios evaluados son la densidad de vivienda, la diversidad de usos, las veredas anchas, los antejardines y la presencia de arboles y areas verdes en general. Por el contrario, factores que inhiben la eleccion de rutas son los muros ciegos, las veredas en mal estado y la ausencia de areas verdes en calles. Los resultados sugieren que la eleccion de rutas que toman las personas para llegar a un destino no se define por la mas corta, sino mas bien por su calidad espacial. El articulo concluye con recomendaciones para el diseno urbano de barrios con una mayor orientacion peatonal, y su impacto para direccionar la transformacion positiva de estas ciudades hacia un futuro mas sostenible. Palabras Clave: Accesibilidad, barrios caminables, forma urbana.