Theory Of Syntax Research Articles

Minimal phrase structure: a new formalized theory of phrase structure

X' theory was a major milestone in the history of the development of generative grammar.1 It enabled important insights to be made into the phrase structure of human language, but it had a number of weaknesses, and has been essentially replaced in Chomskyan generativism by Bare Phrase Structure (BPS), which assumes fewer theoretical primitives than X0 theory, and also avoids several of the latter’s weaknesses. However, Bare Phrase Structure has not been widely adopted outside the Minimalist Program (MP), rather, X0 theory remains widespread. In this paper, we develop a new, fully formalized approach to phrase structure which incorporates insights and advances from BPS, but does not require the Minimalist-specific assumptions that come with BPS. We formulate our proposal within Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), providing an empirically and theoretically superior model for phrase structure compared with standard versions of X0 theory current in LFG.

Street connectivity and walking: An empirical study in Londrina- PR

A caminhabilidade emerge como uma diretriz de planejamento urbano que incentiva a caminhada, considerada como o meio de transporte mais saudável e sustentável. A conectividade viária, essencial para espaços caminháveis, geralmente é medida por meio da densidade de intersecções (DI). Por outro lado, Integração é entendida como uma medida mais complexa de conectividade. No Brasil, nenhum estudo foi identificado que considere essas variáveis em termos de caminhabilidade ou moderação de variáveis sociodemográficas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a influência dessas medidas de conectividade na caminhada, considerando covariáveis sociodemográficas em uma regressão logística múltipla. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em Londrina-PR, utilizando dados de origem-destino de viagens (n =19323) e características sociodemográficas. A Integração foi calculada para cada segmento de via em um raio de 1200 m. A DI foi calculada por zona, considerando a quantidade de intersecções e a área da zona. Um modelo de regressão logística múltipla foi ajustado, contendo covariáveis significativas. As Razões de Chance foram analisadas em relação às suas implicações teóricas. Os resultados indicam que os moradores de áreas altamente conectadas andaram mais. Ambas as medidas de conectividade foram significativas. Isso sugere que, embora relacionadas, elas podem capturar diferentes aspectos da rede de ruas. Este estudo contribui com evidências para o contexto brasileiro sobre conectividade considerando o prisma da caminhabilidade. Por meio do empirismo, será possível subsidiar políticas públicas e planejamento urbano na criação de espaços caminháveis.

Syntactic Analysis of Sentence Adverbials Observed in the Victorian Novel Jane Eyre

The sentence structure complexity and clause positioning (Staveley, 2013) represent the striking features of the writing style of the 19-th century British fiction writers. The present syntactic study brings detailed quantitative and qualitative syntactic analyses of peripheral sentence elements, sentence (stance) adverbials, occurring in the Victorian novel Jane Eyre (1847), and offers their classification into style and content disjuncts. As the latter ones are generally employed by fiction in the novels’ dialogues and main characters’ reflections (Biber, 1999), the research questions focus predominantly on their function and frequency of use. Content disjuncts help to express the possibility or the doubt of the utterance and explain the outcome of the actions and events happening in the story. The research outcomes have confirmed that content disjuncts considerably contribute to understanding the writing style of Charlotte Bronte. This phenomenon can be further studied and developed in the syntactic analyses of other remarkable 19th century novels and novelists. The research results will find their application not only in the theory and practice of syntax but also in the process of teaching/learning English as a foreign language.

Street Network Resilience Put to the Test: The Dramatic Crash of Genoa and Bologna Bridges

Various hazards and endemic threats are increasingly looming over cities, leading planners to rely on a rich toolbox of flexible and inclusive planning instruments and methods, capable of dealing with unpredicted events or sudden urban contingencies, when seeking sustainable urban futures. While sustainability-oriented innovative planning approaches are gaining momentum, ways to embed connected concepts in operational planning and design decision support systems have yet to be fully developed and validated. This paper tackles this issue by proposing and testing, in a real-life scenario, a method for the computational analysis of street network resilience, based on Space Syntax theory. The method is suitable to quantify the capacity of urban grids to absorb sudden disturbances and adapt to change, and to offer support for mitigation decisions and their communication to the public. It presents a set of configurational resilience indices, whose reliability is qualitatively assessed considering the ex-ante and ex-post urban configurations generated by two exceptional and dramatic bridge crashes. These events occurred almost simultaneously in two Italian cities with peculiarly similar characteristics. The results confirm the value of the proposal and highlight urban form, and particularly its grid, as a key driver in building urban resilience, together with the self-organisation capacity of local communities.

Construção e estruturação da cidade

Recentemente a discussão acerca das qualidades urbanas das cidades tem se tornado mais frequente e o espaço público surge como um dos principais temas neste debate. Com ele um importante conceito aparece, o de urbanidade, tentando identificar como uma cidade pode ser acolhedora para seus habitantes e transeuntes. Considerando que as ruas são parte fundamental do espaço público de uma cidade, propomos investiga-la a partir de uma questão: Poderia o traçado urbano ser um agente propiciador de urbanidade? Partindo de leituras com diversas abordagens metodológicas propusemos analisar Blumenau, importante cidade de Santa Catarina, para compreender o papel do traçado e suas implicações na vida urbana. Analisando o processo de crescimento urbano através da teoria da sintaxe espacial, identificamos que a urbanidade da cidade se modificou ao longo da história deslocando-se fisicamente e configurando uma nova dinâmica de relações sócio-espaciais que indicam o surgimento de um possível “novo centro” para a cidade, situado ao norte do centro histórico consolidado.

Effects of the Built Environment on Pedestrian Accessibility in Neighbourhoods in Southern Chile. The case of Temuco, Chile

The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of the built environment on pedestrian accessibility in two neighborhoods in the area of Alemania Avenue, in the city of Temuco, Chile. The methodology integrates three evaluation methods: the method Morpho to explore the morphological conditions that influence walkability; The method developed by Emily Talen to measure walking distance to local services and facilities; and People Following method from Space Syntax theory to evaluate which spatial factors influence the choice of routes and to explore the distance that people walk between their points of interests. Results show that the choice of routes that people take to reach a destination is not defined by the shortest route, but rather by the spatial quality of streets and street frontages. The study suggests that elements such as blind walls, the absence of green spaces and the decrease in the size of sidewalks on streets affects negatively in the choice of routes, and consequently pedestrian accessibility. The article concludes with recommendations for urban planning neighborhoods towards a more sustainable future.

Probing Brain Activation Patterns by Dissociating Semantics and Syntax in Sentences

The relation between semantics and syntax and where they are represented in the neural level has been extensively debated in neurosciences. Existing methods use manually designed stimuli to distinguish semantic and syntactic information in a sentence that may not generalize beyond the experimental setting. This paper proposes an alternative framework to study the brain representation of semantics and syntax. Specifically, we embed the highly-controlled stimuli as objective functions in learning sentence representations and propose a disentangled feature representation model (DFRM) to extract semantic and syntactic information in sentences. This model can generate one semantic and one syntactic vector for each sentence. Then we associate these disentangled feature vectors with brain imaging data to explore brain representation of semantics and syntax. Results have shown that semantic feature is represented more robustly than syntactic feature across the brain including the default-mode, frontoparietal, visual networks, etc.. The brain representations of semantics and syntax are largely overlapped, but there are brain regions only sensitive to one of them. For instance, several frontal and temporal regions are specific to the semantic feature; parts of the right superior frontal and right inferior parietal gyrus are specific to the syntactic feature.

Aspek Fukugoudoushi Kiru Nuku dan Toosu dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang Sehari-hari Oleh Orang Jepang di Bali

The tittle of this research is ”the aspects of compound verb kiru, nuku, and toosu that used in daily japanese by Japanese people in Bali” that aimed to research the form, type, grammatical meaning and substitution of compound verb kiru, nuku, and toosu in daily Japanese that used by Japanese people in Bali. This research was analysed using descriptive method, formal and informal technique. Form and the type of compound verb kiru, nuku, and toosu reference analysis used syntax theory by Chaer (2012). Compound verb comprehension refers to Takanao (1984). Grammatical meaning was analysed using grammatical verb theory by Pateda (2001) and grammatical meaning concept of compound verb kiru, nuku, toosu by Kurita (2015), Himeno (1980), Yoshiyuki (1977) dan Kindaichi (1976). Result of this reasearch is compound verbs kiru, nuku and toosu can form continous, repetitive and prefective aspects when combined with another verbs that showing aspect and used in renyoukei form. These verb should be keizoku doushi, shunkan doushi and joutai doushi. Based on analysis result, compound words kiru, nuku, and toosu in Japanese grammatically means event ended intentionally, event occured unexpectedly, event as the lastest limit, and activity is carried out continuously until finished. Based on the analysis result known that compound verb kiru, nuku, and toosu have the same grammatical meaning and should be substituted. Viewed from japanese grammatical perspectives, the compound verbkiru, nuku, and toosu explained the event carried out continuously until the end and explained that the activity done repeatedly until finished.

Research on the Sustainable Development of Urban Housing Price Based on Transport Accessibility: A Case Study of Xi’an, China

The development of a real estate economy is beneficial to urban stability. A method of real estate price prediction based on transport accessibility is proposed. The method adds bus accessibility and metro accessibility into the model, which has higher prediction accuracy than the traditional model. Firstly, bus accessibility and metro accessibility are calculated according to the space syntax theory. Then, four models, the traditional hedonic price model (HPM) with transport accessibility, the traditional hedonic price model without transport accessibility, the random forest (RF) model with transport accessibility, and the random forest model without transport accessibility, are introduced. Finally, the four models are compared and analyzed in terms of precision and importance of index contributions. Taking Xi ’an, China, as an example, the experimental results show that the transport accessibility calculated based on space syntax can accurately represent the transport convenience in an urban space structure. Furthermore, it has a great influence on the contribution of indexes in the model. With the introduction of bus accessibility and metro accessibility, the accuracy of the real estate price prediction model is greatly improved.

ANALYSIS OF ACCESSIBILITY OF URBAN ROADS BASED ON SPACE SYNTAX AND DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Abstract. Space syntax and distance measurement are significant theoretical methods for studying road accessibility. Space syntax deals with the topological relationship between road networks, but the length of the road is ignored. While distance measurement method only takes into account the factors such as distance, time, and economic costs when studying road accessibility. Both of them are defective in evaluating the accessibility of transportation networks, and there are a few of researches that consider the interaction between road axes lines. In this paper a method for traffic network accessibility evaluation is proposed by combining the space syntax theory and the distance measurement method, and considering the influence of the interaction between road axes lines at the same time. The method is successfully applied for evaluating the traffic network accessibility of Nanning in Guangxi. The research shows that: (1) the results of the analysis are compared horizontally with traffic conditions at different times in Nanning City, and the experimental results are nearly in line with the actual road conditions. (2) The areas with high road density are Liangfeng District, Qingxiu District and Xixiangtang District. (3) Nanning City's road network center is located at the intersection of Xixiangtang District, Xingning District, Qingxiu District and Jiangnan District; its traffic network distribution is the densest and the overall level of urban road accessibility is higher. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of Nanning's transportation network and has the reference significance for further optimizing the transportation planning in Nanning.

Intelligent smart city parking facility layout optimization based on intelligent IoT analysis

Research based on the utilization of big data has led to new opportunities and developments in contemporary urban planning and smart city construction. This research is based on open big data of networks, such as the website Where to Go and public comments, spatial syntax theory and technical methods using the current layout of urban parking facilities in Shinan District as a case study of the lack of parking facilities and their unreasonable layout. Based on a quantitative analysis of the distribution of the traffic network and parking facilities on the urban scale and the block scale of the Shinan District of Qingdao, we found that the thermal density of Baidu is closely related to the spatial syntactic parameters of the urban area on the large scale and local scale. A field investigation was performed to analyze the traffic network of the Southern District of Qingdao and propose comprehensive optimization strategies to provide technical support for the construction of intelligent shared parking facilities in cities. This study solves a series of problems, such as unreasonable parking facility allocation around scenic spots in tourist cities, and can also be used as a reference for the optimization of parking facility layouts in similar cities.

O śmianiu się z czegoś i z kogoś, czyli o przedmiotowym i podmiotowym znaczeniu czasownika śmiać się

The aim of this paper is to discuss the main syntactic and semantic features of the Polish predicate śmiać się (to laugh) within the theory of Semantic Syntax (Karolak 1984, 2002). It forms two, only seemingly similar, predicate-argument structures containing a prepositional phrase connected with the Polish preposition z + Gen. (at): 1) [ktoś] śmieje się z [kogoś ABSTR / czegoś ABSTR] ([somebody] laughs at [somebody ABSTR / something ABSTR]) and 2) [ktoś] śmieje się [z kogoś / czyjegoś], że_ ([somebody] laughs at [somebody / something what belongs to somebody] + SENT). The analysis shows they are different in terms of status and semantic roles of their arguments, axiological markedness, objective or subjective reference of the humour incorporated in the act of laughter. Also, they denote different semantic scenarios: the first means a vocal and facial reaction to ludic humour, the second constitutes a complex act of speech in which satirical, verbal or non-verbal humour is used as a pretext to communicate the agent’s disapproving judgment of the patient, or an antipathetic attitude towards it.

Syntactic Analysis of Sentence Adverbials Observed in the Victorian Novel Jane Eyre

The sentence structure complexity and clause positioning (Staveley, 2013) represent the striking features of the writing style of the 19-th century British fiction writers. The present syntactic study brings detailed quantitative and qualitative syntactic analyses of peripheral sentence elements, sentence (stance) adverbials, occurring in the Victorian novel Jane Eyre (1847), and offers their classification into style and content disjuncts. As the latter ones are generally employed by fiction in the novels’ dialogues and main characters’ reflections (Biber, 1999), the research questions focus predominantly on their function and frequency of use. Content disjuncts help to express the possibility or the doubt of the utterance and explain the outcome of the actions and events happening in the story. The research outcomes have confirmed that content disjuncts considerably contribute to understanding the writing style of Charlotte Bronte. This phenomenon can be further studied and developed in the syntactic analyses of other remarkable 19th century novels and novelists. The research results will find their application not only in the theory and practice of syntax but also in the process of teaching/learning English as a foreign language.

Computational Psycholinguistics

Computational Psycholinguistics

SPACE SYNTAX AS A TOOL TO MEASURE SAFETY IN SMALL URBAN PARKS—A CASE STUDY OF ROD EL FARAG PARK IN CAIRO, EGYPT

Decoding the relationship between crime and place has been the focus of researchers in both design and social fields for a few decades. Space syntax theory offers the possibility of examining the configuration characteristics of the environment and their potential influences on people’s activities and crime patterns; however, its implementation in landscape architecture has been limited. This study responds to such a gap by exploring the effectiveness of applying space syntax theory to predict safety levels in a park in Cairo, Egypt. depthmapX was used to analyze the spatial configuration of the park. Crime records from 2019 were collected through site observation and staff interviews, and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. Results indicated a strong correlation between space depth / integration / connectivity and crime pattern distribution. The park visibility graphs indicated the different impacts of vegetation (evergreen tree / deciduous trees) in summer and winter on visual connectivity and crime types. The research concluded that applying space syntax theory to landscape architecture is challenging; nevertheless, it represents a promising approach to predict committing crimes in urban parks, and the findings can be adopted to enhance park conceptual designs to achieve higher safety level.

Analizy Space Syntax wobec zjawiska segregacji społecznej i izolacji przestrzennej obszarów mieszkaniowych

Space Syntax analysis in the Face of the Phenomenon of Social Segregation and Spatial Isolation of Residential Areas In many urban areas there is an observable extreme segregation of public space, in addition to the fact that many housing districts are spatially isolated from the city as a whole. As traditional methods of urban analysis provide poor guidelines in this context, an attempt to investigate this problem and present a different approach to segregation in urban design was made. This paper presents an investigation about how Space Syntax theories and methods can contribute to creating more detailed descriptions of spatial relationships in different districts and in the entire city. The research method employed was an analysis of the literature (both domestic and trade). Space-Syntax-based urban analysis enables demonstrating significant structural differences between districts and to determine the impact of urban forms on the spatial advantages of different areas of the city. It provides new opportunities to address segregation in urban design and formulate more effective anti-segregation interventions.

What are the guiding principles in the evolution of language: Paradigmatics or syntagmatics?

AbstractThe main designs of modern theories of syntax assume a process of syntagmatic organization. However, research on first language acquisition leaves no doubt that the structured combination of single lexical items cannot begin until a critical mass of lexical items has been acquired such that the lexicon is structured hierarchically on the basis of hierarchical feature bundling. Independent of a decision between the main views about the design of a proto language (the grammarless “Holophrastic view”,Arbib & Bickerton 2010: 1,Bickerton 2014) or the ‘Compositional View’ as taken byRizzi (2010),Carstairs-McCarthy (2010), and others. What seems to be the minimal offset for language is the existence of grammatical categories like verb and noun, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, functional categories as needed for the expression of all kinds of agreement between the distinct categories to form recursively structured complexes. I follow the different stages of complexification asking whether there is paradigmatic next to syntagmatic organization and what its added value is for the evolution of grammar. The conclusion will be that paradigmatics is an indismissible part of the organization of early language in that it structures the lexicon so as to make primary and secondary syntactic merge possible and, consequently, is also a prerequisite for movement. The guiding idea of this position is Roman Jakobson’s insistence on the twofold organization of language and grammar. The two organizational designs, syntagmatics and paradigmatics, are manifest within each module: in the phonetic, the morphological, the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic form (consider Jakobson’s1971a,breiterated argument).

Common Mistakes in Writing Arabic Annexation System of The Students of The Arabic Language Education Department at The Islamic State University of Antasari Banjarmasin (ar)

This study aims to know UIN Antasari students’ common mistakes in writing Arabic annexation system (idhafat). The sample is 90 students who join in the subject of tarkib tawabi. It takes qualitative approach with error analysis method. The data are collected from the documentation of students’ syntax workbook which is then analyzed by syntactic error analysis. The result of the study shows that the common mistakes in writing Arabic annexation vary from the mistake in mudhaf, mudhaf ilaih, multiple idhafat, and that in meaning of idhafat. These errors are caused by inadequate duration of learning Arabic in the secondary school level, the teacher that focuses more on explaining syntax theory, and the school’s orientation in raising students’ speaking skill.

The Valency Structure Of English And Tatar Verbs Of Motion In The Comparative Aspect

The theory of valency is one of the most important topics of modern linguistics. The valency analysis is directly related to the practice of teaching and learning languages in linguistics. The given research is aimed at considering the valency structure of Tatar and English verbsof motion. The relevance of the topic is determined by its general theoretical significance. The comprehensive study of the valency structure of Tatar and English verbs makes a significant contribution to the study of the theory of semantic syntax of these languages. The choice of verbs of motion is also not accidental. The versatility of the semantic structure of this group of verbs takes the first place among other thematic groups. The scientific novelty of the research is that it conducts the comparative study of valency properties and variants of Tatar and English verbs of motion. The work involves experiencing the comprehensive study of valency properties of the main lexico-semantic group of verbs: verbs of motion. Due to the fact that it is impossible to describe in detail all the lexical-semantic groups of verbs within the framework of one study, we limited ourselves to considering the main thematic group – the verbs of motion.

Data Mining by Using Rule of Space Syntax Theory

Data mining is the technique, methods and means of extracting information from data and exploiting it to solve problems and make appropriate decisions using computer applications, which is a smart modern technology. In this research, data mining and spaces syntax theory were used, a program was carried out to determine the structural importance of the spaces to determine the degree of their objective importance and comprehensiveness at the level of the system as a whole, school of two floors was selected and used for analyzing. Matlab language was used to perform the analysis. Through applying the program, integration kernel showed the most integrated spaces locations which have the lowest degrees Real Relative Asymmetry while the isolation kernel has showed the lowest integrated spaces which have the highest degrees Real Relative Asymmetry. The results were compatible with the logical locations which hypothesizes the space system integration geometrically.