Theory Of Syntax Research Articles

Relation between soundscape and spatial configuration in different urban contexts

During the last decade, the problem of noise pollution has continued to increase in Europe as well as in under-developed countries. This issue is stressed in city centers, owing to the abundance of residential activities, vehicle traffic and multiple services. This study investigates the relationship between urban spatial configuration and environment soundscape in two different areas: Pisa historic center, Italy and Biskra downtown, Algeria, using the potential of Space Syntax theory in predicting noise levels distribution. For this analysis, thirty stations of measurements were held in each area during day time using a Sound Level Meter. A Noise map was modeled using the interpolation tool provided by a Geographic Information System program, while the collected data were correlated with the Angular Segment Analysis variables. The findings reveal a close relationship between the sound levels obtained and Space Syntax theory global and local indexes such as Normalized Choice and Integration, which signifies the ability of the approach in describing the sound phenomenon in different urban contexts.

Communication in healthcare environments: some reflections on space syntax

This paper focuses on the impact that the design and the experience of space in healthcare facilities might have on communication among healthcare professionals. First, we describe the space syntax theory that provides the theoretical and empirical framework to study the layout of space that puts constraints on function realization as well as affords capabilities to understanding and carrying out effective behavior. Then, we review the research on the configurational properties of space in healthcare and hospital facilities, which affect the provision of good healthcare service, with particular attention to communication that emerges as a factor of healthcare service quality. Finally, we argue that the analysis of the perception-action cycle and of communication on the grounds of the spatial layout needs further development and suggest that this work may contribute to the research on Medical Humanities according to a view of radical interdisciplinarity.

Effect of Space Configurational Attributes on Social Interactions in Urban Parks

Urban parks are one of the most common spaces for social interactions in modern cities. The design of park spaces, especially space configuration, has significant influences on people’s social behaviors in parks. In this study, the associations between space configurational attributes and social interactions were investigated using space syntax theory. An observation analysis of social behaviors was carried out in two urban parks in Beijing, China. Nine space configurational attributes, including depth to the gate, depth to the main road, connectivity, normalized angular integration (NAIN), and normalized angular choice (NACH) with three radii, were calculated using a segment model. The variance analysis and regression analysis reveal the strong joint effect of space type, space scale factors, and space configurational attributes on social interaction behaviors in parks. The personal interaction group contained 23% of the total observed people involved in social interactions. Pathway length, zone area, and NACH-10K (NACH with a radius of 10,000 m) are positively associated with the number of people involved in personal interactions. For the social interaction group (77% of the total observed people), the space scale and depth to main city road were found to have a positive and negative influence on social interaction intensity.

Beyond input: Language learners produce novel relative clause types without exposure.

ABSTRACT Syntax famously consists of abstract hierarchical representations. Less famously, most theories of syntax also assume a higher level of abstract representation: one that abstracts over the hierarchical representations. The existence of such representations would imply that, under certain circumstances, speakers should be able to produce syntactic structures they have never been exposed to. We test this prediction directly. In particular, different types of relative clauses have different surface word orders. These may be represented in two ways: with many individual representations, or with one general representation. If the latter, then learning one type of relative clause amounts to learning them all. We teach participants a novel grammar for only some relative clause types (e.g. just subject relative clauses) and test their knowledge of other types (e.g. object relative clauses). Across experiments, participants consistently produced untrained types, providing the first experimental evidence for this higher level of abstract syntactic knowledge.

Enhancing the Software Clone Detection in BigCloneBench

In the software system, the code snippets that are copied and pasted in the same software or another software result in cloning. The basic cause of cloning is either a programmer‘s constraint or language constraints. An increase in the maintenance cost of software is the major drawback of code clones. So, clone detection techniques are required to remove or refactor the code clone. Recent studies exhibit the abstract syntax tree (AST) captures the structural information of source code appropriately. Many researchers used tree-based convolution for identifying the clone, but this technique has certain drawbacks. Therefore, in this paper, the authors propose an approach that finds the semantic clone through square-based convolution by taking abstract syntax representation of source code. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the approach to the popular BigCloneBench benchmark.

Whatever His Arguments, Whatever-Relatives Are Not Free Relatives: A Reply to Caponigro’s Reply

This is a reply to Caponigro 2019, which argues that the phrase structure theory proposed in Donati and Cecchetto 2011 and Cecchetto and Donati 2015 falls short of accounting for the attested patterns of free relative clauses. Caponigro questions the reliability of the data supporting D&C’s hypothesis that ever-relatives introduced by a phrase (ever+NP relatives) should not be assimilated to free relatives. This reply reports the findings of four controlled experiments in English and Italian and discusses five properties that set free relatives apart from full relatives (occurrence with a complementizer, occurrence with a relative pronoun, infinitival use, absolute use, adverbial use). Crucially, ever+NP relatives do not pattern like free relatives in any of these five domains, either in Italian or in English. This clearly shows that ever-relatives are not a counterexample to D&C’s phrase structure theory. Another potential counterexample, Romanian free relatives, is also discussed. As for ever+NP relatives, in Italian they are shown to be garden-variety headed relatives, while in English they are headed relatives that involve a D-to-D movement that is responsible for the syntactic formation of the complex determiner what+ever.

Relations between intensionality, theory of mind and complex syntax in autism spectrum conditions and typical development

False belief (FB) reasoning emerges around 4−5 years of age in typical development (TD), but has an extended developmental course in children with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). A body of work suggests that this capacity is related to the comprehension of embedded clauses, as in Children think/say that fairies exist. The development of other metarepresentational capacities, such as thinking about the same objects under different descriptions (‘intensionality’), has been much less studied, particularly in ASC, and its links both to embedding and FB remain to be determined. Here we aimed to study belief-reasoning, intensionality and embedded clause comprehension in conjunction. An additional aim was to compare performance across different types of embedded clauses, specifically relative clauses and three types of complement clauses (embedded under ‘says that’, ‘sees that’ and ‘seems that’, respectively), and to test their predictive relations to metarepresentational abilities. Twenty-five children and early adolescents with ASC (mean age 9;4) as well as a group of twenty-five children with TD, matched on both chronological and verbal mental age (VMA, mean 9;1), were recruited. A maximally analogous picture-matching design was used across all tasks. Results of a series of logistic mixed effect models revealed greater vulnerability in ASC on both metarepresentational tasks (ToM and intensionality) indiscriminately, and within the domain of embedding, on ‘seems that’. Scores on embedding predicted performance on metarepresentation, as did those on Seems that. A pervasive main effect of VMA was seen in all models. These results show that metarepresentational impairments in ASC extend to intensionality and relate to language development, where syntactic construction types referencing appearances prove to be particularly challenging in ASC and TD alike.

Research on site selection of old campus bookstore based on the combination of space syntax and analytic hierarchy process——Take Huangjiahu Campus of Wuhan University of Science and Technology as an example

The bookstore is an integral part of campus public service, and it is an essential place for reading, learning and spending for teachers and students. Provided the current management and development problems faced by old campus bookstores, this article takes the old campus bookstore in the Huangjiahu campus of Wuhan University of Science and Technology as a research case while uses space syntax theory, Depthmap software, and axis models to analyzes and evaluate accessibility, and then optimize campus old location and layout of bookstores. Simultaneously, by using the analytic hierarchy process, the simulated bookstore sites of selection in the campus are tested at the target level, decision level and plan level. This article aims to propose optimization methods for the management and development of old campus bookstores from the perspective of spatial location selection through qualitative quantification and provide constructive references for similar research.

Possessive pronouns, Condition C and Anti-Cataphora Effects

This presentation addresses the following research questions: (a) does Binding Condition C, prohibiting pronouns from occupying positions c-commanding coindexed names, operate in the same manner in the grammars of English and Polish (Slavic)? (b) why do possessive pronouns in Slavic languages cause an effect similar to Condition C?, and (c) which syntactic relation is responsible for the Anti-Cataphora Effect (ACE)? The question of why Condition C does not subsume the Anti-Cataphora Effect is addressed in detail and it is shown to what extent pronominal possessives in Polish and English occupy different structural positions. Other structural factors that influence the ACE are also analysed, such as the depth of embedding of the possessive, the grammatical function of the NP containing the possessive (subject vs. object), the distance between the proximate possessive and the coindexed name and intervention by other possessive NPs. Current theory of syntax relies on two basic structural relations driving morpho-syntacic operations: Agree and Move (Chomsky, 2000, 2001, 2008, 2013). In the context of the ACE, both of these relations will be tested for their accuracy in licensing this effect. In prominent recent accounts (La Terza, 2016; Franks, 2019) the ACE results from movement of the proximate possessive pronoun to some position from which it c-commands the coindexed name. It is argued below that the ACE is rather caused by an instantiation of Agree which presupposes little movement on the part of the proximate possessive.

A Classification of Japanese Nursing Homes on the Spatial Layouts of Common Facilities: An analysis using Space Syntax Theory

This article analyzes the spatial layout in Japanese nursing homes, and to clarify the core space and spatial characteristics of the common facility. By using the Space Syntax DepthMapX tool, we analyzed 62 nursing homes from Japanese architecture publications. Then, we use the spatial integration metric to identify the core space and transition of the common core facilities. The result shows the core space changed from the corridor in the 1980s to the hall nowadays; the community space and physical training room have also become the common core facility in Japanese nursing homes.

Research on The Relationship between Residential Space Pattern and Traditional Culture based on Space Syntax: Taking Kejia House as an Example

This article uses the space syntax theory to analyze the space diagram of the typical traditional houses and houses in Southeast Hubei, and discusses the characteristics of the spatial pattern of the traditional houses. Using Depthmap software to analyze the spatial pattern of traditional dwellings, and calculating data indicators of integration, connectivity, and integration of horizons. Through analyzing the characteristics of spatial pattern, it reflects the characteristics of moral concepts, clan concepts, and living habits in Southeast Hubei.

Examining the diffusion of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in a metropolis: a space syntax approach

BackgroundThe urban built environment (BE) has been globally acknowledged as one of the main factors that affects the spread of infectious disease. However, the effect of the street network on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence has been insufficiently studied. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes COVID-19, is far more transmissible than previous respiratory viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which highlights the role of the spatial configuration of street network in COVID-19 spread, as it is where humans have contact with each other, especially in high-density areas. To fill this research gap, this study utilized space syntax theory and investigated the effect of the urban BE on the spatial diffusion of COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong.MethodThis study collected a comprehensive dataset including a total of 3815 confirmed cases and corresponding locations from January 18 to October 5, 2020. Based on the space syntax theory, six space syntax measures were selected as quantitative indicators for the urban BE. A linear regression model and Geographically Weighted Regression model were then applied to explore the underlying relationships between COVID-19 cases and the urban BE. In addition, we have further improved the performance of GWR model considering the spatial heterogeneity and scale effects by adopting an adaptive bandwidth.ResultOur results indicated a strong correlation between the geographical distribution of COVID-19 cases and the urban BE. Areas with higher integration (a measure of the cognitive complexity required for a pedestrians to reach a street) and betweenness centrality values (a measure of spatial network accessibility) tend to have more confirmed cases. Further, the Geographically Weighted Regression model with adaptive bandwidth achieved the best performance in predicting the spread of COVID-19 cases.ConclusionIn this study, we revealed a strong positive relationship between the spatial configuration of street network and the spread of COVID-19 cases. The topology, network accessibility, and centrality of an urban area were proven to be effective for use in predicting the spread of COVID-19. The findings of this study also shed light on the underlying mechanism of the spread of COVID-19, which shows significant spatial variation and scale effects. This study contributed to current literature investigating the spread of COVID-19 cases in a local scale from the space syntax perspective, which may be beneficial for epidemic and pandemic prevention.

Ill-Formed Phrases and Ambiguity of Sentence Meaning in Students Sentence Writing

Being able to compile their own academic writing is one of college students’ main goals. They can generally make some good sentences yet they often make mistakes when they create phrases. The phrases which are formed wrongly will be called ill-formed phrases in this paper. This paper illustrates which ill formed phrases, the reconstruction of phrase meaning and the reconstruction of the sentence meaning.The methodology of this research is descriptive qualitative research. Syntax theories, semantics and some general linguistics theories are used in this paper. The objective of this research are to identify ill-formed phrase construction in students’ work, to reform the phrase meaning and to reform sentence meaning.The result of this paper concern to the forms of possible ill-form phrases, the phrase reconstruction in students’ works and threconstruction of the sentence meaning.

Text-Forming Function of Addition in the Later Stories of V. G. Lidin

The subject of analysis is addition as a phenomenon of language and speech, as well as the specificity of the text-forming function of addition in artistic and speech creativity. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that until now in the theory of syntax there is no generally accepted view of the essence of addition and how it is produced in speech, and it is also not considered that the text-forming function of addition is unique in different speech spheres, in particular in artistic speech creativity. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that addition is presented as a special syntactic form, characterized by its semantics and formally constructive organization and determining the assumptions and limitations of its speech implementation. The dual manifestation of the text-forming function of attachment in artistic and speech creativity is shown. The research material is based on the late stories of V. G. Lidin, included in the collection “Melting Snows” (1980): this writer, whose metapoetics is characterized by close attention to syntax, used addition with extraordinary skill. When analyzing addition constructions in three stories, it was found that the addition is produced intentionally, counting on a textual perspective. It has been established that the text-forming function of addition is manifested in the organization of compositional-semantic communication on the one hand, and in the creation of an artistic detail on the other hand.

A study of aerial courtyard of super high-rise building based on optimisation of space structure

Abstract The independent super high-rise building weakens and reduces the cooperation of functional subsystems. Implanting aerial courtyards could improve the aerial environment of that corresponding floor and enable the plane courtyards to be stereoscopic. Constructing multiple aerial courtyard-centred functional clusters of higher floors can optimise the overall space structural relationship. The paper uses the space syntax theory to discuss how to construct holistically linked aerial courtyards in a super high-rise building and applies the Grasshopper-based space syntax arithmetic logical unit to analyse and calculate the aerial courtyard of super high-rise building in different space structure modes, and also proposes design optimisation strategies based on these analyses. The paper points out that by setting aerial courtyard between vertical transportation space and functional space, establishing a direct connection between adjacent aerial courtyards, arranging vertical transportation space dispersedly and so on, it is possible to promote vertical cooperative effect, enhance integration and intelligibility of entire space structure, and provide guidelines and foundation for the construction of vertical cities.

A longitudinal residential relocation study of changes in street layout and physical activity

Few longitudinal residential relocation studies have explored associations between urban form and physical activity, and none has used the Space Syntax theory. Using a Canadian longitudinal dataset (n = 5944), we estimated: (1) differences in physical activity between non-movers, and those relocating to neighbourhoods with less or more integrated street layouts, and; (2) associations between changes in street layout integration exposure and differences in physical activity. Adjusting for covariates, we found relative to non-movers, those who moved to more integrated neighbourhoods undertook significantly (p < .05) more leisure walking (27.3 min/week), moderate-intensity (45.7 min/week), and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (54.4 min/week). Among movers, a one-unit increase in the relative change in street integration exposure ([Street integration at follow-up—street integration at baseline]/street integration at baseline) was associated with a 7.5 min/week increase in leisure walking. Our findings suggest that urban design policies that improve neighbourhood street integration might encourage more physical activity in adults.

The Formation Mechanisms of Road Traffic Noise in Urban Historic Districts: A Case Study of Grand Tang Dynasty Ever-Bright Block in Xi’an, China

The formation mechanisms of road traffic noise in urban historic districts are comprehensively studied through analyzing the superposition of influencing factors with the characteristics of historical districts. Then both the gray related theory and spatial syntax theory are used to construct the screening method of road traffic noise causes which can combine accurate quantitative data and spatial structure selection probability, while the empirical study of Grand Tang Dynasty Ever-bright block in Xi’an is conducted then. The research indicates that the formation mechanisms of road traffic noise in urban historical districts are due to complex stratification in which the traffic flow of motor vehicles, non-motor vehicles and pedestrians affect the noise formation by individual or as a whole under different conditions, as well as the disturbances of landscape nodes and road attributes. Moreover, it is believed that accurate identification of non-quantitative factors is the key to design road traffic noise screening method in historical districts rather than motor vehicle traffic flows.

The Impact of the Ring Roads on the Location Pattern of Shops in Town and City Centres. A Space Syntax Approach

This contribution demonstrates how inner ring roads change the location pattern of shops in urban areas with the application of the space syntax method. A market rational behaviour persists, in that shop owners always search for an optimal location to reach as many customers as possible. If the accessibility to this optimal location is affected by changes in a city’s road and street structure, it will affect the location pattern of shops. Initially, case studies of inner ring road projects in Birmingham, Coventry, Wolverhampton, Bristol, Tampere, and Mannheim show how their realisation affect the spatial structure of the street network of these cities and the location pattern of shops. The results of the spatial integration analyses of the street and road network are discussed with reference to changes in land-use before and after the implementation of ring roads, and current space syntax theories. As the results show, how an inner ring road is connected to and the type of the street network it is imposed upon dictates the resulting location pattern of shops. Shops locate and relocate themselves along the most spatially-integrated streets. Evidence on how new road projects influence the location pattern of shops in urban centres are useful for planning sustainable city centres.

Predicate fronting in Yiddish and conditions on multiple copy Spell-Out

Predicate fronting with doubling (also known as the predicate cleft) has long been a challenge for theories of syntax that do not predict the pronunciation of multiple occurrences. Previous analyses that derive the construction via syntactic movement, including those attributing verb doubling to the formation of parallel chains (e.g., Aboh 2006; Kandybowicz 2008), are incompatible with remnant movement (Müller 1998), which does not give rise to doubling. This article presents data from the predicate fronting construction in Yiddish, in which verbs always double but complements never do. I argue that these seemingly contradictory pronunciation facts can be reconciled even if one assumes that phrasal movement and head movement are both syntactic. More specifically, the pronunciation of occurrences in Yiddish (doubled or not) follows from the general conditions on Spell-Out (or Transferpf) defined by Collins and Stabler (2016), modified only to accommodate syntactic head movement. Post-syntactic PF repairs are thus not required to account for the facts of the Yiddish predicate fronting construction. If such repairs are needed to generate doubling phenomena in other languages, they should be explicitly defined so as to modify or override the predictions of default Spell-Out conditions.

Fenomena program Ridwan Hasan dalam pembelajaran MNR pada program “Belajar di Rumah” siswa sekolah dasar

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The purpose of this research is to describe the MNR method in mathematics learning delivered by Ridwan Hasan in the TVRI program "Belajar di Rumah". This research used descriptive qualitative method with phenomenological approach. The informants in this research were students in V grade of Elementary School in 2020/2021 academic year at Pringkuku District, Pacitan city. The sampling technique used was a purposive sampling. The data collection technique was done by observation, interviews, and analysis documents. The data validity test used source triangulation and time triangulation. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman's model. The results of this study indicate that MNR method is quite helpful for students in understanding Mathematics during online learning. The MNR method steps that Pak Ridwan presented are in accordance with the MNR syntax theory. The display of the segment "Gemar Matematika Bersama Pak Ridwan" which uses animations and interactive images makes students interested in Mathematics learning. A unique variation in learning is the use of traditional clothing that changes every day which attracts the curiosity of students. Apart from functioning as variations in learning, the use of traditional clothing is also beneficial for students to gain new knowledge and insights about customs in Indonesia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; Mathematics, Online learning, MNR method, Elementary School.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;