National Representation Research Articles

CULINARY AS A REPRESENTATION OF NATIONALISM IN THE NOVEL PULANG BY LEILA S. CHUDORI

This study uses the novel Pulang by Leila S. Chudori with the aim of dismantling the representation of nationalism depicted through food in literary works. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method with a gastrocritical approach, a research paradigm to analyze culinary literature and semiotics to uncover signs in the text. The results of this study reveal that there are 2 types of food found in the narrative of the novel, namely spices and food. Both types of food are symbols as representations of nationalism described by the characters. Then, the fluid fabric in the narrative structure of this novel presents ideological issues related to a sense of ownership, love for the homeland, and an identity that is maintained by the exiled characters and other characters through food.

The Socioeconomic Drivers of Ethical Food Consumption in Ecuador: A Quantitative Analysis

A significant body of research has analyzed the socioeconomic determinants of ethical consumption, nevertheless, most of those studies have been conducted in high-income countries. With data from a survey with national representation (n = 11,526), this study aimed at analyzing the socioeconomic factors shaping decisions of ethical consumption in Ecuador, a middle-income country, where agroecological production has been proposed as a strategy to reduce rural poverty while promoting sustainable agriculture. Price is the principal purchasing criterion for 78% of the households in the sample, while ecological/organic label and support to local farmers account for 11 and 3% of the sample, respectively. Brand is the principal buying criterion for 8% of the sample. Consistent with prior research, the results of a multinomial probit regression show that ecological consumers are statistically likely to be wealthier and more educated than their price-driven counterparts. Contrary to the findings of previous research in Ecuador, ecological consumers do exhibit environmental awareness. Those with support to local producers as their main purchasing driver are also featured by high levels of wealth and education, nevertheless, they are not as concerned about the environment as their ecological counterparts. The implications of these findings for policy are explored in the Discussion section.

АЛТАЙ-КИЖИ/АЛТАЕЦ как базовый концепт национального самосознания алтайцев

The study aims to describe the structure and content of the ethnospecific ALTAI-KIZHI/ALTAIAN concept in the linguistic consciousness of the modern Altaians. The results of a free associative experiment conducted by means of a survey in the Altai language served as the empirical basis of the study. The work is novel in that it considers the ALTAI-KIZHI/ALTAIAN concept as a communicator of the national identity of the titular nation of the Gornyi Altai. As a result, it has been proved that the ALTAI-KIZHI/ALTAIAN concept possesses a rich field and reflects important features of the national mental representations of the indigenous people of the Altai Republic about themselves, their belonging to the ethnic group and Altai culture.

Challenges of Dispute Settlement through International Court of Justice (ICJ): the Case of Ukraine v. Russian Federation the Decision on Provisional Measures on Alleged Violation of Genocide Convention

This article aims to study the challenges faced by the ICJ in the international dispute resolution processes by analyzing the case between Ukraine v. Russia emphasizing the decision of the court on claims of provisional measures to stop Russian military operation in Ukraine. The qualitative approach was utilized in this research referring to both primary and secondary sources. The finding shows that ICJ has been facing challenges which is revealed in Ukraine’s case too. Regardless of the marvelous efforts of ICJ, state parties are quitting the jurisdiction of ICJ by rejecting the principle of international law of treaties. Besides, the gap in institutional independence in the process of election of judges has involved the veto power of the Security Council which is a political organ. Even more, the election of ad hoc judges is based on the intention of national representation. To this effect, the verdict on Ukraine’s claim has been decided by the split majority vote and judges’ individual independence in decision-making has been influenced by national interest, the political orientation of judges, ideology, and, diplomatic relations of states. The worst is that the judgment enforcement UN Security Council’s structural posture caused failure to execute decisions. Favoritism and intervention by unilateral sanction are also other problems. Therefore, the writer suggests the court demand a radical change to attain its intended object.

How Pure Was Romanian Rugby? Minority, Majority and Extremists in Romanian Interwar Rugby

One of the most compelling characterisations of interwar Romanian rugby was that it was once a ‘pure’ sport, played almost exclusively by ethnic Romanians. This issue is important considering the connections between nationalism, sports, and national representation in competitions during the interwar period in Romania. For Romanian rugby, the issue had also been raised in the 1930s when, in the context of the controversies surrounding the Romanization of the national football team, the national rugby team was cited as an example of a situation in which results or field losses were irrelevant because those who represented Romania were ‘pure’ Romanians. The purpose of this article is to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse the ethnic ‘purity’ of Romanian rugby, from the national team to the teams which played in the first division. An analysis of the rugby minority and the extremist teams (Macabbi Bucharest, Legiunea Sportivă Bucharest) will be undertaken, as will the changes in Romanian rugby during the National Legionary State. This article proves the falseness of the purity idea of Interwar Romanian rugby, using content analysis and explaining this in the context of that epoch.

A sub-imperial realm amidst the global parliamentary moment: legislative imaginations of Russian Poland, 1905–18

ABSTRACT This article seeks to explore the ideal of parliament nurtured by various political actors in the Russian-controlled Kingdom of Poland, up to the formation of the Polish nation state after the interim German occupation. Spanned between the legacy of the noble Sejms and radical democratic ideas for future Poland, the cultural imagination of parliamentarism faced its imperfect embodiment in the existing imperial assemblies – above all, the Russian Duma. Drawing from an extensive collection of political leaflets, press of various profiles and Russian administrative sources, I demonstrate the entangled, lived relationship between parliament and revolution, by no means opposite concepts in the global wave of constitutional revolutions. The parliamentary ideal served to renegotiate the arrangements of imperial social space in the direction of national self-assertion and perpetuated social practices conductive to future democratic arrangements. The actors involved demonstrated ambiguous potentials of various forms of national representation. These experiences and considerations had grave consequences in the critical juncture of the revolutionary sequence leading to the emergence of the Polish nation state – for the time being, in a majoritarian parliamentary form.

On the Verge of Neo-Imperialism and Neutrality: The Construction of the Belgian Consulate-General in Seoul (1903-1907)

ABSTRACT This article frames the design and construction of the Belgian Consulate-General in Seoul (1903-1907) as a project of national representation on the verge of neo-imperialism and neutrality. The building project, designed by Belgian architect A. Groothaert, was part of the Belgian mission to showcase itself as an economic, commercial and industrial power via diplomatic architecture. The article discusses the design and building process paying particular attention to the materiality of the building. It analyses how this project and the selection of Belgian building materials were guided by aspirations to promote national industry and commerce; which were however continuously impacted by the difficulties imposed by the longdistance organisational model Brussels-Seoul, and the limitations in budget and resources of the small-state power that Belgium was at the time, as well as the rapidly changing political reality of Korea. Moreover, the article highlights how diplomatic architecture was used by a neutral country to channel its neo-imperial ambitions. In doing so it also underlines the importance of broadening the research perspective on diplomatic architecture to include consular buildings, as in the case of neutral and secondary states economic and commercial considerations often prevailed over political ambitions.

Representation of National and Cultural Identity in Hungarian Translation of E. Vodolazkin’s Novel “Laurus”

The problem of translation of a literary text is considered, in which the interpretation of the national-cultural self-identification of the characters and the narrator is a significant tool for identifying its semantic dominant. For the first time, the issue of translation strategies in relation to the actualization of “one’s own and someone else’s” is studied on the material of the Hungarian translation of Evgeny Vodolazkin’s novel “Laurus”. The object of the study is archaic or non-archaic fragments of the Old Russian text in the speech of the heroes of the novel, as well as translations of personal names and toponyms. It is established that Lajos Palfalvi uses the translation strategy of domestication. The language means of archaization used in the translation text are described. It is proved that the leading means of archaization in translation is the use of the ancient Hungarian narrative past, other means of archaization are obsolete forms, words and syntactic constructions, rare words and words belonging to a high, literary or folk style. The adequacy of the translation strategy is demonstrated: these linguistic means refer the Hungarian reader to the Middle Ages, which corresponds to the author's intention. At the same time, it is noted that the specific linguocultural continuity of the Eastern Slavs (inhabitants of Ancient Russia) and Russians (native speakers of the modern Russian language) is only partially updated in the translation of the novel.

Challenges of Dispute Settlement through International Court of Justice (ICJ): the Case of Ukraine v. Russian Federation, the Decision on Provisional Measures on Alleged Violation of Genocide Convention

This article aims to discuss the challenges faced by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the international dispute resolution processes by analyzing the case of Ukraine v. Russia emphasizing the decision of the court on the claims of provisional measures to stop the Russian military operation in Ukraine. To pinpoint the challenges faced by ICJ, the article uses a qualitative approach using both primary and secondary sources, however, the article stresses the latest pending case that Ukraine claims application for proceeding and provisional measures. It is obvious ICJ is the judicial organ of the UN however, the finding of this research shows that ICJ has been facing challenges and the problem is visible in Ukraine v. Russia pending case. Regardless of the marvelous effort state parties are quitting the jurisdiction of ICJ by rejecting the principle of international law of treaties. Such a move by the states like Russia damaged trust in the role of ICJ. Besides, the lacuna in the institutional independence in the process of election of judges has involved veto power of the Security Council which is a political organ. Even more, the election of ad hoc judges is based on motive of the national representation. To this effect, the verdict on claim of Ukraine’s provisional measure is decided by a split vote and the judges’ individual independence in decision-making power has been influenced by national interest, the political orientation of judges, ideology, and, diplomatic relations of states. However, the decision has failed to be enforced. The enforcement organ Security Council’s structural posture caused failure to execute decisions. Favoritism and intervention by unilateral sanction are also other problems. Therefore, the writer has concluded the court should deserve a radical change to preserve the intended object. The ICJ needs to empower independence from any organ of UN that would enhance its effectiveness. It is necessary to have a reform action plan to revise the election process of judges and presidents and the overall structural and functional capabilities of the court.

Challenges of Dispute Settlement through International Court of Justice (ICJ): the Case of Ukraine v. Russian Federation, the Decision on Provisional Measures on Alleged Violation of Genocide Convention

This article aims to discuss the challenges faced by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the international dispute resolution processes by analyzing the case of Ukraine v. Russia emphasizing the decision of the court on the claims of provisional measures to stop the Russian military operation in Ukraine. To pinpoint the challenges faced by ICJ, the article uses a qualitative approach using both primary and secondary sources, however, the article stresses the latest pending case that Ukraine claims application for proceeding and provisional measures. It is obvious ICJ is the judicial organ of the UN however, the finding of this research shows that ICJ has been facing challenges and the problem is visible in Ukraine v. Russia pending case. Regardless of the marvelous effort state parties are quitting the jurisdiction of ICJ by rejecting the principle of international law of treaties. Such a move by the states like Russia damaged trust in the role of ICJ. Besides, the lacuna in the institutional independence in the process of election of judges has involved veto power of the Security Council which is a political organ. Even more, the election of ad hoc judges is based on motive of the national representation. To this effect, the verdict on claim of Ukraine’s provisional measure is decided by a split vote and the judges’ individual independence in decision-making power has been influenced by national interest, the political orientation of judges, ideology, and, diplomatic relations of states. However, the decision has failed to be enforced. The enforcement organ Security Council’s structural posture caused failure to execute decisions. Favoritism and intervention by unilateral sanction are also other problems. Therefore, the writer has concluded the court should deserve a radical change to preserve the intended object. The ICJ needs to empower independence from any organ of UN that would enhance its effectiveness. It is necessary to have a reform action plan to revise the election process of judges and presidents and the overall structural and functional capabilities of the court.

Predatory Identities the Duty to Remember and Forget / A Study in Arabian Novel

Memory studies are among the studies that fall in the interdisciplinary field, and the need for them has arisen to address the present representations of groups and nations because of the collective memory of the groups that present a present perception of the past, and the issue of genocide and genocidal violence is one of the present topics in our contemporary reality. Therefore, this research seeks to find a literary and critical reading of the duty of memory. By raising the issue of genocide in literature through the concept of (predatory identities) by the anthropological researcher (Arjun Appadurai). Predatory identities are identities “whose construction and social organization require the extinction of other social groups close to them, identified as threatening the existence of a group (us)”. The feeling of threat is the first determinant of group building, and at the same time, the first signs of its predatory nature, confirming the existence of the other (the enemy) is a condition for building identity in general, and predatory in particular. Appadurai defines conditions for these identities, saying: “Predatory identities are generated periodically from the presence of two or more identities, which have a long history of friction and amalgamation, and a certain limit of mutual stereotyping. It is, but there must be some degree of discrepancy between the two groups in defining the identity.” The predatory identity claims to be the majority. It moves to achieve identity purity by getting rid of the other identity that hinders the completion of its purity.

Knowledge, perceived barriers, and practices of oncology nurses regarding cancer pain management

Purpose: Effective cancer pain management involves significant knowledge and proficiency in pain assessment and recording. This study sought to assess nurses' knowledge, behaviors, and perceived impediments to managing cancer-related pain. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. A convenience sample of 502 nurses working in three primary health care sectors in Jordan was selected to ensure national representation. To collect data, an English-language online Google Electronic Form was employed. Results: Nurses were 86.4% male and 51.4% between 21 and 35. Additionally, 578.8% of nurses were employed in the private sector. The mean knowledge score for cancer pain management was 6.48/14, indicating a knowledge gap in opioid rescue dose deficiency among nurses. According to 68.1% of nurses, the most frequently encountered patient-related hurdle was insufficient expertise in pain control. 75.3%, on the other hand, named insufficient staffing, and 74.7%, opioid regulations as significant health care system impediments. Private hospital nurses score significantly higher than nurses in other hospitals. The degree of expertise varied according to age and pain management training. For 56.8% of nurses, contacting a physician for an opioid prescription is the most delayed action. Conclusion: Knowledge gaps and impediments to successful cancer pain management were assessed. Additional training in cancer pain treatment is crucial, increasing coordination and communication between doctors and nurses. The survey data assist educators in developing educational techniques, and the least correctly answered answers might aid educators in identifying knowledge gaps.

Race reporting and representation in clinical trials from 2007-2020: An analysis of gynecologic oncology and other gynecology specialties (556)

Objectives: To characterize race and ethnicity reporting and representation in United States (US) gynecologic oncology (Gyn-Onc) clinical trials and compare reporting and representation across gynecology subspecialties. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we investigated all US-based gynecology clinical trials that reported results on ClinicalTrials.gov from October 2007-March 2020, with a focus on Gyn-Onc. We evaluated two outcomes: (1) reporting of participant race/ethnicity and (2) representation (proportion of trial enrollees of a given race/eth- nicity). We analyzed associations of trial funding and subspecialty with each outcome using descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. We modeled representation using logistic regression with a binary outcome (> or <20% Black, Indigenous, and People of Color [BIPOC] enrollment) controlling for a trial year, phase, and funder. Results: Of 8,515 registered gynecology trials, 3,214 were based in the US. Only 888 of 3,214 (27.6%) reported trial results, of which 505 (56.9%; 190,147 participants) included participant race/ethnicity data. There was a significant increase in race/ethnicity reporting over the study period (p<0.001). Race/ethnicity reporting varied by funder (government/academic 14.2%, industry 19.4%, p<0.001) and subspecialty (Gyn-Onc 13.9%, Benign Gynecology 16.6%, p=0.002), but these reporting differences were not persistent in multivariable analysis. Among trials that reported race/ethnicity, all BIPOC groups were underrepresented relative to their national population representation (Table). No significant difference in representation was seen by funding status. However, differences by subspecialty were noted; in aggregate, Benign Gynecology trials had more than twice as much diversity as Gyn-Onc trials (39.6% vs 17.7% average BIPOC representation per trial). Compared with Gyn-Onc clinical trials, REI (aOR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.36-6.47), family planning (aOR: 3.68, 95% CI 1.87-8.16), and other benign gynecology trials (aOR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.26-2.55) all had greater odds of enrolling at least 20% BIPOC participants. No difference was demonstrated between Gyn-Onc and Urogynecology trials. Conclusions: Reporting of race/ethnicity in US gynecology clinical trials is poor but improving. Among trials with race-ethnicity reporting, BIPOC participants were consistently underrepresented. Gyn-Onc trials demonstrated the least diversity of all gynecology subspecialties. This trend excludes BIPOC communities from health innovation conferred through trial participation, biases medical evidence, and worsens disparities in gynecology. Objectives: To characterize race and ethnicity reporting and representation in United States (US) gynecologic oncology (Gyn-Onc) clinical trials and compare reporting and representation across gynecology subspecialties. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we investigated all US-based gynecology clinical trials that reported results on ClinicalTrials.gov from October 2007-March 2020, with a focus on Gyn-Onc. We evaluated two outcomes: (1) reporting of participant race/ethnicity and (2) representation (proportion of trial enrollees of a given race/eth- nicity). We analyzed associations of trial funding and subspecialty with each outcome using descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. We modeled representation using logistic regression with a binary outcome (> or <20% Black, Indigenous, and People of Color [BIPOC] enrollment) controlling for a trial year, phase, and funder. Results: Of 8,515 registered gynecology trials, 3,214 were based in the US. Only 888 of 3,214 (27.6%) reported trial results, of which 505 (56.9%; 190,147 participants) included participant race/ethnicity data. There was a significant increase in race/ethnicity reporting over the study period (p<0.001). Race/ethnicity reporting varied by funder (government/academic 14.2%, industry 19.4%, p<0.001) and subspecialty (Gyn-Onc 13.9%, Benign Gynecology 16.6%, p=0.002), but these reporting differences were not persistent in multivariable analysis. Among trials that reported race/ethnicity, all BIPOC groups were underrepresented relative to their national population representation (Table). No significant difference in representation was seen by funding status. However, differences by subspecialty were noted; in aggregate, Benign Gynecology trials had more than twice as much diversity as Gyn-Onc trials (39.6% vs 17.7% average BIPOC representation per trial). Compared with Gyn-Onc clinical trials, REI (aOR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.36-6.47), family planning (aOR: 3.68, 95% CI 1.87-8.16), and other benign gynecology trials (aOR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.26-2.55) all had greater odds of enrolling at least 20% BIPOC participants. No difference was demonstrated between Gyn-Onc and Urogynecology trials. Conclusions: Reporting of race/ethnicity in US gynecology clinical trials is poor but improving. Among trials with race-ethnicity reporting, BIPOC participants were consistently underrepresented. Gyn-Onc trials demonstrated the least diversity of all gynecology subspecialties. This trend excludes BIPOC communities from health innovation conferred through trial participation, biases medical evidence, and worsens disparities in gynecology.

Advocacy: From the Patient to the Profession

It is well known that nursing comprises the largest segment of the health care industry at local, state, national, and even international levels. The United States has over 4 million registered nurses, and nursing has been voted the most trusted profession for the past 19 years. With such a vast representation within the health care industry, the nursing profession is well positioned to advocate for legislation that promotes safe and healthy work environments, as well as quality care delivery. Although we have many nurses that have provided insight and thoughtful leadership, we have a long way to go to ensure our voice is heard to create and support policy that is recognized at the same level as our national representation. Successful advocacy and the passage of legislation that promotes professional nursing and safe patient care is a multipronged approach. Establishing and fostering relationships in the political arena require a strong political action committee (PACs), coalitions, and active participation in advocacy efforts.

Asia Pacific Theological Association: Three Decades of Contribution toward Pentecostal Research and Ministry Training

The Assemblies of God World Missions of the USA lists over 2,500 affiliated Bible schools, extension centers, and seminaries in the regions it serves worldwide, collectively with over 170,000 students. While some research has explored the history of theological education in the Asia Pacific, few have examined Pentecostal training in the region. This article argues that, over the last thirty years, Asia Pacific Theological Association has helped shape Pentecostal theological education in the Asia Pacific and worldwide through its (1) national representation, (2) localized training and scholarship, (3) global impact on theological education, and (4) networking for interinstitutional cooperation.

Geopolitics in Glass Cases: Nationalist Narratives on Sino–Russian Relations in Chinese Border Museums

History museums, their narratives of a nation’s past and their construction of collective memory are important but oft-neglected dimensions in international relations analyses. This article examines three border history museums on the Chinese side of the formerly contested Sino–Russian frontier. It argues that their nationalist representations of Sino–Russian history challenge assessments of the recent level of rapprochement between Moscow and Beijing on the international stage and the robustness of a possible future alliance or semi-alliance. Hence, this article raises the question of the role of historical memory in the evolution of the Sino–Russian partnership since the fall of the USSR.

Establishing a health profession: What oncology patient navigators can learn from the National Association of Community Health Workers.

Persons who identify as community health workers (CHWs) may hold other titles and/or certifications, including the title of patient navigator (PN). PN roles first emerged from Dr. Harold Freeman's initiative at Harlem Hospital as a strategy to reduce disparities in access to health care, whereas CHW roles extend beyond health systems and are predominantly found in community-based organizations and nonprofits. Although CHWs' origins in the United States predate those of PNs, the growth of CHWs' professional identity and national representation trails that of PNs despite evidence of CHWs' effectiveness since the 1960s. Barriers to progress have included a pattern of short-term and inequitable funding for CHW positions, a lack of employer support for participation in association business, and broad diversity in CHW roles and work settings. The National Association of Community Health Workers (NACHW) was launched in 2019 and built on earlier organizing efforts by multisector, multicultural CHWs and allies in the CHW section of the American Public Health Association and on efforts to create the American Association of Community Health Workers (2006-2009). Trends in health care financing, increasing calls for racial equity, and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have amplified the unique abilities and trust that CHWs apply to underresourced, marginalized, and multiethnic populations to address both the social determinants of health and health system access, cost, and quality. As a result, the NACHW has been at the forefront of efforts to improve federal funding for COVID responses, to sustain funding for CHWs and their organizations beyond the pandemic, and to drive equity in the rebuilding of public health infrastructure and the transformation of payment models and health systems. Lessons learned from this process that have implications for the oncology patient navigation field include the persistent need to reinforce the value of self-determination for the profession in matters of policy; the importance of actively cultivating unity among diverse cultural and practice groups within the profession; the essential roles of active volunteer leadership, early staffing, and substantial financial support over an extended startup period; the ongoing need for leadership development within a workforce with limited exposure to a professional association culture; the vital importance of ongoing efforts to collaborate with and build capacity among state-level CHW networks; and the value of opportunistic national collaborations in a rapidly evolving policy environment.

Navigating Representation: Reflections on the Futures of Kazakh Identity From a CLA Scenarios Process

This short essay reflects on the process of running a Causal Layered Analysis scenario exercise with the Institute for Professional Development at the Academy of Public Administration in Kazakhstan in collaboration with John Sweeney (from the then Qazaq Research Institute for Futures Studies). We worked with approximately 50 public administrators over a 3 day period, culminating in a Causal Layered Analysis scenario process that challenged and reviewed the national vision. The process surfaced fundamental dynamics and tensions in national identity and representation. The findings and process are detailed here.

Bottom-up cultural diplomacy in the Greek periphery: The city of Chania and Dance Days Chania festival

This paper uses the case of Dance Days Chania, a contemporary dance festival in Chania, the second biggest city of the island of Crete, Greece to discuss a bottom-up example of cultural diplomacy in an urban framework. It discusses how a small-scale international festival acts as a cultural diplomacy actor for its hosting city, attributing an international flair to the periphery and adding to the long-established association of the country with cultural heritage, that of contemporary culture. The topography of the city and the festival, creative expression, interaction of and engagement with the people as well as the art genre itself, work as enablers of cultural diplomacy which is exercised here by means of an inclusive cultural experience rather than a simple projection of national cultural representations, with citizens actively participating and contributing throughout the process. The paper argues that cultural diplomacy can also take place outside of national political agendas and be rooted at citizen's initiatives and collective action. • Cities can be sites of bottom-up models of cultural diplomacy with an active involvement of civil society. • Bottom-up cultural diplomacy can be exercised in the periphery through culture and an inclusive cultural experience. • Cultural diplomacy extends beyond national political agendas.

Race, Gender, Nations, and Politics through Women’s Bodies: The Female Combatants (1776)

Political cartoons have long been regarded as a significantly influential medium of media throughout the American Revolution. The subjects of these cartoons are often embodiments of political and racial stereotypes prevalent in Britain and America during the Revolution era. However, the role of feminine figures illustrated as ‘vessels’ embodying countries or symbols communicating said stereotypes in early American prints remains considerably broad, thus perpetuating the need for further research regarding this phenomenon. This paper aims first to understand the political cartoon scheme in America during the War of Independence, as well as analyze symbols within the political cartoon, The Female Combatants (1776), to consider how interpretations of popular female allegories affect how nations, race, and power are shown in political cartoons. In establishing the relevance of these findings in modern media, this paper extends the conclusions of gender-based models in political cartoons to understand the depiction of female combatants in the leaked Abu Ghraib prison scandal images. The findings of this study concluded that because womanly figures are often tied to notions of nationalism, female representations of nations are used in the media to express various symbolic elements that represent power in gender, race, and politics in a way that connects with existing schemas regarding women.&#x0D;