World Health Organization Reports Research Articles

Pengaruh Pemberian Terapi Obat Anti Tubekulosis Fase Intensif Terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin pada Penderita Tuberkulosis di Kota Kupang

ABSTRACT
 Background : Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. According to World Health Organization Report (WHO), TB was ranked as the tenth highest cause of death in the world at 2016. During therapy, patients with active TB for category I were given Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol for 2 months which is the intensive phase and 4 months for continuation phase. Various studies have showed intensive administration of Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (ATD) have a relationship with hemoglobin levels either increasing or decreasing hemoglobin levels in tuberculosis patients.
 Objective : To find out the effect of ATD on hemoglobin levels in tuberculosis patients during the intensive phase of TB treatment in Kupang City
 Methods : This study was an interventional study using the Quasy-Experimental One Group Pretest and Post Test research design to determine effect of ATD on hemoglobin levels in tuberculosis patients during the intensive phase of TB treatment conducted in 11 Primary Health Care in Kupang City by taking capillary blood to measured hemoglobin level. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling and the sample size is 48 people of lung tuberculosis patients. The study was analyzed univariately and bivariately using paired-t test.
 
 Results : The results of data analysis of changes in hemoglobin levels before and after administration intensive phase of ATD showed significance value of p = 0.003 (p <0.05) with mean of ΔHb 0.88 gr/dl.
 
 Conclusion : There is an effect of administration intensive phase of anti-tuberculosis therapy to hemoglobin levels in tuberculosis patients in Kupang City

Air pollution and elite adolescent soccer players’ performance and well-being; an observational study

IntroductionExercising outdoors may inadvertently lead to individuals inhaling levels of air pollution that may be detrimental to their health and activity-related performance. Endurance athletes are a particularly susceptible subgroup due to their high ventilation rates sustained over prolonged periods of time coupled with high training loads that often occur outdoors. In this study, we estimate the effects of air pollution on a series of athletic performance parameters in an elite adolescent soccer team. Methods: External, internal, and subjective loads and wellness questionnaires were recorded for the 26 matches and 197 training sessions carried out during the 2018–19 season for a U19 team competing in Germany. Each session was combined with hourly information on the concentration of PM10, O3 and NO2 in spatial proximity to each playing field for the duration of training or playing. Results: Increases in PM10 and O3 had significant (p <.001) associations with decreasing total distance (m) ran per session. Furthermore, increases in O3 and NO2 concentrations were related to an increase in average heart rate (p <.05). Moreover, increases in PM10 concentration was associated with increased rating of perceived exertion (p <.001). Last, the total inhaled dose of O3 and NO2 over one session was linked to significant (p <.05) decreases in athletes’ wellness scores on the following morning. Discussion: We find supporting evidence of the negative effects of air pollution in elite adolescent soccer players in both matches and training. The negative impacts observed on several aspects of performance are present within an elite team that regularly trained in pollution levels well within the normal ranges of what the World Health Organisation (WHO) reports to be suitable air quality. Therefore, mitigation strategies such as monitoring the air quality at the training pitch are recommended to reduce athlete exposure to air pollution even when exercising in moderate air quality.

Violence Against Women (VAW) as Gendered Hate Crimes

Violence against women (VAW) is a deeply rooted form of misogyny that has always been universally predominant. It targets women and girls from all socio-cultural backgrounds and impacts their self-fulfillment at the personal and professional levels. The utmost manifestation of gendered hatred and sexism, VAW has evolved into a pandemic phenomenon. This paper is based on two main premises. Gender is a risk factor in crimes that women are exposed to, such as rape, femicide or even domestic violence. For this reason, violence against women in all its forms should be legally dealt with under the scope of hate crimes. This article aims at defining the various types of VAW and studying their in-depth impact on the victims. It analyses some statistics based on the United Nations and the World Health Organization reports. It historicizes the concept of hate crimes scrutinizing its relationship with VAW. It argues for the legal relabeling of violence against women (more particularly, femicide and rape) as subcategories of hate crimes, hence the urgency to a legal reform that would protect women worldwide from such a social plight.

Classification of brain tumour based on texture and deep features of magnetic resonance images

AbstractAccording to the world health organization report, brain cancer has the highest death rate. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting brain tumours is adopted these days due to several advantages over other detection techniques. This paper presents a novel methodology to classify MR images based on texture and deep features, z‐score normalization, and, Comprehensive learning elephant herding optimization (CLEHO) based feature optimization and classification. Deep features of brain MR images have been extracted through DenseNet121 convolutional neural network and texture features have been extracted by using the Gabor 2D filter, Haralick texture feature, edge continuity texture feature, first order statistical texture feature, local binary pattern feature, difference theoretic texture feature, and spectral texture feature techniques. Normalization has been done using three normalization techniques that is, z score, mean median absolute deviation (MMAD), and Tanh‐based after aggregating the features extracted from the previous step. z‐score normalization has been suggested for feature normalization after comparing the results attained from the three techniques. Lastly, binary CLEHO has been proposed for selecting an optimal feature set and also optimizing the ‘k’ value of the k‐NN classifier. The outcome of this proposed work is compared with other state‐of‐the‐art methods for a publicly available magnetic resonance image Fighshare dataset of 3064 slices from 233 patients. The proposed work has a brain tumour average classification accuracy of 98.97%, which is better than the other state‐of‐the‐art methods. The proposed work can be used to assist the radiologist in the screening of multi‐class brain tumours.

Smoking is good. Why and how?

Dear editor, The potential of virtual reality in health1,2 is an exciting topic of discussion in the Journal of Public Health. We intend to highlight smoking behavior in the global community and relate it to virtual reality. Generally, we support research on the harmful effects of substances contained in cigarettes, whether filtered cigarettes3–5 or electronic cigarettes6–8, that could endanger the body. According to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2021, the percentage of adult smokers worldwide is trending downward. However, due to the increasing global population, the actual number of adult smokers is still on the rise. In 2020, it was estimated that there were around 1.1 billion adult smokers worldwide. Although this number has decreased from the previous year, it is still huge. Additionally, according to the WHO, the use of e-cigarettes among adolescents is continuing to increase and has become a serious global public health issue.

The Pattern of COVID-19 in Horn of Africa countries, from March-December 2020.

Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) is a novel, highly infectious, and potentially fatal communicable pandemic disease. It has taken longer to reach Africa than the other continents. To examine the pattern of COVID-19 in the Horn of Africa countries from March to December 2020. A prospective cross-sectional study in which the total number of daily reported cases and deaths were collected from the official website of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Worldometer. Data were standardized based on the total population provided by World Population Prospects 2020 per million. Data sources of WHO reports and governmental reports from March to December 2020 were analyzed in this study. Data extraction was done using the microsoft excel spreadsheet tool, variables relating to the countries were computed in terms of frequencies and percentages. The findings revealed that as of 31st December 2020, 136,129 (7590 per million) cases were reported from the four countries in the Horn of Africa. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) in the Horn of Africa was 1.14%. The majority of the cases were reported from Djibouti (77.20%), followed by Ethiopia (14.07%), Eritrea (4.87%), and Somalia (3.86%). The highest case fatality rate (0.81%) was from Djibouti, and the lowest (0.01%) was from Eritrea. The epidemiological pattern of COVID-19 among the Horn of African countries seems to have slow progress, given the prevalence of the new infections remains low, and the death toll seems stable throughout the study periods, except for Djibouti. Hence, the prevention control measures implemented in the countries should be further strengthened and supported. It is recommended that relevant stakeholders responsible for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic should put up measures to curb the spread of the virus in the region and set up a crisis management system to combat future pandemics.

Emergency in Group A Streptococcal Infections: Single center data from Turkey.

Emergency in Group A Streptococcal Infections: Single center data from Turkey.

Diabetes and heart disease identification using biomedical iris data

The World Health Organization (WHO) report shows that Heart disease is the major cause of death all over the world i.e. nearly 21.2 million people die every year directly or indirectly from Cardiovascular (Heart) diseases estimated 32% of all deaths worldwide. Whereas, Diabetes is at the ninth position for the death all over the world i.e. nearly 3.7 million people die every year from diabetes estimated 6.61% of all deaths worldwide. The Heart and Pancreas organ play a most important role in human being. The blood flows in all parts of the body through heart. The function of pancreas is to regulate maintain the insulin levels that is responsible for diabetes. The detection of heart disease and diabetes takes too much time and very costly process. In our research, we develop a Heart Disease and Diabetes Identification System based on Iris Healthcare Kiosk. We proposed a desktop system application that detects these diseases through the Iris. The process starts by taking the left Eye photograph of the patient's through Eyeronec (company name) camera and perform intermediates operations of target cropping, pre-processing, auto-cropping (through integral projection and removing sclera), heart regions of interest (ROI) measuring, pancreatic measuring, extracting the feature and finally classify in the result. The classification result shows that 83% tests are successful, 11% tests are scant whereas 6% tests became fail. The operation is performed on 32 different training digital data sets and final result is labelled as normal or abnormal. The result shows that accuracy of our proposed system in heart disease and diabetes are 86.36% and 90.91% respectively.

DESIGN OF AN EYE CLINIC SHIP WITH A HYBRID ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE NUSA TENGGARA ISLANDS

The World Health Organization reports that cataracts are responsible for up to 77.7% of visually impaired individuals in Southeast Asia, with Indonesia having the largest population of such individuals. Cataracts can grow faster in areas exposed to much exposure to ultraviolet rays, such as the Nusa Tenggara Islands, which cover 3 provinces, namely Bali, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). The availability of ophthalmologists in NTB and NTT is still lacking. One ophthalmologist serves 261,969 people in NTB and 871,510 people in NTT. This condition contrasts the target distribution of ophthalmologists according to the 2017-2030 Roadmap for Management of Visual Impairment in Indonesia. The development of the shipping industry has had a negative impact on world carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The use of a multi-energy hybrid system is believed to be able to effectively reduce energy consumption and emissions from ships. So, in this study, an innovation in the design of an Eye Clinic Vessel with a hybrid electric energy source was designed using the Spiral Design method. This paper aims to obtain operational patterns, payload, main dimensions, technical calculations, lines plan, general arrangements, safety plans, and 3D models. The ship will serve 14 areas with a ratio of ophthalmologists with a population of more than 1:250,000. Two ships will be built, which will be divided into 2 routes, namely the North Route and the South Route. Each area will be served for one week, so 1 round trip of the Eye Clinic Ship takes around 52 days. This ship has a payload in the form of a minimum deck area for clinical facilities of 228.2 m2 and can accommodate 25 patients with a length overall (Loa) of 38.27 m; Width (B) 10 m; Height (H) 3 m; Draft (T) 1.8 m; and Service Speed (Vs) 13 knots. The ship uses 86 units of solar panels with 120 batteries to store electrical energy. This solar panel can save fuel usage up to 54%.

A pharmaceutical monitoring system to assess the quality of antituberculosis drug products used in Mauritania.

The quality of drug products may be affected from manufacture to dispensing, particularly at high temperature and humidity as in Mauritania. This country is not included in the World Health Organization reports on poor quality products due to the lack of a qualified laboratory and monitoring system. Ensuring the quality of medicine is even more relevant in the case of diseases such as Tuberculosis, due to its high prevalence, complex treatment and continuous bacterial resistance. The aim was to develop a monitoring system to assess the quality of antituberculosis drugs products, by the substandard detection based on European and United States Pharmacopeial recommendations regarding quality control. In addition to studying the influence of accelerated storage conditions (40 ± 2°C/75 ± 5% relative humidity) on their qualities and comparing the dissolution profiles to contrast the quality. 18 antituberculosis drug products were taken from Europe and Mauritania, and quality was studied through visual inspection and according to the compliance of the mass uniformity, uniformity of dosage units, dissolution, disintegration and friability pharmacopeial tests. Furthermore, a dissolution profile comparison was carried out to examine quality. A stability study was conducted to assess the influence of climatic conditions on the content and the dissolved amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredients, which were determined by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system. As result, 69.3% of 13 Mauritanian formulations had a substandard quality mainly due to non-compliance with the test for friability or content uniformity of these medicines. All European drug products complied with pharmacopeia specifications. In addition, storage conditions affected the dissolution rate of ethambutol and the uniformity of the 4 antituberculosis combination drug products.

Chlamydial and gonorrheal neglected sexually transmitted diseases among Pacific Islanders of the Western Pacific Region-A narrative review and call to action.

The Pacific Island countries of the Western Pacific Region have some of the highest rates of sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in the world. Despite this, there are few research studies that include Pacific Islanders. We conducted a narrative review of original research and surveys, including World Health Organization and Pacific Community reports, to determine the prevalence, management, and treatment of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae compared to HIV and syphilis from 1980 to 2022. Available epidemiologic data on C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae indicated an extremely high prevalence-approximately 30% and 13%, respectively-among Pacific Islanders during this timeframe. These neglected sexually transmitted infections represent a significant burden and health disparity. Robust epidemiologic research is needed to identify modifiable risk factors for designing interventions and control strategies. Appropriate policies along with regional and international advocacy and aid are required to improve reproductive health among these vulnerable, understudied populations to avert preventable infections and sequelae.

Summary of the 2016 World Health Organization Report and 2021 Compendium on environmental diseases

The report written by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 presents an extensive assessment to show how the improvement of the environment can promote health and well-being. The awareness of how many diseases could be avoided by focusing on environmental risk factors would give a boost to global efforts to promote preventive health. The results obtained by the quantitative analysis on the burden of diseases attributable to the environment, confirm that 24% of global deaths and 26% of deaths among children under 5 years are caused by modifiable environmental risk factors. For this reason, this report strongly supports the idea that the environment is a solid platform for good public, community and individual health. Furthermore, in 2021, WHO with the United Nations developed a Compendium, which provides strategies and key guidance for acting on environmental conditions as a key contributor to reducing many communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). In the following article we examined the environment-related diseases according to WHO paperwork.

Urban Taxi Slogans: The People's Arts

Urban Taxi Slogans: The People's Arts

Knowledge and attitude of radiation safety and the use of protective measures among healthcare workers in a tertiary center.

World Health Organization (WHO) reports that medical applications used in different fields account for the majority of the artificial source of radiation. Due to the high exposure to ionizing radiation, healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients are considered at high risk of suffering its harmful effects. A questionnaire survey was used to conduct a cross-sectional study that aimed to estimate the radiation safety, knowledge, attitude and the use of protective measures among HCWs in a tertiary hospital. A total of 174 participants were included in our study, the majority of them were physicians (100, 57.1%), nurses staff were 67 (38.3%), and the technicians were 8 (4.6%). Across the entire spectrum, the low level of attitude toward radiation safety was 96 (54.8%), majority of them were physicians 69 (71.9%). On the other hand, the high level of attitude toward radiation safety was 79 (45.2%), majority were nurses staff 42 (53.2%). Regarding the knowledge of radiation safety, out of all low-level attitudes, 53 (55.2%) had knowledge about the optimal thickness of the lead shield, 80 (83.3%) had knowledge about leukemia and lymphoma, 56 (58.3%) had knowledge regarding cataract, and 70 (72.9%) had knowledge regarding birth defect. Our study found that the majority of our physicians had a low attitude regarding radiation safety, although the majority of them were found to have knowledge about it. A recommendation for solid curricular application of radiation safety should be implemented in medical schools, postgraduate with continuous training, and practical courses which may help to improve the level of attitude and knowledge among HCWs regarding radiation safety.

Prevalence of abnormal pap smears among Iraqi women attending the Al Zahra'a cervical screening clinic in AL Najaf city

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in Iraq, there were 2.1 cases of cervical cancer for every 100,000 females of all ages. Moreover, 10.21 million Iraqi women between the ages of 15 and 44 were at risk for developing cancer.Method: At Al Zahra Teaching Hospital in Al Najaf City, a cross-sectional study was carried out over the course of nine months, from January 1 to October 1 2022. Throughout the research period, all female patients who went to the alzahraa cervical screening unit were included (112). At the cytology lab, slides were evaluated using the Bethesda Scoring System, and smears were collected using the Ayre's spatula. Highlighting relationships between cytological results and socio-demographic details using the Chi-square test. Binary logistic regression was used for the significant variables. In our statistical analysis, a significance level of 0.05 was considered to be present.Results: The majority of the sample (91.1%) had normal pap smear results. 8.9% of the remaining women reported abnormal pap smear results. Vaginal discharge (42%), after-coital bleeding (1.8%), and irregular bleeding (25%) were the most frequently reported patient concerns. Cervical cancer in just one case was found. The link between abnormal pap smears and females under the age of 40 was statistically significant (p = 0.047 for both). Smoking increased the risks of having abnormal pap smears [p=0.000; OR=0.011; CI 95% (0,001-0.095)], whereas being 40 years old increased the odds [OR=6.559; CI 95% (.801-53.727)].Conclusions: Ten percent of the sample had abnormal pap smear results, and there was a very significant association between smoking and abnormal pap smear results in females under 40. A successful cervical cancer screening programme must be activated, promoted, and made aware of along with the risk factors that it entails.

The new World Mental Health Report: Believing impossible things.

We examine whether the recent World Health Organization (WHO) report on global mental health uses severity of illness as a criterion in priority setting for resource allocation. The WHO does not prioritise severity in the recent landmark World Mental Health Report. It recommends instead the insuperable task of scaling-up interventions for broadly defined mental health conditions, including milder distress, amongst over a billion people, with the majority living in low- and middle-income countries. Schizophrenia, the most severe and disabling of all psychiatric illnesses, is relatively neglected in the WHO report, and the disability associated with bipolar disorder is underestimated. This is inconsistent with the ethical principle of vertical equity, where the most severe illnesses should receive the greatest priority. The global mental health movement must refocus on deinstitutionalisation, and ensure adequate community and general hospital treatment for severe illnesses, especially the 24 million people with schizophrenia.

Myasthenia Gravis Exacerbation Following COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Report

Background: As of December 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to about 5,403,662 deaths. While COVID-19 has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide to date, vaccination remains the mainstay of infection control. AZD1222 (AstraZeneca vaccine) was distributed in Sudan by the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access facility in March 2021. It was added to the emergency use list by WHO in the middle of February 2021. However, vaccine safety among patients with autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), is yet to be established. MG is a relatively rare illness that could result in life-threatening complications. Myasthenic crisis is considered the most serious complication of MG that can lead to death due to aspiration and respiratory failure. Plasma exchange (PLEX), Immunoadsorption (IA), and intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) are the first-line treatment for myasthenic crisis. It is proven that cortisone has a positive effect when used as add-on therapy with PLEX/IA and IVIG.&#x0D; &#x0D; The case: We report the case of a 37-year-old Sudanese female who presented to the emergency room with an exacerbation of her previously well-controlled MG following her second dose of AZD1222 vaccination. The exacerbation symptoms at time of presentation were severe generalized body weakness that increasing overtime and shortness of breath. Computerized tomography of the chest was performed, and it revealed no evidence of COVID-19. Management at the ER started with rehydration and IV methylprednisolone 1g, followed by IV hydrocortisone 200mg. She continued to deteriorate and was admitted to the intensive care unit where she was intubated and placed on a mechanical ventilator. IVIG was requested but couldn't be obtained due to the low-income setting, and fourteen days after admission patient died due to circulatory collapse. Our study aims to present an MG case with features of MG exacerbation following the administration of the second dose of AZD1222.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Little is known about the effect of different COVID-19 vaccines on subgroups of patients with autoimmune diseases like MG. Although the safety profile of AZD1222 is generally reassuring, people with severe underlying diseases were excluded from trials. Therefore, more efforts and experimental studies may be needed, with closer vigilance in MG patients. It has not been elucidated how the COVID-19 vaccine might provoke autoimmunity, but several theories have been proposed. Molecular mimicry theory can explain how the genetic material of a virus could provoke autoimmunity, it describes the cross-reactivity of antibodies produced against proteins that are encoded by viral genetic material with the proteins located at the post-synaptic membrane. There is a debate about whether vaccine benefit outweighs the risk in MG patients or not. However, we believed that MG patients should be informed about the benefit and risks of COVID-19 vaccination.&#x0D;

Hubungan Kepatuhan Ibu Dalam Mengkonsumsi Tablet Fe Dengan Kejadian Anemia Dalam Kehamilan Di Puskesmas Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Objective: Compliance is one of the important factors that determine the success of the program. A person is said to be obedient if the person is willing to follow and obey the rules or policies and has been determined without any coercion and demands from others. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that the prevalence of pregnant women with iron deficiency is around 35-75%, and it increases with increasing gestational age.Methods: This research is analytic with cross sectional approach . The population in this study were pregnant women who were at the Want Jaya Public Health Center, Aceh Besar District, as many as 82 respondents with non-probability sampling technique.Results: obtained _value is 0.024, then a test is carried out where _value is0.024 &lt;0.05, so it can be seen that the hypothesis (Ho) is rejected, this shows a relationship between adherence to consuming Fe tablets and the incidence of anemia in pregnancy at the Want Jaya Health Center, Aceh Besar District .Conclusion: Based on the results of research that has been carried out at the Want Jaya Health Center, Want Jaya Regency, Aceh Besar Regency, with the incidence of anemia at the Want Jaya Health Center, Aceh Besar District, the researcher can conclude that, out of 82 respondents, the majority of mothers experienced anemia, namely 64 respondents (79 %), and pregnant women who are categorized as non-compliant are 64 respondents (78.0%). _value 0.024&lt;0.05 There is an influence between maternal adherence to Fe tablets and the incidence of anemia at the WantJaya Public Health Center, Aceh Besar District.

Divulging Incipient SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) Variant: Possible Interference with Global Scenario.

SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, also known as lineage B.1.617.2, is a variant of lineage B.1.617 of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The B.1.617.2 variant was first discovered in India in December 2020, and by mid-April 2021, it had become the most often reported variant. On May 31, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated it as the Delta variation. Delta is 40-60% more transmissible than Alpha and nearly twice as transmissible as the original Wuhan strain of SARSCoV- 2, according to data. According to some evidence, the Delta variation may cause more severe illness in unprotected people than prior variants. A rapid increase in instances of this variation has been observed in the United Kingdom, which has been linked to travel from India and community transmission. WHO reports that the Delta version of COVID-19 has already been found in different countries throughout the world. According to the available information, the Delta variant appears to increase transmissibility, secondary attack rate, hospitalization risk, and immune escape. Due to the lack of data, the possible effects of the Delta variation on vaccination and treatment effectiveness remain unknown. However, neutralization efficiency in vaccinated people and resistance to monoclonal antibody therapy of the Delta variant have been documented in recent investigations.

Development and Validation of a Questionnaire for Measuring Maternal, Nutritional, and Infant-Related Attitudes and Behaviours of Iranian Mothers in the Postpartum Period

Background and Objectives: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, 8 million maternal deaths occur in the perinatal period every year, 98% of which are seen in developing countries. In Iran, the prevalence of stillbirth is 9.19 per 1000 live births. It is possible to improve the health behaviors of mothers by education, increasing knowledge and modifying attitudes. The present study aims to develop and determine the psychometric characteristics of a questionnaire for measuring the health-related attitudes and behaviors of Iranian mothers in the postpartum period. Methods: This is a study with exploratory sequential design which was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods on 200 pregnant mothers referred to health centers in Qom, Iran. In the qualitative phase, the items were formulated based on the literature. Psychometric study of the questionnaire were done using face validity, content validity (using two indicators of CVR and CVI), factor structure (using exploratory factor analysis) and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability). Results: In the validity assessment stage, 5 items were removed from 61 items based on the opinions of 10 experts. After assessing content validity and reliability, 56 questions were confirmed. The Cronbach’s alpha for the whole questionnaire was obtained 0.84 ​​and the Pearson correlation coefficient was reported 0.86. Conclusion: The designed tool with 56 items and 6 subscales has acceptable validity, reliability and factor structure for measuring Iranian mothers’ health-related, nutritional, and infant-related attitudes and behaviors in the postpartum period.