Scientific Renaissance Research Articles

CURRENT STATE OF PSILOCYBIN-ASSISTED THERAPY IN MOOD DISORDERS.

Psychedelics are currently undergoing a scientific renaissance, with modern studies investigating therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy in a range of psychiatric conditions. In particular, psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) has been suggested to have positive effects on patients suffering from depression and psychiatric distress associated with life-threatening disease - contexts with growing needs for alternative treatments - in a therapeutic setting involving fewer doses and less important adverse effect compared to that of classic psychotrope administration. Psychedelics are partial agonists of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) G protein-coupled receptors, whose activation likely mediates the acute psychoactive effects. Furthermore, psychedelics seem to induce a hyper-plastic state which allows for adaptation of inflexible pathological thinking patterns. Post-acutely, they are suggested to induce rapid, robust and sustained neuroplasticity. Eight clinical PAT trials have been conducted between January 1st 2001 and March 31st 2023 and are reviewed here. Five of them evaluate the effect on depressive symptomatology in an otherwise general population. The other three evaluate effect on depression and anxiety in patients suffering from somatic life-threatening disease. The studies reviewed here show that PAT is safe and feasible to administer in current clinical models. Preliminary efficacy shows significant improvements in depressive and anxious symptomatology which are immediate and partially sustained. One study comparing PAT to selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors showed no significant difference of efficacy between the two treatments. Preliminary results regarding efficacy of PAT on mood disorders are promising, but further research is warranted for stronger inferences, with a particular focus on larger, multicentric studies, more diverse populations and a stronger control for expectancy and unblinding.

Rigorous scientific inquiry guided by creativity, curiosity and support: One of the last Renaissance scientists of our time.

Rigorous scientific inquiry guided by creativity, curiosity and support: One of the last Renaissance scientists of our time.

Endowment Sukuk (Shares) to Finance Scientific Services in Universities (A Comparative law Study)

The endowment was one of the most important means of scientific, intellectual and cultural progress for the Islamic countries throughout the years of our civilization; as it contributed to building the edifices of science and culture, and publishing them through mosques, schools, institutes and libraries. A large group of scholars, innovators, and researchers graduated from these endowment scientific institutions in various branches of human and cultural knowledge. Today, the endowment plays a prominent leading role in the scientific renaissance and knowledge advancement in the Islamic society. Also, many universities in Islamic and non-Islamic countries rely on the endowment to finance their scientific and research activities, and to raise the level of their research, researchers, and graduates. This study aims to clarify the importance of endowment Sukuk to provide cash liquidity for educational services, and to provide the necessary tools for these services, and the possibility of providing scientific competencies specialized in the various fields of teaching and scientific research, to contribute to scientific and social progress. This research study also combines the deductive and inductive approaches, in addition to following the comparative jurisprudential research methodology, by studying, analyzing and deducing in the light of the writings of scholars and researchers.

The architectural design of the holy shrines

As an architectural philosophical concept, Islamic architecture cannot be considered arches, doors, domes and lighthouses, since Islamic architecture is based on a structural system of religious, mental, philosophical and logical origins and beliefs shared by the arts, technology and the requirements of the surrounding environment. Rather, the architectural designer's distance from it becomes as if it is for people not from this world, and Islamic architecture is not abbreviated on the heritage side as much as it is a renewed "modern" state, dealing with the concepts of Islam that are valid for every time and place. This can be seen through the mechanisms that produced heritage architecture and what was built on it, which is not a simulation of forms without contents. Islamic architecture is the result of Islamic thought in the areas it reached, as it was logical that the Islamic architectural characteristics were greatly influenced by the beliefs and adopters of the Islamic religion and the scientific renaissance that followed. The difference between one region and another is based, for example, on the factors of climate, weather and the previous architectural cultural heritage in the areas where Islam has reached. For example, the open courtyard is spread in Iraq, the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula, while it disappeared in Turkey and other northern regions that Islam reached as a result of the cold atmosphere in the first and the architectural heritage in the second. There is no doubt that the impact of natural manifestations and their temporal and spatial requirements for architectural structures has had a great role in the search for the truth inherent in their expressive means through knowledge of architectural manifestations in Islamic countries, because the birth of theories and their adoption in the formation of architectural forms is not due to criticism of previous theories. Rather, due to the urgent need to provide a new diversification in forms compatible with the surrounding environmental diversity, and the outcome of the above, the naturalization of constructive relations in architecture and art starts according to the techniques and methods of achievement, which use the expressive and subjective aspect in reference to the exclusion of the natural phenomenon, a feature that has represented the common denominator of architectural genres over the ages. It is the one that strengthened its internal construction in order to find a visual equivalent based on the architectural geometric form used in mosques and holy shrines

Teaching methods in light of e-learning between reality and hope

In our research, we seek to shed a spot of light on one of the most important and controversial issues, given the excitement that this topic is characterized by, especially in our era today, the era of globalization that has upset the balance of life, and perhaps the post-Corona world has contributed significantly to changing the lifestyle of people, as education to virtual reality through new technological technologies that have changed the course of human lives.Education has been and still is the pillar of the development of any nation and is the main engine for advancing sustainable development. Education in the world has made great strides as many new technologies have been introduced that undoubtedly contribute to raising the quality of education and achieving scientific renaissance, which raises many important questions. And the focus on the reality and challenges of distance education in the Arab world, perhaps the most prominent of which are:_ To what extent can we talk about the development of distance education in the Arab world?_ How can Arab governments work to raise the efficiency of professors and teachers in various educational stages to keep abreast of recent developments in distance education techniques?_ What are the real ways and tools that can be embodied on the ground to advance distance education in the Arab world?_ How can Arab scientific competencies as well as businessmen have a prominent role in supporting new projects on distance education to advance sustainable development?Through the foregoing, we will work according to the two mechanisms of disassembly and analysis, to stand on the reality and challenges of distance education in the Arab world, in an effort to work on finding new ways and techniques to raise the quality of distance education in the Arab world and to confront the trend of cultural globalization, in order to keep pace with new global developments that have reached degrees Very high quality.

From History to Story: The Migration of Ibn Rushd’s Manuscripts East and West

Documentation in the Arab-Islamic culture assigned a tributary to the efforts of its intellectual and scientific renaissance. This was evident in the flourishing of the paper market, and the diversity and popularity of manuscripts, until the passangers transfered them between the Islamic cities, east and west. However, many of these manuscripts faced trials due to the opposition of the Salafist thought to them, which led some manuscripts to migrate to the Arab East, Africa and Western Europe. In such locations, stories appeared of such manuscrits in which the imaginary is mixed with the reference, and in which heroes ventured with their lives to save them from such trials, and to preserve their content from loss and damage. They are stories whose goals are attributed to the glorification of tolerance and coexistence between religions and cultures. The researcher resorted to the historical narrative and structural approaches to identify the stories related to Ibn Rushd's manuscripts, and to reveal their artistic significance in terms of their systematic narrative unity that can be identified, described and analyzed. Findings showed that each manuscript has a story that fills the voids of its written history, broadens its reading horizons, and desires interest in it. Yet, when the story is told, it becomes a form of its symbolic renewal.

Eddy Fischer-Renaissance scientist and bon viveur.

IUBMB LifeEarly View SPECIAL ISSUE Eddy Fischer—Renaissance scientist and bon viveur Tony Hunter, Corresponding Author Tony Hunter hunter@salk.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-6993 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA Correspondence Tony Hunter, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Email: hunter@salk.eduSearch for more papers by this author Tony Hunter, Corresponding Author Tony Hunter hunter@salk.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-6993 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA Correspondence Tony Hunter, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Email: hunter@salk.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 February 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.2708Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

BECOME A DOMINANT POSITION OF ISLAM AND DESCRIPTION OF BELIEFS, TEACHINGS AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

The Islamic scientific renaissance period was explained in the article with different concepts, and these concepts are the cause of debates between Western and Eastern scientists. Also, scientific conclusions about the influence of Islam as an ideology and the Arabic language as a scientific language in the fields of theology, philosophy, literature, and architecture of this new culture are given.

The Black Scientific Renaissance of the 1970s–90s: The Legacy of African American Scientists at Bell Laboratories

The Black Scientific Renaissance of the 1970s–90s: The Legacy of African American Scientists at Bell Laboratories

Translation Movement and New Literary Genres in Modern Arabic Literature


 
 
 Beginning of modernity for Arabic literature coincides with the French campaign against Egypt in 1798 AD. Modernity and contemporary issues that conflict with the opinions in determining its beginning and end. There are those who see the end of modernity at the end of the nineteenth century. Some see the end of modernity at the beginning of 1930s, as this period witnessed some changes in the cultural and literary life. Some see that the beginning of contemporary age begins with the beginning of the gradual beginning of the twentieth century for many reasons, including the rise of translation that established some strong bridges between Arabic literature and the other international literature... Scientific renaissance in the modern era required that the treasures of western culture should be transferred in its scientific and literary aspect to Arabic language, and that transfer had several vital means, the most prominent of them is the translation. Scientific and literary transfer of aspects of Western civilization, which was done by the scholars after their return to their countries was through the translation. Translators were a means to transfer Western sciences into the Arabic language. Role of translation in transmitting paradigms of Western literature has embraced a broad generation of new methods, images and shapes that were not known, propositions of living topics from the reality, and treatments for current issues in freedom and launch, have had a developmental effect in the sense, feeling, taste, and thought and forward advancing Arabic literature towards some new broad horizons.
 
 

Iraq scientists in the book (from the tail of the history of Baghdad) (D. 749) and their influence in the scientific renaissance

The book "Benefited from the tail of the history of Baghdad" is a strong record of the prosperity of the intellectual movement and its evolution. It refers to the scientific level of the results of the scientific degrees and the teaching levels or the functions of the scholars of the various Islamic countries, including Baghdad, Mosul, Basra, Wasit, Anbar, Kufa and Samarra and their impact on the scientific renaissance.

The civilizational contributions of the Iraqi Scientific Academy to the general cultural life

The Scientific Academy is considered one of the most important institutions established in Iraq in the twentieth century, as its establishment had necessary reasons to take care of the Arabic language and purify it from the defects attached to it, as well as to support the scientific renaissance through the Arabization of terms and the translation of foreign books, to keep up with what is happening in the world of scientific renaissance At that time, and to consecrate cultural life through the contributions of the scientific, cultural and intellectual complex.

Melaleuca alternifolia Australian Tea Tree oil as an effective antifungal agent topically for Tinea unguium (onychomycosis)

The evolution of modern medical advances is often underestimated and that as little as a hundred years ago, none of the formulated antibiotics currently available existed. The germ theory was only substantiated because bacteria had been identified with the refining of microscopic technol-ogy and organisms that did not exist in context or conjunction to human disease. The connection between what appeared through the lens of a microscope slowly became the basis of the medical theories of human health and illness. This included the causative agents within all states of hu-man wellness. Humans started using plants and their essences long before they were able to rec-ord it. The scientific renaissance started the medical movement towards concrete concepts and reproducible results all bound by the scientific methods. This left little room for combinations of chemicals or plant constituents and compartmentalized human health into systems that worked best under strict control negating the concept of synergy. Human medicine is now moving out of the realm of being solely dependent on synthetic chemical formulations. Alternative and modern medical healers alike are starting to understand that both paths to human healing are needed to care for the many microbial assaults caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Combing herbal folk-lore with modern chemistry is not a compromise but a middle way for better human health and illustrated with the use of Melaleuca alternifolia (Australian Tea Tree Oil) and modern antifungal agents used in conjunction to definitively cure the fungal infection starting with the causative fungi Tinea unguim and the condition of onychomycosis as an example.

New Theorem and Formula for Circle Arc Length Calculations with Trigonometric Approach Application in Astrophysics

The circle and sphere have been studied since the ancient Egyptians and Greeks before the Common Era (BCE). The recent scientific renaissance has also used them in different fields. It is also mentioned in the Prophet Mohamed`s Holy Quran. This article introduces a new Theorem (S. El-Mongy`s Theorem) as an empirical formula to correlate the constant (e) with circle and sphere. It states that “the arc length is correlated as a direct function in {(e π r sA)}, whatever the central angle (ϴ) and radius (r). The factor sA is (ϴ/10ϕ). The formula can also be written as; AL = {(0.0174533185 r ϴ)}. Where the value 0.0174533185 is a constant called Sayed`s number (Is) and equals (eπ/10ϕ). This factor is very close to value (π/180 = 0.0174532925) with ~1.5x10-4 % difference. The formula was applied for calculation the arc length (AL) of circles of different radii and angles. The results of this formula were validated and verified for very wide range; from 0.5 cm to 4.4x1023 km (46.5x109 light-years; ly) and compared with the old published arc length formula results. The difference is from 0.000% to 0.002% only. The formula was also used as trigonometric functions of circular orbits for calculation the distances between the Earth and Sun, Moon, planets, stars, and EH-M87 Black hole with relatively small error; the difference is from 0.26% to maximum ~ 2.27%. The error was 0.29% for ~54 x 106 ly distance to the M87 black hole. The S. El-Mongy formula may open the door for further scientific and engineering applications.

The technical Approach for Teaching Arabic

this paper aimed to provide a forward-looking vision to employ the technical approach in teaching the Arabic language and used the analytical method to achieve the goal, and this paper comes in the context of the urgent need to catch up with the advanced countries in the technologies developed and in light of the strong competition in the field of education, and this requires us to invest technical innovations And use it to teach our beautiful and immortal language the language of the Qur’an. The paper concluded that there are several requirements that must be met to employ the technical approach in teaching and learning the Arabic language. Among the most important are: the need to redesign the content of curricula for the Arabic language to include the use of the technical approach to develop language skills, and develop programs to prepare the Arabic language teacher to include teaching students teacher how to employ the technical approach In teaching and learning the Arabic language. The paper recommended the necessity to direct and maximize efforts aimed at employing the technical approach in teaching and learning the Arabic language, as modern technologies are among the most important factors for the success of the curriculum and the effectiveness of teaching, and we must also organize training courses for teachers and department managers to train on modern information and communication means so that they contribute effectively to the educational and scientific renaissance in our Arab world.

The Godly Sheikh Khaleel Bin Muhammed Al-Fayadh: His Educational Efforts in Social Reform

Since its founding, Fallujah has been marked by virtue and generosity. It was endowed with a brilliant history and is widely known for its great contribution to education,such as the Asfiy school. This school is a vital cornerstone in the construction and propagation of the nation's religion. The School alumni can be found throughout much of the globe. They are admitted to Al-Azhar without need for curricular clearance. This school has adopted a scientific-educational approach, unmatched among today’s schools, which has made it a permanent and continued success. Despite the small size of the student body, Al-Asifiya students are of exceptional quality. This conference is organized to revive the glorious history of the land of Mesopotamia from the district of Fallujah. The intellectual wheel in Fallujah has remained a resilient one. Whenever a setback happens to the intellectual and civic life, it’s followed by a stronger regenerative movement, and a scientific renaissance that dust itself off and renew its glory. One of the bst examples of this is the reopening of the Al-Asifia School, led by an excellent staff of outstanding teachers. One of these is the pious Khaleel Bin Muhammed Bin Abdullah Al-Fayadh, well-known for his good morals, easygoing character, educational experience and wisdom in Islam advocacy and Guiding. He led a celebrated life in Al-Asifiyah with its leading guardian SheikhAbdulazeezAl-Samarrai, the knowledge agent in Anbar Province. Sheikh Fayadh is the Sheikh of Al-Asifiyah, he learnt from Sheikh Abdulazeez a variety of religious, narrated, and mental studies. He was licensed and publicly authorized to take over the administration of the school following Al-Samarrai. Al-Fayadh obtained the respect and a lofty position among the Fallujan community.
 Keywords: Scientist, community reform, educational efforts, Sheikh Khalil, Mohammed Fayad

ВЛИЯНИЕ АРАБОВ НА РЕЛИГИОЗНУЮ КУЛЬТУРНУЮ ЖИЗНЬ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА В СВЕТЕ МЕСТНЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ

Arap fütuhatı ile birlikte, Azerbaycan, uzun süren Arap hakimiyeti sürecine girdi. Yakın ve Orta Doğunun diğer ülkelerinde olduğu gibi, Azerbaycan’da da, din, dil, edebiyat, tarih alanlarında bir takım gelişmeler sağlandı. Yerel kaynaklarlar da ise, Arapların bölgeye gelmesiyle birlikte, ülkenin ilmi ve medeni hayatında, genel olarak uygulanan ‘’Araplaştırma’’ politikası sürecinde, dini- etnik ve kültürel yapının bozulduğu ve gelişmelerin durduğunu hatta bölgede meydana gelen savaşlar birlikte, sosyo-ekonomik anlamda bir takım gerilemelerin yaşandığı ifade edilmektedir. Oysaki, İslam dinin gelişiyle birlikte, fetih olunan bütün bölgelerde, İslam Medeniyeti yaygınlaşarak dünya tarihinin dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, İslam Medeniyeti, Orta çağ medeniyet tarihinin temelini teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın nihai hedefi, genel olarak, dönemin temel dinamiklerini oluşturan başlıca olay ve olguları merkeze alan bir yaklaşım sergileyerek bunları, sebep-sonuç ilişkileri bağlamında açıklanmaktadır. Böylece, Araplar döneminde meydana gelen siyasi kültürel yaklaşımların arka planını aydınlatarak olayların gerçek analizini yapmaktır. Bu bağlamda, Arapların fütuhatı ile Azerbaycan’da meydana gelen siyasi gelişmelerin yanı sıra, sosyal ve kültürel hayatı hakkında yerel kaynaklarda geçen bilgileri ortaya çıkarmak ve bunu Türk İslam Medeniyet Tarihi açısından değerlendirerek okuyuculara sunmaktır.

إسهام الوقف في دعم الحرکة العلمية في القرن السابع الهجري

وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على إسهام الوقف في دعم الحرکة العلمية في القرن السابع الهجري, وتوضح کيف أسهم الوقف في دعم المساجد والخوانق والأربطة و المدارس والمکتبات, والبيمارستانات , ثم التعرف على کيفية تفعيل دور الوقف في دعم البحث العلمي و الحرکة العلمية في الوقت الحاضر. والدراسة عبارة عن فصل تمهيدي وأربع فصول رئيسية, وهي کما يلي: الفصل الأول: خطة الدراسة وتشتمل على مقدمة الدراسة, وموضوعها, وتساؤلاتها, وأهدافها, وأهميتها, ومنهجها, وحدودها و مصطلحاتها, والدراسات السابقة. الفصل الثاني: مفهوم الوقف في الإسلام ويشمل تعريف الوقف عند المذاهب الأربعة و حکمه ومشروعيته والحکمة منه و أنواعه وأرکانه وشروط کل رکن. الفصل الثالث: الأحوال السياسية والثقافية والاجتماعية في القرن السابع الهجري. الفصل الرابع: إسهام الوقف في دعم الحرکة العلمية في القرن السابع الهجري, ويتمثل في دعم الوقف للمساجد و الخوانق والأربطة والمدارس و المکتبات و الرعاية الصحية. الفصل الخامس: تفعيل دور الوقف في دعم البحث العلمي والعملية التعليمية في الوقت الحاضر, وأسباب انحسار الوقف وعوامل إحيائه. ومن أبرز نتائج الدراسة مايلي: أن الوقف في القرن السابع الهجري خاصة ازدهر ازدهارا عظيما, أدى إلى نهضة علمية کبيرة وشاملة حيث أحصى الباحث 410 مؤسسة وقفية , أفرزت علماء أفذاذ وأسماء عظيمة, لا تزال مؤلفاتهم حاضرة حتى اليوم, کالنووي, والعز بن عبدالسلام وابن تيمية , وابن النفيس وغيرهم. أن النظام التعليمي في ذلک القرن , کان يعتمد اعتمادا کبيرا على الوقف کمصدر أساسي لتمويله. و أبرز التوصيات ما يلي: التوعية الإعلامية بأهمية الوقف و الدور الذي يؤديه في تحقيق التکافل الاجتماعي. إنشاء وکالة للوقف التعليمي تتبع لوزارة التربية والتعليم , تشرع وتضع الأنظمة والقوانين التي تفتح المجال أمام الراغبين في الإسهام في مجال الأوقاف التعليمية. استحداث صيغ وقفية حديثة من جانب مجمعات الفقه الإسلامي, تتناسب مع متطلبات العصر الحاضر, وتتوافق مع أنظمة ولوائح وزارات التربية والتعليم والصحة والثقافة والإعلام , حتى يتسنى للمحسنين الوقف على المجال الذي يرغبونه. Abstract Researcher Name: Saeed Mansour Al Tard Al-Qahtani Title: consecration contribution supporting scientific movement in the Seventh Hijri Century. This study aims to identify the contribution of consecration supporting the scientific movement in the seventh Hijri Century, and indicating how the consecration contributed supporting mosques, bonds, schools, libraries, and Hospitals, then identifying how to activate the consecration role supporting the scientific research and scientific movement in modern era. The study consists of an introduction chapter and four main chapters as the following: First chapter: study plan which includes introduction, the subject, questions, objectives, significance, methodology, limits, terms, and pervious studies. Second chapter: the consecration concept in Islam which includes the consecration definition in the four creeds, its provisions, legal entity, the conclusion out of it, types, aspects and conditions. The third chapter: the political, cultural, and social atmosphere in the seventh Hijri Century. The fourth chapter: the contribution of consecration supporting the scientific movement in the seventh Hijri Century, and indicating how the consecration contributed supporting mosques, bonds, schools, libraries, and Hospitals. The fifth chapter: activation the consecration role supporting the scientific research and scientific movement in modern era and reasons for regression of consecration and how to revive it. The most distinctive results are as the following: The consecration in the seventh Hijri century was flourishing which led to comprehensive scientific renaissance, the researcher has counted 410 consecration establishments, which secreted genius scientists and huge names, whose books still used today, like Al-Nawawi, Al-Ezz Bin Abdulsalam, Ibn Taimiah, Ibn Al-Nafees and others. The educational system in that century was mainly based on the consecration as a main source for fund. The most distinctive recommendations are: The media awareness of the importance of the consecration role to achieve social solidarity. To establish an agency for educational consecration derived from Ministry of Education, which sets the laws and regulations for those who want to contribute in educational consecration. Use modern consecration formulas aside with Islamic Fiqh Compounds, which suit the demands of modern age, and suit the regulations and laws of ministry of education, ministry of health, ministry of culture and media, so the charity people recognize the field they want.

20. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Lübnan’da Arap Milliyetçiliğinin Edebiyatçı ve Çevirmen Önderlerinden Birisi: Flîks Fâris

Arap çeviri tarihinde bireysel bir bilimsel etkinlik olarak görülen çevirinin devlet politikası kabul edildiği, devlet tarafından teşvik edilerek desteklendiği, bunun da ötesinde çevirmenlerin siyasi otorite tarafından yönlendirildiği iki dönem vardır. Bunlardan birincisi Abbasi halifelerinden 2. Mansur döneminde başlatılan ve Me’mun döneminde zirveye ulaşarak kurumsallaşan dönemdir. Bu dönemin çevirileri genellikle tıp, kozmografya, mühendislik ve mantık ile ilgili olup, daha çok Farsça ve Sanskritçe gibi ara dil üzerinden Arapçaya yapılmıştır. Bu nedenle dönemi felsefi-tıbbî çeviri dönemi olarak isimlendirebiliriz. İkinci dönem 1773 yılında Katolik Hıristiyan grupların Fransa’dan Lübnan’a göç ederek, burada birçok okul kurmalarıyla başlayıp Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa’nın Mısır valiliği döneminde (1805-1848) zirveye ulaşan dönemdir. Avrupa üniversitelerinin ders kitaplarının ve mühendislik bilimlerinin Arapçaya çevirisine ağırlık verildiği bu dönemi de bilimsel çeviri dönemi olarak isimlendirebiliriz. 1850’lı yıllarda Batıda dil ve çeviri eğiti alarak ülkelerine dönen burslu öğrencilerin Avrupa ülkelerinde tanıdıkları öykü, hikâye, roman, masal, tiyatro, anı, seyahatname gibi edebi türleri Arapçaya çevirmeleriyle başlayan dönemi de edebi çeviri dönemi olarak isimlendirebiliriz. Bu dönemde çevrilen eserler öncelikli olarak özgürlük, eşitlik ve kardeşlik temalarını ele alarak Fransız ihtilalini Arap ülkelerine yaymayı hedeflediğinden bu dönemi ideolojik çeviri dönemi olarak adlandırmak da mümkündür. 1882 Lübnan doğumlu Flîks Fâris edebi/ideolojik çeviri döneminin önde gelen temsilcilerinden birisidir. Şair, hatip, yazar, çevirmen ve hukukçu birisidir. Arap olmasına karşın İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyetinin Lübnan sorumlusudur. Osmanlı devletinin Lübnan’ı idaresine şiddetle karşı çıkmış, bu uğurda başta gazete ve dergiler olmak üzere edebiyat mahfilleri, gizli cemiyetler ve masonik yapılanmalarla omuz omuza mücadele ederek, Suriye ve Lübnan’da Osmanlı karşıtı bir Arap milliyetçilik akımının başlaması ve Arap ulus devlet anlayışın gelişmesi için elinden gelini yapmıştır.

The Ruggero Ceppellini Advanced School of Immunology and the Neapolitan Scientific Renaissance.

In this article the author, cofounder with Serafino Zappacosta and few other knowledgeable scientists of the Ruggero Ceppellini Advanced School of Immunology in 1991, discusses the significance of this initiative not only for the spreading of immunological culture among scientists—including those from disadvantaged Countries—but also for the resurgence of the city of Naples as a cultural pole of attraction for brilliant minds, as it was in its past history. This is a tribute to Serafino Zappacosta's foresightedness and generosity.