Labor Remuneration Research Articles

Institutional Segmentation, Inequality in Work Opportunities, and Income in Digital Labor Markets: Evidence Based on Witkey Transactions

ABSTRACT Digital technologies are rapidly transforming the world of work, creating digital labor markets. Based on transaction cost theory and labor market segmentation theory, this study adopts binary logistic and multiple regression models and uses EPWK transaction data (n = 21,808) to empirically examine the institutional segmentation phenomenon of digital labor markets. This study finds institutional segmentation existing in such markets, owing to differences in the Witkey level among employees, thus leading to inequality in work opportunities and labor remuneration income. Further, transaction mode and task type moderate the segmentation phenomenon. Suggestions are offered to reduce institutional segmentation by improving the platform system.

Material and Social Support for Government and Municipal Employees

Social and material security of civil servants of the Kyrgyz Republic is provided for by Chapter 7 of the Basic Law as follows. Civil service is professional activity of the Kyrgyz Republic citizens as government bodies. Determination of the conditions of material and social support for government and municipal employees. Research materials and methods: the law of the Kyrgyz Republic on government and municipal employees. Research results: the civil service includes the civil service, military service, law enforcement service and the diplomatic service. Conclusions: a unified system of salary payment of civil servants is determined in accordance with the Kyrgyz Republic Law “On the maximum staffing level and on the conditions for remuneration of labor of government and municipal employees of the Kyrgyz Republic”.

History of document development on the transfer of Animal Health Office to fee-based veterinary services

The materials on the history of the development of documents and the experience of the veterinary service to improve the state veterinary inspection over the safety of products of animal origin in the new economic conditions are presented. Many years of experience in veterinary support of cattle breeding revealed a number of significant shortcomings in the organization of veterinary business: lack of adequate conditions for the work of veterinary specialists of the state veterinary network and farms; imperfect remuneration of labor, veterinary specialists' salary does not depend on the level of their professional training, complexity and quality of work; lack of material and technical support; weak legal protection; imperfect legislation on veterinary services, diversion of specialists to perform unrelated to their profession labor activities, and lack of normal social and living conditions. All this leads to the loss of prestige of the veterinary profession, the outflow of veterinary professionals to other areas of production. Hence the low staffing of veterinary institutions and farms. Scientists and veterinary specialists of Novosibirsk have done work on the search for such forms of organization of veterinary services for cattle breeding. The system of organization of self-supporting associations which can effectively operate in all categories of farms is proposed. The necessary guiding documents for the organization and their subsequent practice have been developed. The experience of selfsupporting veterinary associations in a number of districts showed that labor productivity increased by 1.5-2 times, the workload per veterinary specialist increased and the salary increased accordingly. The work carried out has proved the need to improve the activities of the state veterinary service in the context of economic reforms.

Research on the Influence Mechanism of Enterprise-Union Coupling Relationship on Work Well-being of Gig Workers

As a typical representative of a new type of employment group, gig workers have made important contributions to promoting the development of platform economy. However, compared with their contributions, gig workers face the problems of low level of equity resources and well-being. Based on the theory of resource caravan passageways, this study explores the effect of enterprise-union coupling relationship (EUCR) on work well-being of gig workers from two resource paths: basic labor rights and developmental labor rights. The results show that enterprise-union coupling relationship positively affects work well-being. On the one hand, EUCR enriches the basic equity resources such as labor safety, labor time, labor remuneration standards by promoting basic labor rights, and improves work well-being of gig workers. On the other hand, EUCR enriches the developmental equity resources such as the professional ability development, employee participation, and work autonomy by promoting developmental labor rights, and improves work well-being of gig workers.

РЫНОК ТРУДА: КРИТИКА ОКОЛОНАУЧНОГО ВЗГЛЯДА

The subject of the study is the social and labor relations between the subjects of the labor market and in the field of employment regarding the use of labor in the production of goods. The aim of the work is to clarify the understanding of the labor market and the sphere of employment as socio-economic phenomena and categories reflecting them, to overcome their confusion, and to identify differences in the content of each of them. The methods of analysis and content analysis of scientific publications, comparison, logical generalization, and a systematic approach are applied. The novelty consists in revealing the essence of the labor market as a sphere of exchange, in which there is a purchase and sale of labor; in the scientific definition of the sphere of employment, within which the ability to work passes from the worker-bearer to the disposal of the employer, under whose control new value is created, including surplus value. As a result of the study, an attempt was made to scientifically determine the essential foundations of the labor market and employment, highlight their characteristic features, and divide them into 2 independent phenomena. Refuting the widely spread theory that the labor force is rented out by its bearer on the labor market, the author, on the basis of well-founded scientific data, comes to the conclusion that the labor force, human abilities can only be sold or donated by their owner, but in no case are rented out. The results of the study can be used in scientific developments, the practice of organizing and remuneration of labor by state, municipal, and economic authorities, and universities of the country.

Optimization of university teachers’ remuneration as a tool for sustainable development of higher education

The article is devoted to the study of problems and ways of their solution in the field of remuneration of scientific-pedagogical workers of higher education institutions. In modern pandemic realities the process of education is organized in a new format with the use of information and innovation technologies, which requires from a teacher additional labor inputs for mastering special tools and practices of teaching. That is why development of new approaches to labor remuneration for university teachers that meet modern requirements of economics acquires special significance at the present time. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the organization of teaching staff labor remuneration on the example of one of the universities in Samara region (Russian Federation) and to develop recommendations for its improvement. The results of the study are based on the study of domestic and foreign scientific literature on the remuneration of higher education teachers, the authors' own materials. The authors of the article systematized the stages of decision making on the problems of increasing the level of higher education institution personnel wages in Russia, performed a comparative analysis of average wages of university lecturers and hired employees of organizations in some subjects of RF in 2014 - 2019, presented an algorithm of building the scale of official salaries of the teaching staff, and proposed and justified specific recommendations for improving the basic part of the wages of the teaching staff.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРИЧИНЫ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ БЕДНОСТИ РАБОТАЮЩЕГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

The object of the study is low-income (poor) households (families) and their incomes. The subject of the study is the working poor population of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the paper is to study and determine the main causes of poverty and the characteristics of the working population living below the poverty line in the regions of Russia. The main methods of research are comparative and structural analysis, systematic approach, method of classifications and groupings, statistical processing of information, bibliographic method, and general scientific methods of cognition. The problem of poverty is studied in the macroeconomic context, theoretical analysis of the relationship between poverty and labor market segmentation is carried out, employment policy as the most important direction of poverty reduction of the working population is considered. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the poverty of the working population is associated with the concentration of workers in industries and regions with low added value and pronounced regional differentiation in labor remuneration. Regional poverty reduction programs have the potential to reduce the number of the working poor, provided that they are timely updated and, in general, are an effective mechanism of state social policy. Scope of application of the research results: the analytical data, conclusions, and recommendations contained in the paper can be used by executive authorities at the federal and regional levels in the development and implementation of measures to reduce poverty in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

АДМИНИСТРАТИВНАЯ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ ЗА НЕВЫПЛАТУ ЗАРАБОТНОЙ ПЛАТЫ И ИНЫХ ВЫПЛАТ, УСТАНОВЛЕННЫХ РОССИЙСКИМ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВОМ: ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ТЕОРИИ И ПРАКТИКИ

The issues of remuneration of labor are always in the focus of the both theorists and practitioners attention, taking into account the fact that the right of a citizen to receive remuneration for work belongs to the most important rights and freedoms and is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The article studies the problematic issues of administrative responsibility for non-payment of wages and other payments. Constituent elements of the relevant administrative offenses were analyzed, their features were revealed. Based on the analysis of theory and law enforcement practice, additions and amendments to the current legislation are proposed for its more effective application in order to protect the labor rights of citizens.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ОЦЕНКИ ТРУДОВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В ТОПЛИВНО-ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ

The article is about an analysis of the practical significance of improving the assessment of labor resources at PJSC Lukoil. Human resource analysis is important in an organization. With an increase in labor productivity, objective prerequisites for an increase in the level of labor remuneration are determined. Particular attention is paid to financial and economic indicators and concepts for improving the assessment of labor resources in the fuel and energy complex

ГРОШОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВПРОВІДНИХ КРАЇН НАТО Й УКРАЇНИ: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

The article provides a comparative analysis of the models of monetary allowance systems for military personnel of the leading NATO member countries and Ukraine for further formation of an effective model of the monetary allowance system for military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The criteria for the selection of a number of leading NATO member countries for a comparative analysis of models of monetary allowance systems for military personnel have been defined and substantiated, namely, the largest total number of armed forces, financial expenditures for the armed forces, and expenditures for defense needs as a percentage of GDP. Based on these criteria, a group of NATO member countries was formed on a continental basis: North America, Great Britain, and Europe. A detailed analysis of NATO countries' defense expenditures as a percentage of GDP in the period before the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian war and during full-scale Russian armed aggression was carried out. The principles of formation and functional components of the monetary allowance systems of military personnel of the studied NATO member countries are defined and analyzed, the main of which is basic salary, which takes into account the military rank, years of service, and the corresponding payment grade and additional payments. The procedure and amount of monetary allowance for military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the calculation of which depends directly on the serviceman's participation in combat operations and on his performance of combat tasks is given. Based on the conducted analysis, common features were established and a generalized model of monetary allowance systems of the leading NATO member countries and Ukraine was built. It is claimed that such a model can be used as a basis for the development of a perspective system of monetary allowance for military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine according to the scheme "pay for military rank according to the level of responsibility on the position - payment for years of service in a military rank - additional payments and allowances for skills and conditions of service" taking into account the principles of the state-wide labor remuneration system. The study showed that the average salary in the country could be a fundamental indicator in the formation of a new model of the monetary allowance system for military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Research on Judicial Practice of Crime of Refusing to Pay Labor Remuneration: Case Study

The crime of refusal to pay labour remuneration has been implemented in China for more than a decade, but its standard of conviction and effects in practice are yet to be further examined. By analysing the judicial cases, this article finds that some constitutive elements of this crime are quite obscure and controversial and there is a lack of uniformity in the scale of penalties, resulting in a mismatch between the severity of crime and punishment. In order to achieve the goal of combating the behavior of malicious non-payment of wages, it is recommended that the subject of this crime should be expanded, the subject intent of the criminal should be underscored, and the penalties shall be appropriate to the severity of the criminal’s behavior, so as to reach a balance between the combat of crimes and protect the legitimate interests of workers, as well as maintain the social economic order.

ПОСИЛЕННЯ МОТИВАЦІЙНОЇ РОЛІ ЗАРОБІТНОЇ ПЛАТИ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

It is argued that the war on the territory of Ukraine stimulated the departure process of Ukraini-ans mainly of working age and children abroad. The post-war economic recovery of Ukraine may face labour shortages and economic stagnation. The low level of wages in Ukraine, destruction of housing, social and industrial infrastructure becomes and obstacle to the return of migrants. The war has exac-erbated the problem of balancing the labour market. The growth in the number of unemployed and migration flows actualizes the problem of the wages level in Ukraine.The article considers modern experience of the countries of the world in terms of motivation of high labour productivity using the wages, the possibility of adapting best remuneration practices in the world in order to develop a motivational mechanism for remuneration in the post-war period of the recovery of Ukraine, namely: increasing the share of group forms of bonuses, systems of payment for knowledge and qualifications, development of flexible systems of benefits for employees of enterprises and social protection, participation in the enterprise management and equity.In the article, the functions of wages, the possibility of changing them, taking into account the imbalance of supply and demand for labour in Ukraine during the war and the post-war period in Ukraine. The issue of increasing wages as a result of the implementation of managerial competencies of managers at various levels is updated.The ways to increase the motivational role of the labour remuneration in terms of creating eco-nomic opportunities to increase the employees’ wages by increasing investment attractiveness of Ukraine, structural adjustment of the economy from the production of raw materials and their export to the development of high-tech industries; improvement of the tariff system and labour rationing in com-pliance with the equal wages principle for equal labour contribution; practice of forms of the employees’ participation in the enterprise management and share capital; development of mechanisms for collective and contractual regulation of labour remuneration, forms of collective bonuses are formulated..

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ДИНАМІКИ РІВНЯ ОПЛАТИ ПРАЦІ НАУКОВЦІВ ТА ЇЇВПЛИВУ НА РОЗВИТОК НАУКОВО-ТЕХНІЧНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ УКРАЇНИ

Science is the main production force of the knowledge economy, which is formed in the postindustrial society of the developed countries of the EU. The level of competitiveness of the country depends on its state and development. Over the past decade, the EU has been increasing its funding for R & D, increasing the number of academics and improving the prestige of a scientist's profession. In Ukraine, during all years of independence, there are reverse trends in the development of science, which can become a significant obstacle not only for the country's accession to the EU, which it has been pursuing in recent times, but also for ensuring its socio-economic development in the medium and long run. The object of the article's research is the scientific and technical capacity of Ukrainian regions. The subject of the research is the dynamics of the number of scientific and technical personnel of Ukrainian regions of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is To model the researchers' remuneration dynamic's level and to determine its influence on the dynamics of the personnel component of the R&D capacity advancement in Ukraine. The dynamics of the number of scientists who carried out research and development in general in Ukraine and separately in its regions from 1995 has been studied, the growth rates, regional structure and dynamics have been identified, models for forecasting the revealed tendencies has been created. The analysis of the dynamics of labor remuneration of scientists, who did R & D, has been done. The " researchers' remuneration dynamic's level" is calculated, which is equal to the ratio of the average monthly salary of scholars to the average monthly wage for a certain region. Models for its forecasting have been created. It is shown that the steady reduction of this indicator, which is observed in the vast majority of regions of Ukraine, leads to an increase in the negative dynamics of their scientific and technical capacity and it is an indicator of the curtailment of scientific and technological and, accordingly, innovation development in the country.

MECHANISM OF STATE REGULATION OF LABOR PAYMENT IN UKRAINE

The article examines the essence and significance of state regulation of wages as an important tool in the field of social and economic policy. It is noted that state intervention is aimed at ensuring fairness, stability and efficiency in the labor market. The purpose of the article is to generalize the results of research and formalize the theoretical foundations of state regulation of the organization of labor remuneration, taking into account the specifics of today's challenges and trends in the development of economic conditions. The research method is a theoretical and logical substantiation of the mechanism of state regulation of labor remuneration as a complete system aimed at ensuring justice, stability and efficiency in the field of labor. The main purpose of the functioning of the mechanism is defined as the creation of fair, efficient and sustainable conditions of remuneration, which ensure a decent standard of living for employees, contribute to social justice and the development of the labor market. The main principles (social justice, equality and protection; transparency and comparability; stimulation of productivity; flexibility and adaptability; democracy), functions (establishment of the minimum wage, protection of workers' rights, regulation of tax and social contribution systems, stimulation of the development of industries and markets, monitoring and analysis of the labor market, ensuring equal payment conditions for employees, improving social protection systems, forming effective labor standards) and the goals of state regulation, as well as its importance in ensuring decent wages and social justice. The importance of continuous improvement of the system to meet changes in society and economy is emphasized. The advantages of partnership regulation, where the state cooperates with employers and trade unions to achieve common goals, are analyzed. The conclusion indicates that state regulation of wages is necessary to support sustainable development and ensure fair and cost-effective conditions in the labor market.

MECHANISM OF STATE REGULATION OF LABOR PAYMENT IN UKRAINE

The article examines the essence and significance of state regulation of wages as an important tool in the field of social and economic policy. It is noted that state intervention is aimed at ensuring fairness, stability and efficiency in the labor market. The purpose of the article is to generalize the results of research and formalize the theoretical foundations of state regulation of the organization of labor remuneration, taking into account the specifics of today's challenges and trends in the development of economic conditions. The research method is a theoretical and logical substantiation of the mechanism of state regulation of labor remuneration as a complete system aimed at ensuring justice, stability and efficiency in the field of labor. The main purpose of the functioning of the mechanism is defined as the creation of fair, efficient and sustainable conditions of remuneration, which ensure a decent standard of living for employees, contribute to social justice and the development of the labor market. The main principles (social justice, equality and protection; transparency and comparability; stimulation of productivity; flexibility and adaptability; democracy), functions (establishment of the minimum wage, protection of workers' rights, regulation of tax and social contribution systems, stimulation of the development of industries and markets, monitoring and analysis of the labor market, ensuring equal payment conditions for employees, improving social protection systems, forming effective labor standards) and the goals of state regulation, as well as its importance in ensuring decent wages and social justice. The importance of continuous improvement of the system to meet changes in society and economy is emphasized. The advantages of partnership regulation, where the state cooperates with employers and trade unions to achieve common goals, are analyzed. The conclusion indicates that state regulation of wages is necessary to support sustainable development and ensure fair and cost-effective conditions in the labor market.

ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНА ФУНКЦІЯ ЗАРОБІТНОЇ ПЛАТИ: ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ВИКОНАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

Assessing the state of wages in the country is an important element of social and economic policies, as it characterizes the standard of living of the population, income differentiation and purchasing power. Salary is an important criterion of labor productivity and characterizes the country's competitiveness. The article is devoted to the study of the level of wages in Ukraine from the standpoint of performance of the investment function. The amount of wages in Ukraine remains a debatable issue for the scientific community and requires clarification of such an important issue as the ability of wages to create opportunities for human development. The question arises: does the salary perform an investment function. The purpose of the article was to substantiate the importance of the investment function of wages and to study its implementation in Ukraine for the improvement of income policy, economic and social development. The assessment of wages from the standpoint of the investment function is carried out according to the following indicators: population expenditures, savings level, development costs, the level of population participation in the accumulative pension system, etc. The conducted analysis showed that the level of wages in Ukraine lags far behind the level in the EU countries, which indicates an imperfect system of labor remuneration and a low level of labor productivity. The given data are proof that wages in Ukraine do not meet the expectations of the population to ensure a comfortable standard of living, and sometimes the satisfaction of basic needs, which negatively affects the investment behavior of a person. Failure to fulfill the investment function of wages in Ukraine does not create prerequisites for increasing labor productivity and innovative development. The importance of research in the direction of strengthening the investment function of wages is due to the fact that it creates prerequisites for human development, contributes to raising the standard of living and forms resources for increasing the country's competitiveness. The results of the conducted research create the basis for improving the income policy and economic development in Ukraine.

To the issue of overtime work under the labor law of Ukraine

The article examines issues of labor legislation of Ukraine in connection with the involvement of employees in overtime work. The object of scientific research is the duties of employees determined by their work function, as well as the duties that employees are obliged to observe due to compliance with the rules of industrial sanitation, hygiene and occupational health and safety. At the same time, the authors substantiate that compliance with such duties, in particular in the case before the beginning of the working day (shift) or after it ends, is not overtime work and cannot be paid in a double amount, as it is provided for this type of work. For this purpose, the authors analyze the domestic legislation on overtime work, while special attention is paid to the grounds and conditions for involving employees in this type of work.
 They do not overlook the legislation on labor remuneration, in particular, the expediency of providing in the collective agreement additional payments to employees for the performance of duties that precede the beginning of the working day (shift) and the performance of duties after their completion is substantiated. The subject of the study is also the question of establishing such obligations by acts of a local nature. At the same time, the authors prove that employers are able to attract employees to work before the beginning of the working day (shift) or after it ends. However, employers must provide for such obligations by acts of a local nature, primarily by internal work order rules. This will contribute to employees' compliance with labor discipline and may serve as a necessary basis for bringing them to disciplinary responsibility in case of unwillingness to perform such duties, or their improper performance. The article ends with short conclusions reached by the authors based on the analysis of domestic legislation and case law materials.

Principles of the organization of accounting and analysis of calculations for the payment of labor and its taxation

The subject of the study is to highlight the peculiarities of accounting and analysis of labor remuneration and its taxation in order to identify the problems of implementation and justification of the principles, directions and means of improving the organization of this activity. The purpose of the article is to determine the principles of organization of accounting, analysis and taxation of wages at enterprises in order to increase its stimulating role for employees as the basis of their well-being, personal growth and reproduction in general, and for entrepreneurs as an important component of reproduction of entrepreneurial activity, social responsibility and other types of business. The methodological basis of the article is the methods and approaches of economic, institutional and theory of sustainable development. In particular: monographic, historical, statistical and economic, accounting. Results of the article. It has been established that the accounting of labor remuneration and its taxation is carried out according to analytical and synthetic accounts in accordance with the results, which are the basis for the analysis of the efficiency of the use of labor resources and labor productivity, including based on a comparison of costs and profits with respect to employees. The principles regarding the organization of accounting, analysis and taxation of labor remuneration and its improvement are substantiated, namely compliance with economic laws; patterns of development and dynamics of production; ensuring reproduction processes; innovativeness; systematicity. Field of application of results. The main provisions of the article can be implemented in the activities of enterprises and organizations; individual entrepreneurs; institutions of higher education of an economic profile. Conclusions. In the perspective of improving the state of calculation of wages, its accounting, analysis and taxation, it should be based on theoretical and practical measures and management decisions in accordance with the defined principles of their organization. Organizational and economic measures are of primary importance among them. They relate to the introduction of changes (if necessary) to the Regulation on the remuneration of enterprises, which would, on the one hand, guarantee compliance with the minimum wage level, and on the other hand, ensure the direct connection of the norms of wage rates with the production volumes of the relevant types of products and certain works, provision of services. It is also necessary to carry out constant operational control over compliance with the optimal dynamics of labor productivity and wages, timely payments of wages and accrued taxes to the budget. This will have a positive effect on the reduction of costs under the item "Labor costs" in the cost price of a unit of certain types of products, therefore, and on increasing the level of its market competitiveness and profitability. It is important to pay managers and specialists of enterprises according to official salaries, but taking into account the achievement of the final results of the activity.

INCLUSIVENESS OF PAYMENT FOR WORK AT THE CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE

The world has long had certain ideas about the level of economic development. World trends represent economic development in the form of a growing curve of certain economic indicators. After all, they make it possible to analyze positive developments and show the corresponding changes in real numbers. However, such an approach shows us only the general picture, which is distorted by the lack of in-depth analysis of the growing globalization processes and integration ties in the modern world. Globalization creates many new challenges and contradictions for the modern economy, which cannot be overcome only by positive changes in economic indicators. The problems caused by globalization processes include the increase of gaps between different layers of the population, the reduction and depletion of resource capacities, the exacerbation of social misunderstandings and conflicts, and the emergence of the impossibility of satisfying the needs of each person in full. All this has its effect on the reduction of economic activity in the future. 
 The importance of these problems is increasing due to their all-encompassing nature for the population. Therefore, scientists today need to create an updated concept of economic development, which will make it possible to make an in-depth assessment of external and internal factors of development and, based on this, to build a policy aimed at the entire population. First of all, it means giving equal access to everyone to provide themselves with social and economic benefits through the opportunity to receive a fair and decent wage. An updated concept that will be aimed at equality and will correspond to an improved model of labor remuneration can become a model of inclusive development. 
 A key element of the model of inclusive development is a person who can satisfy his needs by realizing himself in society and satisfying the needs of others by applying his realized potential. And the concept of an inclusive economy is aimed at creating conditions necessary for people, which will allow everyone to develop and realize themselves in the conditions of globalization changes. 
 The problem of inclusivity in the payment of labor is currently quite widespread in construction enterprises. After all, this field will require the maximum involvement of the workforce in the war and post-war periods, and the fact that a large number of employers and workers do not understand the terms of payment and the legal framework, in general, can become an obstacle to effective work. In this connection, there are certain difficulties regarding the quality functioning of the economy, which lead to the absence of ways to improve wages and the impossibility of studying and considering further prospects. To analyze in detail the problems of remuneration in the construction enterprise, it is necessary to note the positive and negative aspects of the inclusiveness of remuneration.

Labor productivity in livestock enterprises of Ukraine

Labor productivity is one of the leading indicators of the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises and an indicator of technological development. The level of labor productivity is characterized by the volume of products produced in terms of value or in kind per employee or unit of time spent. In addition, when evaluating the efficiency of labor use, the inverse of labor productivity is used as the indicator of the labor intensity of products, which shows the time spent on the production of a unit of volume or value of products. The article analyzes labor productivity in agricultural enterprises, particularly the livestock industry of Ukraine, for 2010-2020 per 1 employee, in constant prices of 2016. Labor productivity in livestock enterprises by region of Ukraine is studied. The ratio of labor productivity per 1 worker in animal husbandry to the average salary in agriculture per year was determined. The estimated specific weight of labor remuneration with deductions from the cost of produced products in livestock enterprises, as well as the average labor intensity of livestock production by regions of Ukraine in 2020, was calculated. According to the results of the study, it was established that the productivity of labor in the enterprises of the livestock industry during the studied period is growing steadily and, according to the results of 2020, reached UAH 873,000. Based on one employee per year at constant prices of 2016, which is 20,000 hryvnias. More than in crop production. The highest level of labor productivity among livestock enterprises is observed in the Vinnytsia region - at the level of UAH 3.1 million per 1 employee per year. The average indicator of labor intensity in livestock breeding in Ukraine was 2.2 hours per 1 thousand hryvnias cost of products. In enterprises of the Lviv region, this indicator is 10 % lower than the average in Ukraine. The growth of labor productivity in animal husbandry and agriculture primarily leads to a disproportionate change in wages, the specific weight of which in the value of manufactured products grows relatively slower than the level of labor productivity. To increase the level of efficiency in the use of labor in animal husbandry, it is necessary to introduce innovative intensive, resource-saving technologies, increase the volume of production and sale of products, make maximum use of production facilities, mechanize and automate the process of animal breeding, and improve the quality of management.