Remote Settlements Research Articles

Estimation of population exposed to road traffic noise in Kosovo highway using GIS modelling and roadside measurements

New highways have been introduced into Kosovo landscape in recent years. The trajectory of the highways crosses through the fields and in the middle of some previously remote rural settlements. This has changed the environment for these areas and the environmental noise is a major concern. This study aims to estimate the population exposed to high traffic noise levels around the highway routes in Kosovo. GIS has been used to model the highway lines, the terrain and the buildings on site. Roadside traffic noise measurements as well as traffic flow measurements have been conducted to approximate the noise sources. An approximate noise map has been generated for the studied area. The population exposed to daytime and nighttime road traffic noise were estimated. The results show the need for road traffic noise reduction measures and areas where they are most needed.

Homestay Operators' Experiences in Initiating and Developing Homestay Enterprises

Community homestay development is one of the strategies to culture-based accommodation, mostly in the rural and remote settlements in Nepal. Homestay tourism has been in practice for more than two decades, and it is rapidly spreading in many parts of the country. This article attempts to bring the views and experiences of community homestay operators regarding their understanding, awareness, perceived benefits, and homestay initiation and development practices from Mahabharat Hills of Bagmati Province. Ethnographic field observations and 'bhalakusari' (in-depth talk) were the dominant methods applied during the data collection process. The findings suggest that due to multiple types of perceived as well as experienced benefits from community homestay tourism, locals have enthusiastically learned and adopted homestay enterprising, in which local-level institutional facilitation and support activities have become main motivators in the processes. In such areas, gradual increase in external facilitation, exposure and capacity development endeavors, increasing tourist arrivals, and wide ranges of direct and indirect economic, socio-cultural, and environmental benefits are visible. All these factors have encouraged the locals to engage and expand community homestay development initiatives in their areas. Despite multiple positive facets of homestay tourism, there exist some challenges too. The article also suggests some policy and practice-level implications.

Digital practices in healthcare: effectiveness and necessity

Some features of the digitalization of the healthcare sector are considered, which makes it possible to guarantee the timeliness, personalization, manufacturability and safety of medical care, as well as to increase the efficiency of using the healthcare resource base. The analysis of the legislator’s initiatives has been carried out, which, taking into account the peculiarities of the “digital contour”, will significantly increase the availability of medical care for citizens in remote settlements by 2025, and optimize the work of medical institutions providing primary health care. The further deepening of the digital transformation of the healthcare sector is justified; the features of the organization of the provision of medical services by geographically separate units, including the peculiarities of the legal status of remote workers, are considered.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННОГО СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ТАРИФА НА ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКУЮ ЭНЕРГИЮ ПРИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПРОЕКТА ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ОТ АВТОНОМНОЙ ГИБРИДНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКИ

The issue of uninterrupted power supply to remote settlements is relevant in many countries of the world, but especially in Russia. Modern autonomous hybrid power plants (AHPP), namely solar power plants (SPP), wind power plants (WPP) and other power plants using renewable energy sources (RES), combined with diesel electric power plants (DES), provide not only an increase in the amount of electricity generated, but, most importantly, they ensure uninterrupted power supply to consumers through a combination of renewable energy sources and covering the missing energy from diesel power plants. In the conditions of the northern areas of the Krasnoyarsk Region, this is especially important. ASPPs make it possible to reduce the cost of electrical energy by saving fuel consumption and budgetary subsidies for its supply to remote areas of the region. The purpose of the study was to substantiate the areas of application of autonomous hybrid power plants for the regions of the Far North with the possibility of establishing a differentiated social tariff for household consumers. To achieve the goal, load coverage graphs were constructed for Vanavara settlement; the parameters of the ASPP were studied for the conditions of Vanavara settlement; simulation of the operating modes of the ASPP was carried out; calculation of the main technical and economic indicators of the use of ASPP for power supply to Vanavara settlement was carried out; recommendations were given on rational areas of application of ASPPs with the possibility of applying special tariffs for the electricity they produce. The authors of the paper carried out a technical and economic assessment of ASUE in the Vanavara settlement with a capacity of 10 MW, including a solar power plant with a capacity of 2,5 MW. It was established that the cost of electrical energy in the first option when powered by diesel power plants is 36,75 rubles/kW.h. In the second option, the cost depends on the time of year and is 32,7 rubles/kW.h in winter, 11.6 in spring, 6.05 in summer, and 12,2 rubles/kW.h in autumn, which makes it possible to establish a differential social tariff for household consumers based on a lower cost in the summer in the amount of 7–9 rubles/kW.h.

Design of a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) System for a Three-Bedroom Apartment in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

In the world today, electricity is also among the essential basic amenities of every human being because it drives the socio-economic activities of any country. More than 1.3 billion of the populations across the globe are living with low or no source of electricity. The lack of accessibility to electric power to this population brought an existence of a wide gap in current energy sources and this affected the growth of such population mostly residing in remote settlements of developing nations. Electrical energy is a significant feature for the economic and developmental advancement in every nation. Even with the abundance of many sources of energy (conventional and non-conventional sources) around the world and in Nigeria, there are still problems in accessing electricity which could be attributed to its generation, transmission, or distribution. These challenges hinder the socio-economic advancement of a country. About 95 million (55 % of Nigeria's population) Nigerians are living with no supply of electricity and the total power/electricity produced, there is about 30-35 % loss in the generated energy from transmission and distribution. This research studied the possibility of electrifying a three-bedroom apartment in Mubi's high residential layout using a solar photovoltaic system through the adoption of HOMER Software. The parameters/data used in this research work were obtained from the basic appliances usually found in an average household and from works of literature on studies performed on energy utilization in some residential areas in Nigeria, taking into consideration their power ratings, quantity, and solar component prices. These and some design considerations like system fixed capital operation and maintenance cost of ₦ 4,000 per year, project lifetime of 20 years, system fixed capital cost, discount rate of 9 %, average solar radiation data, coordinate of Mubi, among other parameters were applied in the HOMER software for the design, simulation and optimized results obtained. The optimized results indicate that a solar PV array of 5 kW comprising 25 solar panels of 200 W each, 10 sets of 12 V / 220 Ah batteries, and a 5000 VA inverter with charger are sufficient to accommodate the load of 16.086 kWh/day. The cost of energy (COE) with a 100 % renewable fraction is ₦ 410.94 / kWh.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА СХЕМ ПЛАВНОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ МОЩНОСТИ ГАЗОГОРЕЛОЧНОГО УСТРОЙСТВА

Large-scale gasification of agricultural enterprises, personal subsidiary plots and farms, for which the most energy-intensive processes are the preparation of feed, food, and home heating, has revealed the need to automate digesters. The peculiarity of the operation of digesters is due to the fact that as the contents of the cooking container are heated to boiling temperature, the heat consumption decreases, and when the product boils, the heat consumption drops below 10%. It has been established that the lack of automatic gas control leads to excessive heat release into the atmosphere during the combustion of gaseous fuel. Previously, a gas burner unit was developed based on a partially automatic industrially produced gas burner device of the AGU-T-M type for digesters, which makes it possible to regulate gas flow in proportion to the consumed heat flow. The task was set to develop a promising scheme that would make it possible to regulate the gas flow in the digester in proportion to the consumed heat flow. This article describes two variants of schemes for proportional control of gas flow in a digester: the first is an improved scheme based on an automated gas burner device of the AGU-T-M type; the second is a circuit developed on the basis of Peltier semiconductor modules, a control solenoid with a gate valve. An assessment is given indicating the advantages and disadvantages of these schemes. It is shown that the first scheme is efficient and energy-independent; its use is most effective in remote settlements where there are frequent interruptions in the centralized power supply. The second scheme corresponds to the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Elements of technology for processing and disposal of food waste during the operation of ships

This article is devoted to the problem of environmental protection by food waste, which is most relevant for water tourism facilities, as well as small and remote settlements. The authors propose, when solving the problem of food waste, to consider the process of their formation, examining the complete process of existence of food products, taking into account their movement in space and transformations, as a result of which waste is formed. This approach allowed us to establish the main stages of this process – preparation for cooking, preparation, and consumption. It is shown that each of them generates waste in different amounts and of different properties. It is also shown that these factors, in turn, determine the most effective technologies and means of processing and recycling food waste. The authors propose, by managing the amount of waste generated, taking into account the quality, to form technologies and means for recycling and disposal of waste. The advantages of this approach are confirmed by examples of ecological solutions that take into account the formation of waste in the process of food transformation, as well as their movement in space, which simultaneously ensures the availability of different solutions to the waste problem for each specific object, including such as water tourism facilities. The availability of different options for solving the waste problem provides the opportunity to choose the most effective solution in the context of organizing a solution to the problem of food waste.

«Каждому молодому труженику – среднее образование»: всеобуч в сельской Якутии 1960–1980-х гг.

The present article hinges primarily on the research of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human resources of rural Yakutia in the Soviet period. The regional experience in implementing the policy of introduc-ing secondary universal education in rural areas is considered. Republican measures to involve working youth in a flexible educational system through educational and advisory centers, part-time and evening schools are highlighted. Difficulties in providing universal schooling for rural schoolchildren and lagging behind the materi-al and technical base of educational institutions in small and remote settlements are pointed out. According to the study, in the period of 1960–1980s, the network of rural schools of different forms of education expanded in the republic and the number of secondary school students increased. Thanks to targeted campaigns, a real breakthrough in the education system occurred, and the level of general education of rural youth and agricul-tural workers in general was raised.

За гранью нормальности: особенности структуры экономической деятельности в арктических городах и поселках

High transportation costs and the narrowness of the local market limit the development of Arctic cities, especially remote ones. However, specific demand for unique goods and services (including the so-called development services) and production of goods and services that are impractical/impossible to deliver from more southern areas (especially in the early stages of development) due to transport isolation contribute to the economic diversification of Arctic cities. The article aims to identify special mechanisms for the formation of economic activity in remote settlements. The study solves the following tasks: 1) theoretical substantiation of economic development factors in Arctic cities; 2) selection of indicators to assess the diversity of economic activities in remote settlements of the Russian Arctic; 3) analysis of the obtained results. The variety of economic activities of small settlements depends on the distance to the nearest larger settlement. Some remote towns and villages of Yakutia, Chukotka, etc., with a population of about 5,000 inhabitants (or even less) are characterised by a moderately increased diversity of economic activities in terms of both the total number of enterprises and organisations per 1,000 inhabitants and the number of types of economic activity (OKVED codes) per 1,000 inhabitants. According to the study, small settlements in remote conditions perform urban functions typical of larger cities in normal conditions, acting as economic and socio-cultural centres of the surrounding areas, in fact, as the base settlements of the Arctic. The expansion of the functions of small remote settlements plays an important role in the development of the urban network of the Arctic and the North. The findings can be used to create public policy measures in relation to the base settlements of the Russian Arctic.

Прогнозирование пассажиропотоков социально значимых авиационных маршрутов внутри арктического региона

The Russian Arctic is characterised by the poor development of year-round land routes. In these conditions, air transport is the basis of passenger traffic. However, air mobility of the population in the Arctic regions is significantly lower than that of Russia in general. The article substantiates the need to increase transport accessibility of the Arctic by developing an internal network of socially significant air routes. To create a route network plan, it is necessary to forecast passenger traffic on existing and potential air routes within the Arctic region. To this end, a multiple regression model was used to develop a two-level forecasting approach. At the first level, the proposed method was applied to calculate local passenger traffic between remote settlements and the centre of the Arctic region. At the second level, the findings were examined to forecast passenger traffic between the centres of the Arctic regions and the main airport with direct flights to other regions. To predict passenger flows on potential routes, a probabilistic model of the number of flights by one resident per year was constructed based on an analysis of existing socio-economic relations, purpose of the flight and the existing infrastructure at the start and end points of the route. According to the results of forecasting passenger traffic on existing routes, it is necessary to increase the frequency and regularity of local flights by optimising the aircraft fleet in order to increase the population’s air mobility. At the same time, the results of passenger traffic forecasting on potential routes confirmed the need for subsidised direct flights between the centres of neighbouring Arctic regions with certain social infrastructure facilities.

Water-based technologies for improving water quality at the point of use: A review.

Water safety concerns are increasing tremendously as a result of the rising population and environmental pollution. As a result, viable water treatment approaches need to be designed to meet the water consumption demands of the population, particularly in developing countries. The recent technological advances in water treatment and purification are well articulated in this review. The efficiency of the materials used for purification and their affordability for people living in rural and remote settlements in various parts of the world have been discussed. Water treatment techniques prior to the rapid advancement of science and technology included a variety of strategies such as coagulation/flocculation, filtration, disinfection, flotation and pH correction. The use of nanotechnology in water treatment and purification has modernized the purification process. Therefore, efficient removal of microbes such as bacteria and viruses are exquisitely accomplished. These technologies may include membrane filtration, ultraviolet irradiation, advanced oxidation ion-exchange and biological filtration technologies. Thus, nanotechnology allows for the fabrication of less expensive systems, allowing even low-income people to benefit from it. Most developing countries find these technologies particularly valuable because access to clean and safe water for drinking and residential needs is critical. This is because access to municipal water supplies is also difficult. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.

Availability of medical care to the population of remote settlements of the mountainous geographical area: according to the results of a sociological study

Availability of medical care to the population of remote settlements of the mountainous geographical area: according to the results of a sociological study

Improvement of the calculation of ice crossings

Background: In winter, ice crossings open in the north of the Far Eastern region. In most cases, they are organized due to the lack of capital bridges. Ice crossings are used to deliver goods and passengers to remote settlements where the road network is poorly developed and the navigation period is limited, because to get to settlements it is necessary to cross reservoirs. Ice crossings remain the only way to connect such settlements with cities with a large population. The most reliable way to increase the load-bearing capacity is to freeze the floating bridge of the articulated circuit into the ice cover. The advantage of such crossings is low sensitivity to climatic conditions and the nature of the water flow, small rolls and sediment. Currently, these crossings are used at cross-border crossings of the Far East, but there are no calculation methods.
 Aim: Development of a methodology that would improve the calculation of ice crossings, taking into account the reinforcement in the form of metal pontoon structures consisting of articulated ferries on two supports.
 Materials and Methods: The article provides a calculation model. Design scheme: a metal structure frozen in ice lying on water is a rigid stamp on a plate lying on the elastic base of the crossing. To confirm the accepted calculation model, an experiment of a real crossing in the form of static tests was carried out.
 Results: The article presents the results of determining the crossing deflections according to the accepted calculation model and after the experiment. The carrying capacity of the reinforced ferry was also calculated by months.
 Conclusion: This study will help to carry out calculations of combined crossings for a significant increase in load-bearing capacity.

Development of a Network of Landing Sites and Heliports: Ensuring Aviation Accessibility of Settlements in the Arctic Regions

While considering the problems of ensuring aviation accessibility of remote settlements in the regions of the Eastern Arctic Area of Russia, the study has concretised the concept of aviation accessibility of a settlement.The analysis of aviation mobility of the population of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was carried out. It has been established that the lack of a sufficient number of landing sites is a limiting factor in performance of regular flights between settlements and the centres of the Arctic regions. Under these conditions, local flights are carried out mainly by MI-8 helicopters which are expensive in operation, with extremely low regularity and not full load.To justify the construction of a network of landing sites in the Arctic region, a methodology has been developed for predicting seasonal distribution of passenger flows within local air transportation. This methodology is based on Ward’s hierarchical clustering method, which allows, considering many criteria, to divide all settlements into clusters, in each of which the demand for air transportation is present during a certain number of months.It is substantiated that construction of a landing site in a settlement is necessary if there is a demand for air transportation for more than five months a year. Using the example of 65 Arctic settlements of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), five clusters were identified. For three of them the need to build landing sites is proved. The zones of gravity of regional airports with a range of 150 km were determined, considering the possibility to get from the settlement to the airport in 3–4 hours. Based on the results of clustering and identification of gravity areas of regional airports, a predictable network of landing sites in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was built.

Community health needs in Ukraine in the war context

Abstract The full-scale russia's invasion in Ukraine caused the migration of people, partially destroyed the medical infrastructure, disrupted access to services, so there is a need to connect people tocare. The e-tools allow to monitor the capacities of the healthcare system and utilization of services. However, there is insufficient data on the population's needs. The CHNA was conducted in March-May 2023 in 16 communities across 8 regions of Ukraine. It was based on the adapted methodology of the Philadelphia Healthcare Federation and applied the following research methods: statistical analysis of the operating PHC facilities, availability of medical staff, and current gaps in service delivery; structured survey of the community residents; FGDs with community decision makers and residents; in-depth interviews with heads of PHC facilities. The assessment results demonstrated limited access to healthcare services in remote settlements, and thus the need to develop new formats of healthcare provision. The study showed a difference in the perception of PHC services accessibility between decision makers and the population. The biggest need identified was for MHPSS services for IDPs and local residents. CHNA is critical to inform programming. To improve access to essential services, the USAID Public Health System Recovery & Resilience project will support new approaches to PHC service delivery, including through mobile teams and task shifting to expand the role of nurses. To increase availability of MHPSS services, the project builds the capacity of the workforce and supports the delivery of evidence-based interventions such as mhGAP, CETA, Selfhelp+, CBT. Key messages • The developed CHNA is an effective tool for decision-makers to understand the main gaps in the availability of health services and to develop targeted interventions, especially in times of war. • Community-based MHPSS interventions are critical in time of war.

How indigenous australians try to preserve themselves

The article discusses personal and collective life ways of native people residing in remote settlements of the Cape York Peninsula, Australia, and offers a number of observations on the native population of Central Australia. It is drawn on the authors’ field materials collected in 2005, 2007-2009, 2015, and 2022. If set against the backdrop of the likewise framed project exploring the Evens and Evenkis of Eastern Siberia, the situation in faraway settlements of Australian Aboriginal people manifests both substantial similarities and important differences. Neither in the past when the colonization began to unfold, nor in the present did the Aboriginal people, for the most part, willingly join the commercial and entrepreneurial activities of the Australian mainstream circles or get involved in trade and economic relationships with the newcomers. They rather resisted, and still do, the authorities' and entrepreneurs' attempts at getting them involved in such relationships. We argue that the underlying reason behind that is the very character of the local traditional culture, the key aspects of which are consciously and resiliently preserved - even if sometimes in a transformed or deviant manner - by the native people.

Статистическая оценка достижения стратегической цели по продолжительности жизни населения арктических регионов России

Increasing the life expectancy of the Russian population is the most important goal of the country’s national policy. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this indicator has decreased in most countries worldwide, including Russia, which necessitates research in this domain. Life expectancy levels greatly vary across Russian regions. The goal of this study is to evaluate the extent to which the targeted life expectancy goals have been attained in the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation. The study relies on the systems approach, the critical approach, content analysis, and demographic analysis. The novelty of the study lies in the conclusion that the life expectancy target outlined in the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and Provision of National Security for the Period up to 2035, aimed at reaching the level of 78 years by 2024, will not be met. This assertion is substantiated by an analysis of long-term trends. The Arctic regions are categorized based on their progress toward the strategic life expectancy goal: the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District has come closest to achieving it, while the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Karelia, and the Arkhangelsk Region face the most challenging circumstances. We have identified key avenues for increasing life expectancy in each Arctic region, with measures to prevent mortality from external causes showing significant potential for reducing premature deaths. A comparative analysis shows that at the current state of healthcare infrastructure development in Russia, regional differences do not exert a decisive impact on life expectancy. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen efforts to encourage regular medical check-ups, making them an annual practice for all age groups. This approach would facilitate the early diagnosis of critical illnesses and reduce premature mortality. As a rule, the availability of medical services in the Russian Arctic is higher than the average around the country, as evidenced by statistical data on the development of a network of medical institutions and their medical staffing. Also, most Arctic regions have a lower proportion of the rural population than the national average, with the exception of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Telemedicine and mobile healthcare services should be used more actively, particularly in locations such as remote settlements, onshore and offshore oil platforms, and nomadic routes. There is a need for an effective mechanism of government support for corporate employee wellness programs that make a real contribution to reducing the loss of work time due to sick leaves. It is also vital to promote a healthy lifestyle, engaging the population in physical activities and sports, as the Russian Arctic already has the necessary facilities and conditions.

The current state and possible prospects for using liquefied natural gas tank containers

One of the ways to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment is considered in the paper. This way is connected with the transition from liquid and solid hydrocarbon fuels to liquefied natural gas, which is one of the reasons for the increase in gas fuel consumption with the observed growth in the last decade for its transportation in liquefied form in tank containers. The main countries owning tank containers are the USA, Germany and the UK. It is noted that tank containers are used for transportation and storage of liquefied gas in small volumes for end users; this method of transportation is mobile, since sea, rail and automobile transport can be used for this; storage of liquefied gas in tank containers does not require the construction of additional infrastructure. Further prospects of tank containers for liquefied natural gas are considered. The possibility of supplying gas by tank containers, especially for autonomous remote settlements and regions of the Russian Federation with a low population density, while in these regions the population needs gas for heating residential buildings, is discussed. The use of tank containers, due to its advantages, may have the potential for use in the Russian Federation. Thus, within the framework of the review study, the issues of the current state and prospects for the use of tank containers for LNG transportation are considered in detail. It is noted that the mobility and flexibility of transportation ensures storage without additional refrigeration systems for about three months, including that LNG tank containers are used for gas supply to sparsely populated and hard-to-reach points without connection to main gas pipelines, satisfaction of short-term peak gas consumption in winter, and use of gas as motor fuel for the various types of transport.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ДЛЯ ОСНАЩЕНИЯ ВОЙСКОВЫХ ЧАСТЕЙ И ОТДАЛЕННЫХ НАСЕЛЕННЫХ ПУНКТОВ

The energy that is obtained from nature: from wind, sun, water, etc., is by far the cheapest type of resource and environmentally friendly. As the wind map shows, Kazakhstan’s wind potential provides a direction to promote the use of renewable energy sources as an important means to solve the problems of electricity shortage. The scientific article was published as part of the implementation of the scientific project of grant funding for 2022...2024 IRN № АР148039/0222 «Scientific and technical substantiation of the parameters and development of a wind power plant for the electric power supply of the objects of the Armed Forces, other troops and military formations of the Republic of Kazakhstan» (the study is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan). The article is devoted to the study and use of wind turbines with different parameters depending on climatic conditions, such as wind speed, air density, air pressure, air temperature, etc. The result of the research will be widely used in the design and manufacture of wind turbines in remote settlements and military units.

E-procurement and Arctic infrastructural geography: challenges of e-governance in the Russian Arctic

ABSTRACT Everyday life in the Arctic has become increasingly digitalized. The academic discussion around it focuses on three aspects: digital infrastructures and access; digital promises; and digitalization risks and challenges to human security. The existing critical research on e-governance in the Arctic has been done in the North American and European Arctic, while digital governance in the Russian Arctic has mostly remained beyond the scope of research. In this article, we aim to fill the gap by demonstrating how Russian Arctic infrastructural geography affects digital governance in the region. To achieve this goal, we used a mixed methods approach. First, to grasp the structural differences between Arctic and non-Arctic Russia, we analyzed open data from the Russian e-procurement system concerning the share of contracts with local suppliers, the percentage of terminated contracts, and indicators of contract time sensitivity. Second, to explore the mechanics of e-procurement in the Arctic, we gathered interviews with procurers working in state organizations in three remote settlements in different parts of the Russian Arctic: The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Arkhangelsk region. By combining these data, we produce a detailed picture of e-procurement across the differentiated Russian Arctic infrastructural geography.