Enamel Remineralization Research Articles

Developing Bioactive Hydrogels with Peptides for Dental Application.

Dental caries is an avoidable and complex condition impacting billions of individuals worldwide, posing a specific concern among younger generations, despite the progress of oral hygiene products. This deterioration occurs due to the acid demineralization of tooth enamel, leading to the loss of minerals from the enamel subsurface. The remineralisation of early enamel carious lesions could prevent the cavitation of teeth. The enamel protein amelogenin constitutes 90% of the total enamel matrix protein and plays a key role in the bio mineralisation process. The aim of this study is to investigate the self-assembly microstructure and reticulation behaviour of a newly developed bioactive hydrogel with leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) intended for enamel remineralisation. SEM, AFM, UV-VIS, and FTIR analyses emphasize the ability of peptides to promote cell adhesion and the treatment of early carious lesions. In conclusion, short-chain peptides can be used in hydrogels for individual or professional use.

Biomineralization and remineralizing potential of toothpastes containing nanosized β-calcium glycerophosphate: an in vitro study.

To evaluate the effect of 1100ppm F toothpastes supplemented with micrometric or nanosized β-CaGP (β-CaGPm/β-CaGPn) on artificial enamel remineralization, using a pH cycling model. Enamel blocks with artificial caries were randomly allocated into ten groups (n = 10), according to the toothpastes: without fluoride/β-CaGPm/β-CaGPn (negative control); 1100ppm F (1100F); 1100F plus 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% of β-CaGPm or β-CaGPn. The blocks were treated 2×/day with slurries of toothpastes. After pH cycling, the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR); integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN); integrated mineral loss (ΔIMR); fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the enamel; polydispersity index (PdI); and zeta potential (Zp) were determined. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (p < 0.001). For Zp/PdI, no significance was observed when comparing the means (p > 0.001). The treatment with 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn led to %SHR ∼57 higher when compared to the 1100F group (p < 0.001). The lowest ΔKHN was observed for the 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn group (p < 0.001). The ΔIMR was lower (∼201%) for the 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn when compared to 1100F (p < 0.001). The association of β-CaGPm and β-CaGPn to 1100F did not influence its F concentration (p > 0.001). The highest increase in Ca and P was observed for 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn (p < 0.001). The addition of 0.25%β-CaGPn to 1100F toothpaste was able to promote an additional remineralizing effect of artificial caries lesions.

Evaluation of three physical mixing methods of nanoparticles to orthodontic primer

Background: Demineralization and white spot lesions are the most common complications in fixed orthodontic treatment. It is useful to enhance the remineralization properties of the orthodontic primer by the addition of remineralizing agents. Fluoride and calcium are regarded as the main component of enamel fluorohydroxyapatite crystals. This pilot study compared three mixing methods of calcium fluoride nanoparticles (nCaF2) with conventional orthodontic primer (Transbond XTTM) to develop a primer with enamel remineralization properties. Materials and methods: The nanoparticles were added to Transbond XTTM primer to form 20% (w/w) of the final solution. Three dark plastic bottles were prepared and stored until mixing. The first sample was mixed by a Vortex machine, the second was mixed with an electric agitator, and the third one was mixed with a customized plastic spatula adapted to a dental engine and a straight handpiece. Cured blocks of the developed primer were prepared and were examined for homogeneity, cracks, and agglomeration of the nanoparticles within the primer using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESM). Results: The third Sample showed a continuous distribution of nanoparticles with no apparent cracks or agglomeration of nanoparticles. In contrast, a higher agglomeration was seen in the first sample than in the other two. Conclusion: Mixing of nCaF2 with Transbond XTTM orthodontic primer was best achieved by the customized plastic spatula adapted to a dental engine compared to Vortex and electric agitator machines.

Effectiveness of CO2 laser conjugation with topical fluoride for caries prevention through improved enamel microhardness

Background: Dental caries is a major global health problem. According to Basic Health Research 2018, the prevalence of caries in Indonesia reached 45.3%, therefore preventions are needed to reduce the prevalence of caries. One of the preventions that can be done is the use of CO2 lasers combined with topical fluoride. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of CO2 laser conjugation with topical fluoride for caries prevention. Methods: In this article review, a method of finding theories and research articles was implemented using the keywords "CO2 laser, topical fluoride, enamel caries, microhardness, prevention" on sites Google Scholar and PubMed. Results: From the article search, 8 journals that met our requirements were found, included in them are 3 literature reviews and 5 research articles. Discussion: In several studies, it was found that a CO2 laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm is effective to reduce the solubility of hydroxyapatite crystals on the enamel surface under acidic conditions. Meanwhile, the use of topical fluoride can also reduce demineralization and increase enamel remineralization through physical and chemical prevention. However, the effect of topical fluoride is partial and depends on its constant presence in the oral cavity. Conclusion: CO2 laser with the application of topical fluoride can work synergistically in increasing the microhardness of the enamel as an effort to prevent caries.

Remineralisation of enamel and dentine with stabilised stannous fluoride dentifrices in a randomised cross-over in situ trial

ObjectivesTo compare the remineralisation efficacy and ion bioavailability of two novel SnF2-containing dentifrices in a blinded, cross-over, randomised in situ clinical study. MethodsSix participants wore removal palatal appliances holding human enamel and dentine blocks with subsurface lesions. Appliances were worn for two treatment periods of 14 consecutive days each, with a one-week washout period in-between. Participants were randomly allocated to rinse with a 1:5 diluted coded slurry of one of two dentifrices containing either 5 % casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) +1100 ppm F as SnF2 [MIPOP], or 1100 ppm F as SnF2 [CT], for 1 min, four times a day. Saliva was collected post-treatment and analysed for tin, calcium, inorganic phosphate and fluoride ions using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and ion chromatography. Enamel and dentine lesions were analysed for percent remineralisation (%R) using transverse microradiography and percent surface microhardness recovery (%SMHR). ResultsMIPOP released significantly higher F (3.00 ± 0.27 mM), Ca (15.23 ± 3.23 mM) and Sn (1.18 ± 0.13 mM) into saliva whereas CT released 2.89 ± 0.32 mM F and only 0.84 ± 0.11 mM Ca and 0.28 ± 0.10 mM Sn. MIPOP produced significantly higher %R than CT: 25.6 ± 1.5 % compared to 15.2 ± 0.7 % in enamel, and 33.6 ± 3.1 % compared to 20.6 ± 1.1 % in dentine. Additionally, MIPOP produced significantly higher %SMHR (18.2 ± 7.9 %) compared to CT (4.1 ± 0.6 %). ConclusionsBoth dentifrices promoted remineralisation, but the MIPOP dentifrice with added CPP-ACP and the ion-stabilising effects of CPP released higher amounts of bioavailable tin and produced significantly higher remineralisation and surface microhardness recovery. Clinical SignificanceModern dentifrices contain SnF2 for a range of oral health benefits. Challenges associated with stability of these formulations can affect ion bioavailability, reducing efficacy. Two dentifrices with SnF2 promoted remineralisation in situ, however the dentifrice with the added saliva biomimetic CPP-ACP was superior and therefore may produce greater health benefits.

High-Resolution Characterization of Enamel Remineralization Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Electron Microscopy

Introduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the suitability of high-resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for visualizing cross-sectional changes in human enamel microstructure and chemical composition during treatment and remineralization cycling of artificially generated caries lesions underneath an artificial plaque. Methods: Treatments consisted of exposure to twice daily toothpaste/water slurries prepared from 0, 1,100, and 5,000 μg/g fluoride (F) NaF/silica toothpastes. In addition, treatments with slurries prepared from 1,100 μg/g F SnF2/silica toothpastes were done using 44Ca in the remineralization solution to allow for differentiation of newly formed mineral and exploration of incorporated metal dopants using ToF-SIMS. Complementary microhardness, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) investigations were performed on enamel cross sections. Results: HR-TEM was used for the first time to determine the change in crystallinity during remineralization revealing distinct microstructural zones within one lesion. Chemical mapping using ToF-SIMS demonstrated that the distribution of F, while observed primarily in the new mineral phase, was widespread throughout the lesion with 44Ca substantially limited to the remineralizing mineral. Both penetrated the inter-rod spaces of the sound enamel illustrating how acid damage propagates into the native mineral as the caries lesion deepens. HR-TEM examination revealed different regions within the lesion characterized by distinct micro- and ultrastructures. Importantly, HR-TEM revealed a return of crystallinity following remineralization. F dose-response observations verified the ability of these high-resolution techniques to differentiate remineralization efficacy. Conclusion: The collective results provided new insights such as the visualization of F or calcium penetration pathways, as well as new tools to study the caries process.

Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Monitoring De- and Remineralization of Bovine Enamel In Vitro.

Early caries diagnosis still challenges dentistry. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is promising to detect initial lesions non-invasively in depth-resolved cross-sectional visualization. PS-OCT with determined degree of polarization (DOP) imaging provides an intuitive demineralization contrast. The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of DOP-based PS-OCT imaging to monitor controlled de- and remineralization progression for the first time and to introduce it as a valid, non-destructive in vitro detection method. Twelve standardized bovine enamel specimens were divided in different groups and demineralized with hydrochloric acid (HCl) as well as partly remineralized with fluoride over a 14-day pH-cycling experiment. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva and sodium chloride (NaCl), respectively. Progress measurements with PS-OCT were made with polarization-sensitive en faceand B-scan mode for qualitative evaluation. The specimens demineralized in HCl showed the most pronounced surface change (lowest DOP) and the most significant increase in depolarization. Additional fluoride treatment and the storage in artificial saliva resulted in the opposite (highest DOP). Therefore, DOP-based PS-OCT imaging appears to be a valuable technique for visualization and monitoring of enamel demineralization and remineralization processes in vitro. However, these findings need to be confirmed in human teeth ex vivo or in situ.

SEM Studies Assessing the Efficacy of Laser Treatment for Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review

Treating and limiting caries among young children are crucial issues for pediatric dentistry. In our systematic review, the authors intend to assess alterations in the surfaces of primary teeth following laser treatment using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The aim of this article is to systematically review and consolidate existing knowledge regarding the use of SEM imaging to assess the efficacy of laser treatment for primary teeth. On 10 November 2023, an electronic search was systematically conducted across PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases with keywords ((laser) AND ((primary teeth) OR (deciduous teeth)) AND (SEM)). The initial pool consisted of 205 records, from which 93 duplicates were eliminated. After careful examination of the remaining articles, 24 records were included in this systematic review. The majority of articles suggest that laser treatment provides dentinal surface without a smear layer, enhances remineralization of enamel, and improves the bonding quality of resin restorations. However, some discrepancies are still present. Based on the gathered articles, the authors of this review have concluded that laser treatment could be applied to deciduous teeth in terms of caries treatment and remineralization although further research is still needed.

Peptide Amphiphile‐Mediated Assembly and Fusion of Anisotropic Amorphous Particles for Enamel Remineralization

AbstractEnamel remineralization, which attempts to generate a mineral layer structurally similar to native enamel and restore its mechanical properties, remains a significant challenge. Here, rationally designed peptide amphiphile (PA) molecules bind to amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) particles via electrostatic interactions, imparting anisotropic properties that drive PA‐modified ACP to form spindle‐shaped aggregates. Furthermore, some residual PA molecules may further regulate crystallization and facilitate the formation of well‐aligned hydroxyapatite bundles. Additionally, the involvement of PA can mediate the ordered deposition and fusion of ACP on the enamel surface, and construct the crystalline‐amorphous mineralization front with a continuous structure. This mineralization front ensures epitaxially oriented growth of enamel crystals and achieves a structurally ordered mineral layer similar to that of native enamel, while the mechanical performance is effectively restored. More significantly, the thickness of the newly formed mineral layer can be augmented through cyclic remineralization, benefitting the design of products intended for practical enamel repair.

Effect of Different Tea in Remineralization of Artificially- Induced Initial Enamel Caries of Human Teeth (Study in Vitro)

One of the beneficial effects of consumption different types of tea is preventing tooth decay that attributed to their mineral contents. Purpose: to investigate the microscopical changes of different types of tea ; Camellia sinensis (black and green), Mentha spicata and Ocimum basilicum on artificially- induced initial enamel caries. Initial enamel caries-like lesions were introduced in 30 sound extracted human 1st premolar teeth using pH cycling procedure. Teeth were divided into 6 groups to test 4 types of tea ( black, green, Mentha spicata and Ocimum basilicum) and 2 control solutions (0.05%NaF and de-ionized water as positive and negative control respectively )for enamel re-mineralization, using polarized microscope. The concentration of calcium, inorganic phosphorous and fluoride ions in all tea solutions were also measured. Results revealed that green tea produced the best enamel remineralization, while black tea and Mentha spicata were coming next and result in different mode of re-mineralization. On the other hand, teeth treated Ocimum basilicum showed mild evidence of re-mineralization.The chemical analysis indicated that both Mentha spicata and Oci mum basilicum had the highest calcium and phosphorous ion s levels (higher than their fluoride concentration). Green tea had nearly equal concentration for the 3 tested ions, which were l ess than its counterpart black tea. All selected tea solutions were effective in remineralizing of initial enamel caries, in the following sequence: green tea, black / Mentha spicata , then Ocimum basilicum.

Antibiofilm Properties and Demineralization Suppression in Early Enamel Lesions Using Dental Coating Materials.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dental coating materials on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. The test materials were PRG Barrier Coat (PRG), BioCoat Ca (BioC), and FluorDental Jelly (FluorJ). Bovine enamel specimens were demineralized to mimic early enamel lesions. The biofilm was developed on a specimen treated with one of the materials by using a modified Robbins device flow-cell system. Scanning electron and fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, viable and total cell counts, and gene expression assessments of the antibiofilm were performed. Ion incorporation was analyzed using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyzer. All materials allowed biofilm formation but reduced its volume. FluorJ was the only material that inhibited biofilm accumulation and had a bactericidal effect, revealing 0.66 log CFU in viable cells and 1.23 log copy reduction in total cells compared with the untreated group after 24 h of incubation. The ions released from PRG varied depending on the element. BioC contributed to enamel remineralization by supplying calcium ions while blocking the acid produced from the biofilm. In summary, the dental coating materials physically prevented acid attacks from the biofilm while providing ions to the enamel to improve its mechanical properties.

The Synergistic Effect of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound on In-vitro Remineralization of Tooth Enamel by Calcium Phosphate Ion Clusters.

Remineralization of dental enamel is an important intervention strategy for the treatment of demineralized lesions. Existing approaches have limitations such as failure to adequately reproduce both the ideal structural and mechanical properties of the native tooth. The ability of ultrasound to control and accelerate the crystallization processes has been widely reported. Therefore, a new approach was explored for in-vitro enamel remineralization involving the synergistic effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) coupled with calcium phosphate ion clusters (CPICs). The demineralized enamel was treated with CPICs, with or without subsequent HIFU exposure for different periods (2.5, 5, and 10 min). The specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. The surface hardness and crystallographic properties of the treated specimens were evaluated using Vickers microhardness testing and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. SEM revealed distinct, organized, and well-defined prismatic structures, showing clear evidence of remineralization in the combined CPIC/HIFU treatment groups. AFM further revealed a decrease in the surface roughness values with increasing HIFU exposure time up to 5 min, reflecting the obliteration of interprismatic spaces created during demineralization. The characteristic Raman band at 960 cm-1 associated with the inorganic phase of enamel dominated well in the HIFU-treated specimens. Importantly, microhardness testing further demonstrated that new mineral growth also recovered the mechanical properties of the enamel in the HIFU-exposed groups. Critical to our aspirations for developing this into a clinical process, these results were achieved in only 5 min. HIFU exposure can synergise and significantly accelerate in-vitro enamel remineralization process via calcium phosphate ion clusters. Therefore, this synergistic approach has the potential for use in future clinical interventions.

Comparison of the Remineralization Effect of Nano Herbal Toothpaste With Two Kinds of Toothpaste Containing Fluoride and Bioactive Glass on Primary Enamel Lesions: An In Vitro Study

Background: Considering the therapeutic properties of the compounds used in Albodent Iranian toothpaste and little evidence about the effect of NovaMin toothpaste on primary caries lesions, the purpose of this research was to compare the effect of toothpaste containing fluoride and toothpaste containing bioactive glass with Albodent toothpaste on enamel remineralization in a laboratory manner. Methods: Overall, 24 healthy human premolar teeth were selected and divided into buccal and lingual halves. The demineralization cycle of the samples was performed for 14 days. The samples were classified into four groups and were brushed twice a day for 28 days with tested toothpaste. A microhardness test was conducted, and changes in the enamel surface and morphology of one sample selected from each group were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The average difference in microhardness in the studied groups was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) when compared two-by-two with the control group. The most noticeable difference was found in the comparison of the Sensodyne group with the control group, while the lowest difference was observed in the comparison of the Albodent group with the control group. Conclusion: The presence of NovaMin in toothpaste along with fluoride can increase the efficiency of the remineralization rate of primary enamel lesions compared to fluoride toothpaste without bioactive glass. In addition, the effectiveness of herbal toothpastes, which do not contain essential artificial ingredients in the remineralization of primary enamel lesions was lower than that of non-herbal fluoride toothpastes.

Remineralization potential of strontium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite dentifrice and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate cream on white spot lesions in enamel following orthodontic debonding - a randomized controlled trial.

This study was intended to compare and determine the potency of strontium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite paste against a topical cream containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and a regular dentifrice for remineralization of white spot lesions of enamel following orthodontic debonding. Ninety individuals with white spot lesions on their enamel who visited the orthodontic department for de-bonding were selected for the research. Patients were randomly assigned to three distinct groups with each group consisting of 30 patients. Group 1 served as the control and received regular dentifrice, Group 2 received strontium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite paste, and Group 3 received casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate topical cream. Patients were instructed to locally apply a specified amount of the prescribed preparation twice daily for six weeks. The data were analysed using the statistical programme SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and the level of significance had been set at p < 0.05. Group 1 did not show any change in the enamel following the application of toothpaste. Both Group 2 and 3 demonstrated higher post-treatment scores, indicating effective remineralization potential (p < 0.001). However, Group 2 (strontium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite paste) displayed significantly greater remineralization capacity when compared to group 3 (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate topical cream). Compared to conventional dentifrice and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate paste, strontium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite preparation demonstrated greater enamel remineralization of the white spot lesions and favourable surface alterations in the enamel surface. strontium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite can be utilised safely and efficiently to treat early caries and remineralise white spot lesions on the enamel.

Orthodontic Bracket Rebonding with and without Fluoride: A Pilot Study

Adhesion between orthodontic brackets and conditioned enamel surfaces is essential for treatment success with fixed appliances. During treatment, enamel demineralization lesions commonly appear although remineralization is possible through fluoride application. Aim: Evaluation of the surface rugosity in bracket rebonding, specifically the influence of fluoride application before the bonding protocol. In total, 30 human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used and divided into three groups. The control group was not submitted to any experimental manipulation; group 1 and 2 were placed in a demineralization solution and group 2 was additionally subjected to a subsequent fluoride application. The surface rugosity was measured at different timings: T0—before bracket bonding; T1—first bracket debonding after composite removal; and T2—second bracket debonding after composite removal. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Student’s t-test were used. Regarding the comparison between groups, at T0 and T1, no statistically significant differences were observed. However, at T2, statistically significant differences were verified between the control group and group 1 for the parameters: Ra (p = 0.0043), Rq (p = 0.0043), Rqmax (p = 0.0043), Rp (p = 0.0087), and Rv (p = 0.026). Regarding the evaluation between time points, in the control group, no statistically significant differences were observed. In group 1, statistically significant results were found between T0 and T1 for the parameters: Rq (p = 0.0451), Rqmax (p = 0.0451), Rp (p = 0.0091), and Rvk (p = 0.0433) and between T1 and T2 for the parameters: Ra (p = 0.0465), Rq (p = 0.0433), Rqmax (p = 0.0433), and Rp (p = 0.0155). In group 2, statistically significant differences were found between T0 and T1 for the parameter Rvk (p = 0.0405). A decrease In surface rugosity was observed during multiple bracket rebonding procedures. Therefore, this study suggests that rebonding procedures alter the enamel surface rugosity. The need for rebonding should be avoided, opting for a more effective and correct first bonding. In the case of multiple rebonding, enamel remineralization maneuvers must be applied to recover the surface, since the results of this study suggest that the application of fluoride prior to bracket adhesion promotes lower surface roughness.

Encapsulation of a novel peptide derived from histatin-1 in liposomes against initial enamel caries in vitro and in vivo.

Biomimetic mineralization mediated by proteins and peptides is a promising strategy for enamel repair, and its specific application model needs more research. In this work, we exploited a liposomal delivery system for a novel peptide (DK5) derived from histatin-1 (DK5-Lips) as a new biomimetic mineralization strategy against initial enamel caries. The DK5-Lips was prepared using calcium acetate gradient method and then the in vitro release, salivary stability, and cytotoxicity were studied. Initial enamel caries was created in bovine enamel blocks and subjected to pH-cycling model treated with DK5-Lips. Surface microhardness testing, polarized light microscopy (PLM), and transverse microradiography (TMR) were analyzed. Then the biocompatibility of DK5-Lips was evaluated in the caries model of Sprague-Dawley rats, and the anti-caries effect was assessed using Micro-CT analysis, Keyes scores, and PLM in vivo. DK5-Lips provided a mean particle size of (97.63 ± 4.94)nm and encapsulation efficiency of (61.46 ± 1.44)%, exhibiting a sustained release profile, excellent stability in saliva, and no significant toxicity on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The DK5-Lips group had higher surface microhardness recovery, shallower caries depth, and less mineral loss in bovine enamel. Animal experiments showed higher volume and density values of residual molar enamel, lower Keyes score, and shallower lesion depth of the DK5-Lips group with good biocompatibility. As a safe and effective application model, DK5-Lips could significantly promote the remineralization of initial enamel caries both in vitro and in vivo. The potential of liposome utilization as vehicle for oral delivery of functional peptides may provide a new way for enamel restoration.

Bioactive Remineralization of Human Enamel using Piper Betle Leaf Extract and its Additives

The role of the betel leaf has been described since ancient times in various books of Ayurveda mainly due to its curative properties and been used for the treatment of various disorders and stimulated anti-oxidative, anti- mutative, and detoxifying properties. Betel quid chewers have cancerogenic potential seen in many parts of rural areas in India. This study proves that when used in correct proportions [betel leaf, areca nut and betel lime], acts as natural means for protection against caries and non -carious lesions as it re-hardness the tooth enamel naturally.

Epigallocatechin gallate-immobilized antimicrobial resin with rechargeable fluorinated synergistic composite for enhanced caries control

ObjectivesGiven the global prevalence of dental caries, impacting 2.5 billion individuals, the development of sophisticated prevention filling materials is crucial. Streptococcus mutans, the principal caries-causing strain, produces acids that demineralize teeth and initiate dental caries. To address this issue, we aimed to develop a synergistic resin-based composite for enhancing caries control. MethodsThe synergistic resin composite incorporates fluorinated kaolinite and silanized Al2O3 nanoparticle fillers into an epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) immobilized urethane-modified epoxy acrylate (U-EA) resin matrix, referred to the as-prepared resin composite. The EGCG-modified TPGDA/U-EA network was synthesized by preparing methacrylate-functionalized isocyanate (HI), reacting it with EGCG to form HI-EGCG, and then incorporating HI-EGCG into the TPGDA/U-EA matrix. The lamellar space within the kaolinite layer was expanded through the intercalation of acrylamide into kaolinite, enhancing its capability to adsorb and release fluoride ions (F–). The layered structure of acrylamide/ kaolinite in the U-EA resin composite acts as a F– reservoir. ResultsThe physico-mechanical properties of the as-prepared resin composites are comparable to those of commercial products, exhibiting lower polymerization shrinkage, substantial F– release and recharge and favorable diametral tensile strength. The immobilized EGCG in the composite exhibits potent antimicrobial properties, effectively reducing the biofilm biomass. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of EGCG and fluorinated kaolinite efficiently counteracts acid-induced hydroxyapatite dissolution, thereby suppressing demineralization and promoting enamel remineralization. SignificanceOur innovative EGCG and fluoride synergistic composite provides enhanced antimicrobial properties, durable anti-demineralization, and tooth remineralization effects, positioning it as a promising solution for effective caries control and long-term dental maintenance.

THE USE OF XYLITOL IN PERIODONTAL TREATMENT. CASE REPORT

Periodontal treatment is an important branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases, which affect the supporting tissues of the teeth. These diseases include gingivitis and periodontal disease, both having an impact on the patient's oral and general health. Over time, researchers and dentists have made significant progress in understanding and treating these conditions, and this article explores the evolution of this fascinating field. The use of xylitol in periodontal diseases has been the subject of a significant number of studies and research. Xylitol is a natural sweetener that has beneficial effects on oral health. Below are some important conclusions from studies to date: Reduced bacterial plaque formation: Xylitol has demonstrated the ability to inhibit the formation of bacterial plaque, especially cariogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutants. By reducing plaque formation, xylitol can help prevent the onset and progression of periodontal disease. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects: Xylitol has antibacterial properties, helping to combat the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. Xylitol has also been observed to have anti-inflammatory effects, reducing gingival inflammation associated with periodontal disease. Remineralization and protection of dental enamel: Regular consumption of xylitol can contribute to the remineralization of dental enamel and increase its resistance to the action of acid. By protecting the enamel, xylitol can help prevent cavities and dental injuries that can aggravate periodontal disorders.

Optimization of Functional Toothpaste Formulation Containing Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Birch Extract for Daily Oral Care.

This research work aims to develop functional toothpastes with combined enamel remineralization and antibacterial effects using nano-hydroxyapatites (nHAPs) and birch extract. Eleven toothpastes (notated as P1-P11) were designed featuring different concentrations of birch extract and a constant concentration of pure nHAPs or substituted nHAPs (HAP-5%Zn, HAP-0.23%Mg-3.9%Zn-2%Si-10%Sr, and HAP-2.5%Mg-2.9%Si-1.34%Zn). In vitro assessments involved treating artificially demineralized enamel slices and analyzing surface repair and remineralization using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The Agar Disk Diffusion method was used to measure antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. Topographic images of enamel structure and surface roughness, as well as the ability of nHAP nanoparticles to form self-assembled layers, revealed excellent restorative properties of the tested toothpastes, with enamel nanostructure normalization occurring as soon as 10 days after treatment. The outcomes highlighted enamel morphology improvements due to the toothpaste treatment also having various efficacious antibacterial effects. Promising results were obtained using P5 toothpaste, containing HAP-5%Zn (3.4%) and birch extract (1.3%), indicating notable remineralization and good antibacterial properties. This study represents a significant advancement in oral care by introducing toothpaste formulations that simultaneously promote enamel health through effective remineralization and bacterial inhibition.