Religious Doctrine Research Articles

Business Leaders and Nationalism in Japan’s Oil Diplomacy in the Middle East

ABSTRACT This article examines Japan’s resource diplomacy in the Middle East by focusing on the activities and ideologies of business leaders before the First Oil Crisis in 1973. By analysing the roles played by four prominent leaders in the oil industry (Idemitsu Sazō, Yamashita Tarō, Tanaka Seigen, and Sugimoto Shigeru), the article illustrates how the beliefs of these leaders intersected with those of the political class in Japan’s oil diplomacy towards Middle East. The approach they took to oil diplomacy reflected the notion of Kōdōshugi (Imperial Way principles and ethics). This form of nationalism had some continuity with the prewar Greater Asianism insofar as it was infused with the religious ethics and doctrines of the ‘Japanese Imperial Way’ and the avoidance of dependence on the West.

Understanding sexual behaviors of youth from the lens of caregivers, teachers, local leaders and youth in Homabay County, Kenya

In Kenya similar to other countries in Eastern and Southern Africa There is a disproportionately high burden of the global HIV incidence among youth ages 15–24 years, and where adolescent girls and young women account for up to a third of all incident HIV infections and more than double the burden of HIV compared to their male peers. Previous work has shown early sexual debut as entry point into risks to sexual and reproductive health among young people including STI/HIV acquisition. This was a formative assessment of the local context of three sexual risk behaviors among youth ages of 15–24 years: early sexual debut, multiple sexual partnerships, and age-mixing /intergenerational sex for purposes of informing comprehensive combination HIV intervention program design. We conducted a cross-sectional formative qualitative study in four sub-counties within Homabay county a high HIV prevalence region of Kenya. Participants were recruited through youth groups, schools, government offices and, community gatekeepers using approved fliers, referred to a designated venue for focus group discussion (FGD). After oral informed consent, twelve FGDs of 8–10 participants were carried out. Transcripts and field notes were uploaded to Atlas.ti qualitative data analysis and research software (version 8.0, 2017, ATLAS.ti GmbH). Open coding followed by grouping, categorization of code groups, and thematic abstraction was used to draw meaning for the data. A total of 111 youth participated in the FGD, 65 males and 46 females. The main findings were that youth engaged in early sex for fear of being labeled ‘odd’ by their peers, belief (among both male and female) that ‘practice makes perfect’, curiosity about sex, media influence, need to prove if one can father a child (among male), the notion that sex equals love with some of the youth using this excuse to coerce their partners into premature sex, and the belief that sex is a human right and parents/guardians should not intervene. Male youth experienced more peer-pressure to have sex earlier. Female youths cited many reasons to delay coitarche that included fear of pregnancy, burden of taking care of a baby, and religious doctrines. Having multiple sexual partners and intergenerational sexual relationships were common among the youth driven by perceived financial gain and increased sexual prowess. HIV prevention strategies need to address gender vulnerabilities, as well as promoting a protective environment, hence application of combination prevention methods is a viable solution to the HIV pandemic.Trial registration number: The study was approved by the KNH/UoN Ethics review committee (KNH/UoN ERC-P73/03/2011) and New York University (NYU Reg no.–00000310).

Deweyan Critique of Fundamentalism

Religious fundamentalism continues to be an enormous concern in the aftermath of the 9/11 tragedy since the atrocity involved numerous extremist groups, including religious fundamentalist ones. This horrible tragedy has brought in all citizens of the globe mindful of the existential threat of these organizations. Their existence sparks an immense discourse in various fields, including in the academic field that centres around the query of ‘what drives them to act mercilessly and inhumanely.’ Aside from political matters, their extremism is shaped by their method of approach to the doctrines or dogmas, teachings, ideologies, and religious traditions of faith they espouse. The methodology used by fundamentalists in approaching their religious texts and traditions is one of the major issues confronting religious fundamentalism. That methodology refers to the authoritative method, which entails two notable inquiries. Why do fundamentalists consider their religious doctrines or dogmas to be infallible or unquestionable? Why do they presume that all other knowledge and values are subordinate to their religious texts? This philosophical analysis seeks to investigate and evaluate the flaws of the authoritative method within fundamentalism by contrasting it with the Deweyan experimental or scientific method and bridging the two methods with the ‘reflective method’ the author postulates.

The Normal Standards and the Three Standards: Examining the New Situation of Mohist Religious Thought

The chapter titled “Fa Yi” within the book Mozi delves into the religious doctrines of the Mohist belief in a higher deity, serving as the bedrock of legitimacy for the Mohist religion. In addition, the empirical principle of “San Biao,” found scattered throughout various chapters of Mozi, forms the basis for evaluating the effectiveness and utility of Mohist judgments and arguments, thus contributing to the establishment of Mohist religious thought. However, in the past, the religious significance of “Fa Yi” and “San Biao” has often been overlooked, leading to regrettable omissions. This article aims to rectify this by highlighting these two components as vital elements of Mohist religious thought.

Caste, Resistance, and Religion: A Critical Study of ‘Making of Matuaism’

Matuaism developed into a full-grown organized religion in the beginning of twentieth century, and a popular religion in contemporary time. Its genesis and development has sparked many questions and concerns for the simple reason that, a large section of Namasudra people got organized under a leadership of two anti-caste leaders of Bengal, namely Harichand Thakur and Guruchand Thakur, and invented a new religion for the so-called untouchables of Bengal. The present article is an attempt to historicize the nascent journey of Matuaism from second half of nineteenth century till present time, and to critically evaluate its religious doctrine that primarily dismantles Brahminical hegemony as enunciated and canonized in the Rig Veda and other religious texts. Drawing within the framework of anti-caste movements, the present article evaluates Matuaism as a resistant religion to Brahminical hegemony on the one hand, and justifies its theology as a praxis solely devoted to public welfare and utilitarianism on the other. The so-called untouchables of Bengal who did not have any social identity and respect, invented their own religion and secured their social and cultural identity through authentic representation of their religious culture.

Factors Affecting Decisions Not to Engage in Premarital Sex Among Maritime First-Year Students in Cebu, Philippines

Premarital sex can be both fulfilling and detrimental to college students. Studies were conducted on the factors that induced premarital sex among college students. However, no study has been conducted yet, regarding maritime students-based factors affecting premarital sex decisions in the Philippines. The objective of this study is to provide the general public, especially the student-readers, an idea of the extent of the factors affecting decisions not to engage in premarital sex among maritime first-year students in Cebu, Philippines. Three hundred sixty maritime first-year students were selected from the University of Cebu maritime department of S.Y. 2020-2021. A descriptive-quantitative method of research without experimentation was utilized. Systematic random sampling was used to establish the sample size. A modified survey questionnaire adopted from the study was used as the main instrument. Percentages and frequency counts were used to calculate and interpret the data. Results revealed that most respondents were not involved in premarital sexual activities. The major factors affecting their decisions not to engage in premarital sex are family values, followed by religious doctrines. The results of the study will also enrich literature in as much as it will give numbers and facts as bases to the Philippine Commission for Higher Education, college institutions, and ethics teachers in the Philippines to promote the use of books and the creation of teaching materials that tackle more lessons on sexuality, family and religious values to reinforce the Filipino maritime students for the present and future moral challenges.

Waiting expressions in Arabic religious texts: A stylistic study

The study is a stylistic examination of waiting expressions used in religious texts written in Arabic. The Importance of the study relies of the fact that it focuses on the language used in religious statements that deal with the idea of waiting. This religious concept ensures that every believer has a responsibility to follow the visions and guidelines of his religious doctrines. This study aims to linguistically investigate waiting expressions. The study investigated religious waiting expressions found in Tafsir Al-Mizan ) Interpretation of the Qur'an (by the scholar Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i. It also invested an eclectic model of analysis for the purpose of this investigation . The eclectic model includes Crystal and Davy (1969) religious language analytical frame work and Van Noppen (1981) religious language style and Short and Leech (2007) stylistic tool-kit .The questions aimed to be answered in this study involves : What are the main lexical , semantic , Grammatical , figures of speech and context and cohesion linguistic items used within religious waiting statement ? What is the significance of this investment ? And What is the effect of the concept of waiting upon the invested language ? The findings of this analysis include: There is a focus of use on particular linguistic items such as certain listing constructions ( Proper Names) , repetition of certain titles for The Waited , no religious archaic language were employed , in addition to the intensive use of the same religious metaphor . The linguistic items used varies in the degree to which they express the religious concept under investigation .

Pengembangan Paham Moderasi Beragama di Pondok Pesantren Al-Ikhlas Ujung Kabupaten Bone

Moderate attitudes in understanding and practicing religious teachings are highly necessary to be instilled in every Muslim, as they lead to the avoidance of conflicts with people from different beliefs. Islamic teachings about moderation in worship, as written in the Qur'an and Hadith, imply the principles of justice and balance in practicing religion. These principles are the essence of Islamic teachings that emphasize the "wasathiyah" or moderate approach in adhering to religious doctrines. Providing an understanding of religious moderation must be integrated into the curriculum of an Educational Institution. Hence, this research focuses on Islamic boarding schools (pondok pesantren) as the target of the study, as they are one of the Religious Educational Institutions in Indonesia. By employing the Community Based Research method and using a quantitative approach in data analysis, this study concludes that the development of the understanding of religious moderation in Pondok Pesantren Al-Ikhlas Ujung, Bone Regency, has shown improvement. The researcher's efforts in this development involved conducting seminars/dialogues and distributing books containing speeches related to the theme of religious moderation.Keywords : Religious Moderation, Islamic Boarding School, Tolerance, Anti-Violence

Improving Quality Islamic Education for Today's Generation

Islamic religious education is very important for the formation of one's personality. Guidance and direction are religious doctrines designed to make people believe in the existence of God and religion wholeheartedly, comply with religious orders in the form of worship, and have noble morals. Through studying Islamic religious education, the author hopes that someone can have good values in himself so that he can turn them into good behavior in everyday life. In addition, Islamic religious education can also enable a person not to do things that are not allowed in religion. The application of Islamic education is carried out by increasing piety to Allah SWT, and noble character is the embodiment of the faith that is believed by everyone. Therefore, combining happiness and piety in one person will avoid destructive, slanderous, and socially detrimental behavior, and is very dangerous for the unity and integrity of the nation in the future.

A munshi discussion on religion, and the Simla Akhbār, circa 1850

AbstractAs a case study of the changing mentalities that emerged in colonial India, this article analyses a discussion that took place among several munshis (secretaries trained in Persian to run the affairs of princely states), and also provides a translation and edition of the text. The subject was a short polemical letter refuting the immortality of the soul, published around 1850 in the Simla Akhbār (Simla News). The main question entertained in this correspondence was not the merit of the sceptical argument, based in part on modern medical findings, but the potential public impact of dismissing a religious doctrine that sustains morality. Two of the participants in this conversation, Shivaprasad and Sital Singh, displayed the full range of changes that made the nineteenth century so extraordinary, and the way they responded illustrates some of the salient features and stages of this process, including the difficulty of foreseeing the elimination of much of the system for which munshis were trained.

Вплив релігійних організацій на вирішення міжнародно-правових проблем в умовах глобалізації

The article reveals the mechanisms of influence of religious organizations on international relations and the dynamics of their influence on the solution of international legal problems in the conditions of globalization. In the conditions of globalization of world processes and growing tendencies towards interdependence in international relations, religion acts as an optimal mode of self-identification of individual countries, interstate associations and unions. Currently, we are observing the growth of the number of international religious organizations and foundations, religious parties and movements whose functioning and activities are of an international nature. Religious organizations develop and adopt their international agreements, which usually do not have a normative legal nature, but are taken into account by the world community and states during the development of new international legal standards on matters of religion. It was noted that the Christian influence affects the perspective of the evolutionary movement of the international legal system and ensuring its stability. Thus, the humanization of the legal systems of states through the prohibition of the death penalty, the rejection of cruel punishments and those that degrade human dignity, the softening of the conditions for serving punishments, and the expansion of the range of human social rights have a clearly expressed Christian color. The influence of religious organizations on international law can be traced at various levels of its existence and formation. The religious factor affects the development of law as a normative regulator, as well as a form of social and individual consciousness, a mode of spiritual development. It has been proven that modern religious doctrines are an important factor that determines both the specifics of the political process of an individual state and the trends of international life. The latter gives reason to assert that despite the fact that the process of modernization of religious organizations is taking place, in the 21st century they will continue to determine the nature of international relations in the future.

Illinois governor renames MH center for Elizabeth Packard

Gov. J.B. Pritzker and the Illinois Department of Human Services (IDHS) on Aug. 9 announced a new name for the McFarland Mental Health Center. By executive proclamation, it is now officially the Elizabeth Parsons Ware Packard Mental Health Center. On signage and in common use, it will become known simply as the Packard Mental Health Center, a news release stated. Located on the south side of Springfield, the psychiatric hospital employs more than 250 staff and supports over 120 patients with serious mental illness on a 24/7 basis. “Today, we are putting a spotlight on the real hero associated with this institution, someone who in truth better expresses our proud history of positive reform and someone who changed our world for the better,” said Pritzker. “Here in Illinois, we are committed to righting the wrongs of the past wherever we can. Renaming this center in honor of Elizabeth Packard, who founded the Anti‐Insane Asylum Society and pushed multiple states to reform their laws to better recognize the rights of mental health patients, is an important step in the right direction.” The name change was initiated by staff at IDHS/Division of Mental Health and was supported by grassroots advocates in an online petition. The announcement comes at a time when IDHS is further transforming its approach to the care of individuals living with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In 1860, Packard was institutionalized against her will in the (now‐closed) Illinois State Asylum and Hospital for the Insane in Jacksonville. At the time, Illinois law allowed men to have their wives involuntarily committed. Packard disagreed with her husband, a Calvinist priest, over religious doctrine, and on issues including women's rights and slavery. This renaming reflects the state's commitment to righting the wrongs of the past, while celebrating the contributions of those who have historically been overlooked. “The symbolism of changing the name of this institution is so important as we continue to work toward the equity of women in our society,” said Vickie Smith, president and CEO, Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA ISLAM DAN SPIRITUALISME JAWA

Abstract
 Islam and Javanese spiritualism discuss the syncretic relationship between the two. This theme was raised because at present there are many who think that the teachings of Javanese spiritualism are not in accordance with the teachings of Islam. One of the reasons is the perception of the public who see that the teachings of spiritualism are thick with mystical teachings, superstitions, bid'ah, and so on. In fact, the teachings of Javanese spiritualism already existed and were taught at the same time as the arrival of Islam brought by Wali Songo. The da'wah strategy carried out by Wali Songo through culture has made Islam develop so rapidly and massively. In essence, Wali Songo did not change the entire Javanese cultural tradition, teachings that were in accordance with Islamic values ​​were maintained. Meanwhile, cultural traditions that are inconsistent with Islamic teachings are eliminated or replaced with Islamic values
 Appropriate theories and approaches are needed to find out more about Islam and Javanese spiritualism. The theory considered appropriate is to use perennial philosophy (philosophy of eternity), namely a view that every religion has a single and universal truth which forms the basis of all knowledge and religious doctrines or spiritualism. The concept of spiritualism is the culmination of a deep understanding of religion. The results of spiritualism give birth to attitudes of wisdom and justice in addressing problems and crises such as moral crises, harmony crises, environmental crises and so on.

A Historical Study of World Religious Monuments and Celebrities Memorable Places in Religious Perspective

The most tangible expression of religious ecology is through the veneration of nature. Diversity of procedure & approaches were designated as holy in different religions, and they are held in deep respect in honor of their assumed holiness. Many examples can be seen through the glimpse into the human civilization & history. The sacred journey is a religious act suggested for the specific spiritual cause, and it stand for a corridor to scrupulous holy sites. This research study will explore the status of Pilgrimage and the holiness of sacred places in their particular religious doctrine and practice using qualitative method. The research study will elaborate that some sacred journeys are difficult and require great obligation to complete. The purpose of research is to examine the sacred places are a bond to their followers because they have heartily association with them. The devotees have to offer sacrifice and sometime keeps fasting and travel bare-footed. It is also persuaded by the world religions to visit these sacred monuments. People visit and purified spiritually.

Seeing Islam as a Social Fact: Hermeneutic Approach to the Quran in Abu Zayd's Thought

This study aims to discuss Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd's thoughts on the Quran as scripture. Using the type of literature study research, this article explains Abu Zayd's thoughts as contained in several of his writings. This study's findings state that Abu Zayd's argument that the Quran as a cultural product and cultural producer (muntaj tsaqafi and muntij tsaqafi) departs from Abu Zayd's approach, which sees Islam as a social fact. There is a big difference between Islam, studied as a social fact, and Islam, seen as a religious doctrine. Islam as a social fact demands objective and positive scientific work. Abu Zayd took a new approach to the Quran by shifting the direction of study from a vertical dimension to a horizontal dimension. The horizontal dimension referred to by Abu Zayd is the canonization in which the teachings of the Quran were spread gradually by the Prophet Muhammad. This article also concludes that Abu Zayd sees it as a text for studying the Quran. It is at this point that Abu Zayd uses a hermeneutic approach. It is at these two points that Abu Zayd said that his study of the Quran is based on the human aspect. What Abu Zayd means by studying the Qur'an, which departs from the human aspect with a horizontal dimension is also what is meant by Islam as a social fact in this article. In the order of writing, the article sequentially discusses the following points. The first part of this article reviews a brief biography of Abu Zayd, along with the social and political conditions that influenced his thinking. The second part explains the Quran as a text. And in the last section describes the Quran as a product as well as a cultural producer

ГЕНЕЗИС ТА КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ОСНОВИ МУСУЛЬМАНСЬКОГО ПРАВА

The article is devoted to the problem of defining the conceptual foundations of Muslim law, inherent in its characteristic features. Emphasize the importance of studying the theological ideas of Islam, as they permeate legal concepts, forming a different "vision" of legal phenomena and legal reality. Attention is drawn to the relevance of scientific knowledge of Islamic religious doctrine in the conditions of modern trends, as a powerful ideological vector of the development of Muslim law, regardless of the inherent conservatism of Islamic society. In addition, the idea of the dualistic nature of Muslim law and its multifaceted nature is asserted, which is based on the conclusions of prominent legal scholars and religious scholars of the past and present, such as Abu Hanif, A. Ibn Khaldun, J. Schacht and others. The article presents the conclusions of the well-known modern scientist Benjamin Jokish regarding the borrowing of legal ideas of Jewish law, Roman law and Byzantium by theorists of Muslim law. The author, in general terms, reveals the issue of the genesis of Muslim law, in particular, the periodization of Muslim law is mentioned as a generalization of the historical stages of its existence, the role of legal schools (madhabs) in the process of the development of Muslim law is noted. The issue of distinguishing between the concepts of "Sharia" and "Fiqh" is also highlighted separately, attention is appropriately paid to the changing role of these two categories in the theory of Muslim law, since, first of all, the subject field of Fiqh began where the field of Sharia ended, which later acquired a different meaning. The field of research on the sources of Muslim law does not lose its relevance, in addition to the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the knowledge of the meaningful essence of ijtihad as a source of Muslim law derived from the Qur'an and the Sunnah, which is a functional tool for solving controversial issues of human existence and social life in general, acquires special importance.

SUGGESTING THE ISLAMIC LAW APPROACH TO THE PRACTICE OF EUTHANASIA IN NIGERIA

Advancements in both medical technology and bioethics have generated various new moral issues regarding abortion, cloning, and euthanasia. Arguments on euthanasia often hinge on the ‘right to life’ and the ‘right to die’. The first is a widely accepted basic human right and moral value, based on the fact that people generally want to live. However, what should be the case when seriously ill people choose to die because of unbearable pain? This concerns both medical and religious ethics and it becoming more pressing recently. How can a balance be maintained between the right to life and making death an alternative for a sick person experiencing unbearable pain? This, therefore, forms the premise under which this paper is written from the perspectives of Islamic ethics vis-à-vis medical ethics. The objective of this paper is therefore to consider the Islamic ethical position on euthanasia to appreciate its comprehensiveness and investigate medical treatment and practice of euthanasia. While adopting doctrinal and non-doctrinal methods, the findings of this study show that many people particularly in Nigeria unwittingly practice passive euthanasia as a result of religious doctrine or economic disadvantage. The study concludes that Allah grants human beings the right to live but not the right to die under any circumstance and that nature be allowed to take its course.

Language in the Hypnotherapy of Depression Healing: A Neurolinguistic Study

The neurolinguistic concept is similar to language function in that it expresses thought that leads to behavior, habit, and character. This study focuses on neurolinguistics to investigate the language used in hypnotherapy. Language is a therapy medium for curing depressive disorders resulting from different factors. Most of the depressive disorders treated at the Bali Brahma Kuntha Center Clinic are caused by disharmony or connection interruption between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, resulting in perception mapping errors. This mind disharmony is responsible for depressive disorder. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach with a corpus of language or text data to cure depressive disorders. The corpus is the text used by the participants involved in the curing activities between the patients and the therapist. The data was collected using the observation method via recording and note-taking. The results reveal that language is closely related and cannot be separated from a depressive disorder. The type of hypnotherapy used to cure depressive disorder employs religious doctrines, referred to as theohypnotherapy. Overall, language or text is completed with the body, with hand touch induction especially used in the curing procedures. The hypnotherapy results indicate all the patients, based on the testimony texts, recovered from the depressive disorder.

Minoritas dalam Minoritas: Agensi Religius dalam Penutupan Tempat Ibadah Jemaat Gereja Bethel Indonesia di Langsa, Aceh

This article examines the Indonesia Bethel Church (GBI, Gereja Bethel Indonesia) in Langsa, Aceh, Indonesia. Based on the concept of a religious agency, the article explores how the Langsa GBI community treats religious beliefs in the midst of interest after the sealing of private places of worship that are considered to be churches by the town government of Langsa. Qualitative data was collected through participatory observations, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to members of the GBI community in Langsa conducted arround the course of 2015-2021. The author also interviewed Christians outside of the GBI members as well as Muslims in the research area to explore their constructions towards the topics discussed. This paper finds fragmentation of the religious agency of the GBI in Langsa in an effort to practice and treat believed religious doctrines when faced with interests or critical situations. The status of a minority within the minority and the way they represent the situation influence the articulation of religious agency.

توظيف مقاصد القرآن في قصة ضيف إبراهيم ودواعيه في إقامة الدعوة الاسلامية دراسة تحليلية

Honouring guests is an Islamic religious doctrine and a concern and humanity that is a parameter of the quality of one's faith. So far, the study that discusses visiting from the perspective of the Qur'an has only answered part of the problem regarding the manners and ethics of honoring guests, while the discussion of a verse can be explored for the purposes and objectives behind it, including knowing the values of Islamic values that uphold the morality and behaviour of a Muslim in the Qur'an. This study uses a type of library research with the method of maqasidi interpretation approach to describe the maqasid al-Qur'an initiated by Wshfi Asyur with the aim of examining the intention behind the verse. The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are; first, that the maqasidi interpretation of the verse glorifying a guest in the story of dhayif Ibrahim proves one of the aspects and essence of Islam as a whole, because the behaviour of glorifying guests is oriented towards solving the problems of people, not only for Muslims but for humanity as a whole. Secondly, this study emphasises that an in-depth, balanced and comprehensive reading makes the interpretation of the verse glorifying guests capable of presenting Islam as it is as a whole. And create a unity of concern