Relief System Research Articles

The estimation method of time of on-orbit spacecraft cabin decompression based on effective circulation area

This paper presented a method to estimate the pressure relief time of spacecraft cabin by testing a single component in the airway. Comparison between the theoretical prediction and experimental measurement indicates that there exits two methods which can effectively predict the pressure relief time of spacecrafts: measuring the effective flow area each single component or direct measurement of the effective flow area of the pressure relief system composed of single component. It also should be noted that the latter one can bring about a smaller error. Therefore, when conditions were met, the measurement and calculation of the system composed of components could more accurately predict the time required for the spacecraft pressure to drop to the target point.

Active Body Pressure Relief System with Time-of-Flight Optical Pressure Sensors for Pressure Ulcer Prevention.

A body pressure relief system was newly developed with optical pressure sensors for pressure ulcer prevention. Unlike a conventional alternating pressure air mattress (APAM), this system automatically regulates air flow into a body supporting mattress with adaptive inflation (or deflation) duration in response to the pressure level in order to reduce skin stress due to prolonged high pressures. The system continuously quantifies the body pressure distribution using time-of-flight (ToF) optical sensors. The proposed pressure sensor, a ToF optical sensor in the air-filled cell, measures changes in surface height of mattress when pressed under body weight, thereby indirectly indicating the interface pressure. Non-contact measurement of optical sensor usually improves the durability and repeatability of the system. The pressure sensor was successfully identified the 4 different-predefined postures, and quantitatively measured the body pressure distribution of them. Duty cycle of switches in solenoid valves was adjusted to 0–50% for pressure relief, which shows that the interface pressure was lower than 32 mmHg for pressure ulcer prevention.

Current Status of Adverse Drug Reaction Relief System in Korea, Japan and Taiwan

The adverse drug reaction relief system is no-fault compensation system which provides compensation for severe injuries that were caused by adverse reaction even after proper use of medicines. The purpose of this study is to evaluate current status of the adverse drug reaction relief system in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. We investigated the relief system in above three countries through websites, literatures, reports, spot investigation and e-mail questionnaires. Although great similarities for the relief system were recognized among the three countries, the difference among the countries and the unique characteristics of each country’s relief system was also identified; for example, the relief for injuries by offlabel uses, details of relief benefits, the relief payment for the adverse drug reactions, and the compensation for medical expenses which is classified as non-reimbursement treatment. Therefore, it is possible to establish more valuable no-fault compensation system in Korea through application of advantage and experience for the relief system in Japan and Taiwan.

Sizing rupture disk vent line systems for high-velocity gas flows

In the chemical and petrochemical industry, vessels and pipes are protected against overpressure using safety relief devices, usually rupture disks (also called a bursting disc) or safety valves installed in a vent-line. Proper sizing of rupture disk vent-line system involves fluid dynamic coupling of the rupture disk device and the entire vent-line with all its fittings. Pressure drop and dischargeable mass flow rate through a safety device must be determined. This should be done with correct consideration of the fittings relieving area and the fitting's loss coefficient, which depend on flow conditions upstream of rupture disk device. Sizing of rupture disk relief systems should also consider flow contraction caused by the rupture disk device as this contraction limits flow through the device.This work presents a scientific method to calculate the pressure profile in a vent-line system with a rupture disk installed with the rupture disk zero-velocity minor loss coefficient, KRD,0. This proposed characteristic number is determined experimentally and taken to be constant for a rupture disk type, and nominal pipe size. The rupture disk losses are enhanced to factor compressibility fully. The pressure drop across a rupture disk and the pressure profile in a rupture disk relief line are predicted seamlessly for low-to high-velocity gas flows and validated experimentally. A new test-section equipped with state-of-the-art instrumentation is used to deliver precise experimental data. Experiments show that this method predicts the pressure profile along a vent-line with a rupture disk installed with less uncertainty as compared to classic methods. The method is applicable for both low-velocity and high-velocity compressible gas flow as is typically the case during pressure relief in a complex rupture disk relief line.

Top-down approach to design the relief system in a metropolitan city using UAV technology, part I: the first 48 h

In this study, a relief system for a large metropolitan city exposed to serious earthquakes is designed and a top-down approach is applied. Afflicted people’s states and needs are investigated, and the tasks of the system are defined accordingly. The paper focuses on the tasks of the first 48 h of the post-disaster period and, however, shortly mentions the medium-term and the long-term tasks as well, including relief chain, infrastructure rebuilding, fundraising, and debris collection. The monitoring and transportation platform of the system is based on utilizing UAV technology. A Disaster Command Center controls the system and the related departments. The study discusses the different transportation modes for post-disaster relief distribution and the preference for multimodal methods. Finally, the next level of current approach is clarified and new questions are proposed for further investigations.

Cooling Detroit: A socio-spatial analysis of equity in green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy

Multiple studies have quantified the ecosystem services of green infrastructure for both public and environmental health. This study evaluates and compares accessibility of low-income and marginalized communities to the cooling benefits of green roofs in Detroit, MI in the context of the urban heat island effect and the City’s current heat relief system of dedicated cooling centers. Regions of the city were evaluated for their vulnerability to the urban heat island effect, which can be alleviated by green roofs due to raised surface albedo and evaporative cooling. Spatial data regarding land surface temperature, income, and race were used to locate where green roof ecosystem services are most needed and how communities within these regions are categorized demographically. Existing green roof efforts were mapped to determine whether siting has occurred where ecosystem services are most needed and how socioeconomic factors might be related to the locations of urban heat island-mitigating green infrastructure. Analysis of the spatial data in this study revealed most low-income residents are within walking distance from cooling centers, but not included in the Detroit Future City Urban Green Neighborhoods, while green roofs specifically were in the affluent part of Detroit's urban core, where the population is predominantly white. The methodology employed here can be applied to evaluate urban greening plans in other cities.

Repülési technológiára alapozott, nagyvárosi, kiterjedt katasztrófa utáni mentőszervezet: koncepció és elvek

A világ számos nagyvárosa földrengésveszélyes övezetben fekszik. Ebben a dolgozatban ennek megfelelően egy nagyvárosban működő katasztrófaelhárítási rendszert tárgyalok. A városban valamilyen katasztrófát vagy katasztrófákat várunk, például földrengést és azt követő cunamit. A rendszer a katasztrófa után azonnal, autmatikusan működésbe lép. Természetesen egyes funkciókat emberek látnak el, de a cél az, hogy minél többet automata rendszerek. A segélycsomagok kiszállítása forgószárnyú drónokkal történik. Ugyancsak drónok végzik a felderítés, járőrözés és kisebb, egyéni segélycsomagok kiszállítását. A dolgozat tárgyalja a rendszer elveit, ideáltipikus működését, a nyújtott szolgáltatásokat, a felhasználható járműveket, egyéb műszaki kérdéseket és a pénzügyi vonatkozásokat.

Research on urban disaster relief road system planning

This paper summarized the principles of urban road system planning from the aspects of traffic demand, comprehensive planning and emergency response. Then it analyzed framework system of disaster prevention and relief roads in Japan and Taiwan. It summarized the enlightenment of the experience of Japan and Taiwan to the establishment of the road system for disaster prevention and relief in China. It included the establishment of the road system for urban disaster prevention and relief theory, the standardization of the content of urban disaster prevention and relief planning, and the improvement of the road management system and mechanism for urban disaster prevention and relief. The theory of road system for disaster prevention and relief to guide the planning practice, so as to ensure the safe and sustainable development of China’s cities.

A Realistic Review of the Drug-Injury Relief System in Taiwan: Challenges, Lessons, and Achievements.

The drug-injury relief system in Taiwan was implemented 20years ago with the goal of providing timely relief for drug injuries incurred by the proper use of legal drugs. This system utilizes a nonlitigation expert review process to evaluate drug-injury relief applications, and 2,732 applications have been reviewed from 1999-2016. Of these, 1,572 applications received relief payments, an approval rate of 58%. Average review timeframes per application have decreased from 248days (2003-2011) to 182days (2012-2016). Most adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for approved cases involved skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (67%), with allopurinol being the primary culprit drug. A recent decline observed for such ADRs may reflect the influences of promotional activities and policy initiatives carried out according to informed analysis from drug-injury relief applications, which suggests that the drug-injury relief system can also play an important public health role in enhancing drug safety.

Krytyka nowego prawa o ubogich w ujęciu ruchu oksfordzkiego (1833‑1845)

The Oxford Movement’s Critique of the Poor Law Amendment ActThe paper presents a short history of poor laws in England and Great Britain, the content and justifications of the Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), general characteristics of the Oxford Movement and its main political ideas, the state of contemporary research on the topic, and finally the Movement’s approach to the new Poor Law. This approach – the Oxford Movement’s critique – has been reconstructed into three main groups of arguments. In the first group there are arguments pointing out why a state’s responsibility, and state-organised system of poor relief, is to be irrelevant and why the Church should play a far greater role in this field. The second group of arguments underlines the impracticality of centralisation in the system and proposes the major role of the local units in poor relief, as well as more ‘personal’ approach to the poor, also by reforming workhouses. The third group of arguments undermines the liberal (and Puritan) idea of solely individual responsibility for one’s poverty and destitution – an idea underlying the new Poor Law.

Prospects for disaster management in China and the role of insurance

ABSTRACTNatural disasters have serious negative consequences for China and it is necessary to build an effective and efficient disaster relief system. This paper aims to provide suggestions for how to restructure and optimise China’s disaster relief system. This paper first discusses the four main channels through which relief funds are currently distributed in China while also examining the relative share of relief funds directed through each channel. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of these relief channels are compared. Finally, suggestions for how China can reduce the negative economic and social impacts of natural disasters by restructuring and optimising its current disaster relief system are provided. The paper presents several main findings. Currently, government-channelled funds are the most important source of disaster relief in China. However, the actual ratio of relief funds from the government to the total amount of losses and the ratio of relief funds from the four channels added together are both very low. This paper argues that the role of commercial insurance in disaster relief is far from sufficient. Importantly, suggestions are also provided on how to restructure the system and on the relative role that each of these channels should play in China’s disaster relief system.

Multi-level facility location-allocation problem for post-disaster humanitarian relief distribution

PurposePreviously use of drones as a relief distribution vehicle was studied in several studies where required number of drones and the best locations for the relief centers were investigated. The maximum travel distance of drones without a need to recharge is limited by their endurance. Recharge stations can be used to extend the coverage area of the drones. The purpose of this paper is to find the best topology for both relief centers and recharge stations to cover a large-scale area with minimum and feasible incurred costs and waiting times.Design/methodology/approachA multi-level facility location problem (FLP) is utilized to find the optimum number of relief centers and refuel stations and their locations. It is supposed that the demand occurs according to Poisson distribution. The allocation of the demand is based on nearest neighborhood method. A hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the model. The performance of the algorithm is examined through a case study.FindingsThe proposed method delivers increased efficiency and responsiveness of the humanitarian relief system. The coverage area of the drones is extended by refuel stations, total costs of the system are reduced and the time to respond an emergency, which is an important factor in survival rate, is significantly decreased.Originality/valueThis study proposes a multi-level FLP to simultaneously account for recharge stations, relief centers and the number of required drones to cover all the demand for relief in a post-disaster period.

A framework to integrate social media and authoritative data for disaster relief detection and distribution optimization

In this paper, we propose an interdisciplinary approach to (natural) disaster relief management. Our framework combines dynamic and static databases, which consist of social media and authoritative data of an afflicted region, respectively, to model rescue demand during a disaster situation. Using Global Particle Swarm Optimization and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming, we then determine the optimal amount and locations of temporal rescue centers. Furthermore, our disaster relief system identifies an efficient distribution of supplies between hospitals and rescue centers and rescue demand points. By leveraging the temporal dimension of the social media data, our framework manages to iteratively optimize the disaster relief distribution.

Cryogenic safety considerations for Vertical Test Facility for qualifying high-β SRF cavities for the European Spallation Source

A dedicated cryogenic infrastructure has been installed at STFC Daresbury Laboratory to qualify and deliver 84 high-,0 SRF cavities for the ESS (European Spallation Source) under construction in Lund, Sweden. In order to meet the delivery schedule and optimise the test process efficiently, a large 1.6 m diameter, 3.5 m tall liquid helium cryostat has been developed. RF tests are conducted on 3 cavities at 2 K in one cool-down. There are 3 cryogenic circuits operating at 50 K, 4.2 K and 2 K designed to handle a maximum helium mass flow rates of 4 g/s. Considering the large internal beam pipe and external surface areas of the cavities under test, the pressure relief system has been designed very carefully. Various limiting scenarios and associated safety schemes are presented in detail in this paper.

Analysis of Adverse Events Associated with Low-dose Estrogen-Progestin Based on Data from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database and the Relief System for Sufferers from Adverse Drug Reactions

Analysis of Adverse Events Associated with Low-dose Estrogen-Progestin Based on Data from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database and the Relief System for Sufferers from Adverse Drug Reactions

Experts consensus statement on Cheezheng Xiaotong Tiegao in clinical practice

Cheezheng Xiaotong Tiegao is a Tibetan traditional prescription,which has the functions of promoting blood circulation,relieving swelling and relieving pain. It has been widely used in various clinical departments such as orthopedics department,rheumatology department,pain management department,and rehabilitation department to treat all types of acute and chronic skeletal muscle pain. However,duet to the lack of detailed description of the specific use of various diseases in its manual,and in the published guidelines,monographs,and clinical reports,the introduction of the dominant clinical disease,usage,treatment,safety,etc. of Cheezheng Xiaotong Tiegao is not detailed. Therefore,this experts consensus statement has been prepared based on the research and analysis of clinicians and patients,evidence-based medical research and evaluation,combined with the experience of clinical experts. The experts consensus statement regulates usage,dosage,combination,safety,etc. in the treatment of acute and chronic contusion( soft tissue injury),osteoarthritis,low back pain,frozen shoulder,cervical spondylosis postoperative recovery pain and other pain relief and other skeletal muscle system diseases to provide evidence and reference for the rational and safety using of Cheezheng Xiaotong Tiegao.

Radio Planning Considerations in TETRA to LTE Migration for PPDR Systems: A Radioelectric Coverage Case Study

Transitioning a Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) network to a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network in public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) systems is a path to providing future services requiring high radio interface throughput and allowing broadband PPDR (BB-PPDR) radio communications. Users of TETRA networks are currently considering how to deploy a BB-PPDR network in the coming years. This study offers several radio planning considerations in TETRA to LTE migration for such networks. The conclusions are obtained from a case study in which both measurements and radioelectric coverage simulations were carried out for the real scenario of the Murcia Region, Spain, for both TETRA and LTE systems. The proposed considerations can help PPDR agencies efficiently estimate the cost of converting a TETRA network to an LTE network. Uniquely in this study, the total area is divided into geographical areas of interest that are defined as administrative divisions (region, municipal areas, etc.). The analysis was carried out using a radio planning tool based on a geographic information system and the measurements have been used to tune the propagation models. According to the real scenario considered, the number of sites needed in the LTE network—for a specific quality of service (90% for the whole region and 85% for municipal areas)—is a factor of 2.4 higher than for TETRA network.

Uplift analysis on a pericratonic region: An example in the Sierras de Córdoba (29°–34°S), Argentina

The Sierras de Córdoba (Argentina) is a mountain belt located in the most distal (pericratonic) part of the South-Central Andean foreland, in the easternmost end of the Sierras Pampeanas (Pampean ranges) broken foreland. Although this region is considered an excellent example for settings where basement thrusting generates relief and intermontane basin systems, hundreds of kilometers away from the Cordilleran front, the driving mechanisms and main controls on topography are still poorly understood. Given that the landscape, and particularly the rivers, react to changes in climate and tectonics on timescales between 103 and 106 yrs, we used DEM-based morphometry (elevation patterns, local relief, and analysis of 242 longitudinal stream profiles) to evaluate the main controls on modern topography. We focus on the morphologies of the main streams and their tributaries using metrics of the channel concavity and normalized channel steepness index (ksn). The distribution of local relief, concavity and ksn values was compared with the present-day topography, tectonic structures, rock-type and modern rainfall patterns. The stream longitudinal profiles show homogeneous concavities and ksn background values, with some local anomalies. Local structures (east and west vergent thrusts) in the Sierras de Córdoba seem to be the most fundamental controls on the formation of these anomalies, slope-break knickpoints as well as deep incision (high local relief). This suggests localized and accelerated rock uplift rates, which produce localized increases in the gradient along the longitudinal stream profile. It is important to notice that the highest ksn values were reported on the eastern range flanks, coincident with the highest values of mean annual rainfall. However, high ksn values appear to be maintained even with greater rainfall. Our study provides new insights on the Neogene Sierra de Córdoba uplift evolution, which will assist future sampling and modelling (cosmogenic nuclides analysis, thermochronology and GPS analysis).

Spatial distribution of sand dunes and their relationship with fluvial systems on the southern margin of the Taklimakan Desert, China

The landscape in desert margin regions is simultaneously shaped by both wind and water forces, resulting in a particular spatial distribution of dunes. It has been suggested previously that aeolian and fluvial systems should be integrated in investigations of the development of regional landforms. We carried out a comprehensive study of landforms on the southern margin of the Taklimakan Desert, China based on remote sensing images, meteorological data and morphodynamic theories of dune formation. Our results indicate that the major characteristic of dunes in this region is the coexistence of dunes with different orientations in a small geographical area. As the development of dunes is mainly determined by the wind regime and the availability of sand, the coexistence of dunes with different orientations might be caused by differences in the availability of sand. The topographic relief and fluvial systems both affect the grain size distribution and the amount of sediment in different regions, resulting in variations in the availability of sand. A comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution of dunes and the regional environment can help our understanding of the regional variations of sediment in aeolian–fluvial interaction systems and help to model the development of landforms in these environments.

The Tax Relief System of North Korearelated to the Foreign Investment- Focusing on Shin-so system and Mutual Agreement Procedure -

The Tax Relief System of North Korearelated to the Foreign Investment- Focusing on Shin-so system and Mutual Agreement Procedure -