Relief System Research Articles

Enhancing safety in the storage of hazardous molecules: The case of hydroxylamine

Handling large quantities of thermally unstable compounds in storage vessels can result in severe accidents due to runaway reactions. Therefore, developing inherently safe design strategies for storage equipment is crucial for enhancing chemical plant reliability and preventing hazardous scenarios. The Frank-Kamenetskii theory (FKT) of self-heating offers practical tools for designing procedures to address phenomena that could lead to uncontrolled chemical reactions. This study introduces a design procedure based on the FKT for creating intrinsically safe storage vessels. An expanded FKT version incorporating parametric sensitivity analysis has been developed to improve the method's reliability. To understand self-heating phenomena, stability and performance diagrams were created, relating critical design parameters (e.g., the critical value of the Frank-Kamenetskii number) and verification parameters (e.g., maximum reached dimensionless temperature) to the dimensionless activation energy (γ). Additionally, the proposed design strategy includes a procedure for designing relief systems to mitigate the risk of equipment explosions from runaway reactions. The applicability of this procedure was tested using two cases: (I) an aqueous solution containing 50% w/w hydroxylamine (HA) and (II) a 50% w/w HA aqueous solution with 1% w/w hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HA-derived salt). Results indicate that for large γ values, the traditional FKT formulation and the expanded theory yield similar vessel designs. However, for finite γ values (γ≤100), the refined FKT version allows for less conservative storage equipment design. Combining DIERS guidelines with standard procedures for relief systems results in a more versatile and consistent protocol. However, incorporating relief systems is often impractical for large storage vessels due to the excessively large venting areas required for runaway reactions. In such cases, intrinsically safe vessel designs become the only feasible solution to prevent catastrophic incidents.

‘Het zijn onze armen’

Since its inception in 1824, the Western Cape Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) has played a key socio-economic role as provider of a range of poor relief strategies. However, the purpose of these charitable efforts was not solely rooted in theological principles. In the nineteenth and twentieth century South African context, poor relief work carried distinct political undertones, particularly surrounding the so-called ‘poor white problem’. A substantial body of literature has emerged surrounding ‘poor whites’ and the political efforts employed to ‘save’ them in the decades before the implementation of apartheid. While the Church’s poor relief schemes are often mentioned as significant in these studies, the Church’s poor relief systems and their development over time remain understudied. This paper identifies and discusses five distinct phases of development of DRC poor relief strategies over the past two centuries (1824-1860s; c. 1860-1900s; 1910-1940; c. 1940-1980s; and 1990-present) and argues that these stages and the practical implementation of the Church’s poor relief efforts has been notably shaped by the contemporary socio-economic and socio-political zeitgeist in which it was embedded.

Exploring the health challenges of affected people in the 2023 Khoy earthquake: a content analysis

BackgroundAn earthquake has significant effects on health and livelihood of people. It is important to identify health needs and challenges of earthquake victims and use them to prepare for other possible earthquakes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the challenges and health needs of earthquake victims in Iran.MethodsThis was a qualitative study with 25 participation who were affected by the earthquake in Khoy City, and were selected using purposive sampling by snowball method technique in 2023. The study data was collected through open and semi-structured interviews. To analyze the data, the conventional content analysis with an inductive approach was used.ResultsThe results show two main categories. The main categories “Management as a missing link in unexpected events” includes 9 subcategories: “The challenge of access to emergency resources and health facilities”, “Feeling of abandonment in medical personnel”, “Weakness in the structural safety and infrastructure of the health system”, “Logistical challenges”, “Risk management training”, “Crisis response management challenges”, “Weakness in the intelligent relief system”, “Management of secondary incidents”, and “Need to provide medical services and disease prevention”. Also, the main categories “Emotional actions of people in crisis” consist of 5 subcategories: “Overexcitement”, “Psychological vulnerability of children”, “Physical complaints caused by stress”, “Confusion caused by the lack of reliable information sources” and “Negative effects of living together with several families”.ConclusionTo help deal with threats and other challenges in the earthquake crisis, countries should try to improve their capacity to manage natural disasters.

Enormous headward and gully erosion in a floodplain area reclaimed for open-cast lignite mining during the July 2021 flood in the Inde River valley (Western Germany)

BackgroundThe July flood 2021 at the mountain front of the Eifel-Ardennes Mountains and their foreland resulted in the flooding of the lignite mining area of Inden in Germany. The mining activities resulted in large-scale anthropogenic changes to the relief and fluvial system, leading to a landscape that is no longer adjusted to the recent process-response system. This paper concentrates on the Inde River, where lignite mining led to the relocation of a 5-km-long river section. The flood event resulted in the temporary avulsion of the Inde River into the former channel and, ultimately, in the flooding of the open-cast lignite mine Inden.ResultsThe flooding of the open-cast lignite mine Inden led to headwall erosion and enormous sediment mobilisation, mobilising more than half a million cubic metres of sediment within a few hours, forming a 700-m-long deeply incised channel cut. Thereby, the underlying bedrock, near-subsurface man-made structures, and former river channels influence the erosional processes to different degrees. Surface erosion is likely to be the decisive process, and subsurface erosion is likely to play a secondary role. In both cases, former channels and mill ditches were likely impacting the course of erosional processes.ConclusionsDuring high flood events open-cast mining sites in floodplains are endangered by enormous erosion and sediment transport within a short period of time (several hours). Understanding such complex erosion and depositional processes in open-cast mining areas could provide a blueprint for geomorphological processes and hazards in these anthropogenically shaped fluvial landscapes. Further, information on historic impact in the area is crucial to estimate potential risks.

1782년 길버트법의 제정과 수용 그리고 그 영향

This paper aims to shed new light on Gilbert’s Act, which has been neglected in exsiting studies. The influence of Gilbert’s Act has long been underestimated due to its nature as a permissive act without coercive force. However, the reform of Thomas Gilbert, who drafted this act, were not merely intended to create a humanitarian relief system. He sought a comprehensive overhaul of the entire poor relief system. Yet, after the failure of his first legislative attempt in 1765, his reform gradually took a more moderate direction. Gilbert’s Act, enacted in 1782, not only represented a significant retreat from the original plan but also failed to mandate the reform nationwide, instead granting local governments the authority to implement the reform. Despite these limits, the extent to which Gilbert’s Act was adopted was far more widespread than what previous research has revealed. In Hampshire, about 40 parishes adopted Gilbert’s Act. Moreover, the motivations for its adoption were not limited to humanitarian concerns, but diverse, including the reduction of poor relief costs and the encouragement of labor among the poor. Remarkably, Gilbert’s Act continued to persist even after the 1834 New Poor Law, which brought a major overhaul to the poor relief system, and in some areas, it remained firmly upheld.

Risk Challenges and Regulatory Approaches in Fintech Data Application Regulation

In the era of data capital, the combination of the traditional financial sector and emerging technological forces has forged a fintech industry with great potential. In the process of its prosperous development,ethical risks such as data ethical dilemma have arisen, and legal problems such as legislation, law enforcement, justice, and law-abiding have appeared.How to solve the multi-dimensional challenges brought about by ethical and legal risks requires not only the participation of multi-party subjects to formulate the relevant industry ethical standards and legal system, and to strengthen the supervision of relevant ethical and legal risks, but also the deepening of the corresponding judicial remedial system, and the formation of a good and orderly social ethical and moral atmosphere and law-abiding.It is also necessary to deepen the corresponding judicial relief system, so as to form a good and orderly social ethical and moral atmosphere and law-abiding environment, and help the healthy development of fintech.

Building a Sustainable and Resilient U.S. Disaster Response and Relief Logistics System: Lessons from Domestic and International Events

The United States (U.S.) has experienced frequent and severe natural disasters in recent time. This has in turn uncovered significant challenges in disaster relief and emergency response systems, particularly in the area of logistics. These challenges often lead to delays, inefficiencies and environmental consequences. Hence, creating a two-sided challenge, that requires both sustainability initiatives as well as a resilient Logistics system to fix. The lessons learned from prior domestic and international occurrences such as Hurricane Katrina, the 2011 Japan tsunami, and the Haiti earthquake presents the basis for the paper to examine the weaknesses and develop means of improving the current system. Therefore, this paper focuses on how the U.S. can improve its disaster response and relief system while building a resilient logistics system through unique strategies and recommendations inspired by the lessons learned from previous happenings. The recommendations for improvement include the implementation of green technologies, the decentralization of the system, improved public-private partnerships, and the optimization of the supply chain through the uses of predictive analytics and blockchain technology (Ahmed et al., 2024; Bealt et al., 2016; Hoshiba & Ozaki, 2014).

Long-Term Effects of Auricular Medicine – A Key to the Future of Preventive Medicine?

Auricular medicine, based on the concept that the ear reflects the entire body, has gained recognition for treating various conditions through targeted acupuncture. Despite documented short-term benefits, such as pain relief and nervous system regulation, research into its long-term effects is limited. This editorial discusses the need for further long-term studies to explore whether regular auricular acupuncture can offer sustained health benefits and serve a preventive role. It summarizes two studies: one on auricular therapy with magnetic pearls for elderly insomnia and another on frequency-controlled ear acupuncture for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Both studies suggest potential benefits, underscoring the importance of continued research to fully understand and harness auricular medicine’s preventive and therapeutic potential.

Analysis of the behavior of a gas-generating system under runaway conditions in a closed vessel

In the event of a runaway reaction, emergency relief systems (ERS) act as the last line of defense against the vessel explosion. To date, ERS design for scenarios involving the runaway of chemical mixtures that generate gaseous reaction products remains very challenging as it requires the prediction of the gas generation rate under runaway conditions at large scale. Current methodologies for the assessment of the gas generation rate are based on pseudo-adiabatic calorimetric experiments at laboratory scale in which the temperature and pressure profiles resulting from the runaway are used to assess the gas generation rate using the ideal gas law. The gas generation rate needs to be further corrected for the thermal inertia (φ-factor), of the calorimetric cell used (φ>1) to predict large scale behavior (φ≈1). The work described in this paper focuses on evaluating the capability of this approach to accurately assess the gas generation rate. It uses a dynamic simulator tool based on rigorous thermodynamics to calculate the temperature, pressure, and the composition of each component in a closed vessel containing a gas generating reactive mixture (decomposition of 20 % w/w di-tert butyl peroxide in toluene) under runaway conditions over a range of initial vessel fill levels. The results were analyzed to develop a better understanding of the phenomena that govern the thermal behavior of the mixture, the overall pressurization of the vessel, rate of generation of the gaseous products and its distribution in the liquid and vapor phase of the vessel as the runaway reaction occurs. The simulated pressure, temperature and phase composition data rigorously calculated by the simulator were used to assess and highlight the limitations of using the temperature and pressure in a closed vessel and the ideal gas law to evaluate the gas generation rate. The simulations were also used to evaluate the validity of φ-factor correction methods currently available in the literature.

Charity, Neighbors, and Gender in London Godly Sermons: John Downham and William Gouge

This article traces the response to the Elizabethan Poor Laws in two parishes in Jacobean London. The Elizabethan Poor Laws of 1598 and 1601 attempted to create a system of reliable poor relief in response to a series of late sixteenth-century economic and population crises. The establishment of an organized system of almsgiving formally centered in the parish and its officers shifted the understanding of charity from a voluntary and interpersonal act to a more bureaucratic process. Focusing on the diverging accounts of charity by John Downham and William Gouge, this essay demonstrates how the bureaucratic logic of the Elizabethan Poor Laws was debated and challenged in print and from two of London's most influential pulpits.

Advanced overpressure protection: A concept for smart controlled safety pressure relief systems

Safety devices such as safety valves and rupture discs are crucial components in protecting chemical reactors from exothermic runaway reactions and overpressure scenarios. While traditional safety valves operate autonomously, controlled safety devices offer the potential for dynamic adjustments to optimize system performance. However, existing safety valves and controlled safety pressure relief systems (CSPRS) lack flexibility in a fixed relief pressure and stroke positions. This article introduces a new smart overpressure protection device (SmOP) with an adaptable safety device controlled through a combination of model predictive control and PID-control. Tested extensively in a high-pressure loop, the SmOP demonstrates rapid and precise control behavior, ensuring reactor safety as well increasing the efficiency. The control concept, based on model prediction followed by PID-correction, is validated through endurance tests and various opening conditions. Results indicate the SmOP's robustness against external disturbances and its potential for industrial applications. Future work includes developing a failsafe concept and laboratory tests with chemical reactions to further validate the SmOP's performance.

تقييم إمكانية االعتماد على نظام السالمة اآللي و صمامات اآلمان لخزانات فصل الزيت الخام في حقل نفط

A crude oil separator is a pressure vessel used to separate oil and gas in an oil well stream. The separators are provided with a Basic Process Control System (BPCS) and a protection system which consists of a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) and a Pressure Relief System (PRS). Failure of the crude oil separator might result in fire, explosion, and toxic dispersions. The world has witnessed several fire and explosion incidents due to the operation of crude oil separators. Reliability of the control and protective systems of crude oil separators is very important to verify their abilities to perform their functions. This technical article presents an overview of the layers of protection of crude oil separator and the reliability of protective systems. The article also presents an evaluation of the reliability of SIS and safety valves of crude oil separators in an oil field. The crude oil separators are arranged in the form of three parallel trains of separators each train divided into three stages. The first stage consists of two separators and each stage of the second and third stages consists of one separator. The reliability of the different configurations of the SIS and safety valves of a train of production separators has been estimated and found to be acceptable.

Research on the Housework Compensation System under the Regime of Marital Community Property

Article 1088 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China breaks through the preconditions stipulated in Article 40 of the Marriage Law, expanding the application scope of housework compensation to the marital community property system. This is not a repeated calculation of the value of housework but a compensation measure for the party who undertakes more housework and sacrifices future development opportunities for the family. In modern dual-income families, the housework compensation system under the marital community property system can better achieve substantive equality between spouses. This system of the Civil Code needs to be constructed in detail from a legislative perspective, clarifying its constituent elements. The change in the legislative text is a practical response to the difficulties in the judicial practice of the Marriage Law, correcting the lack of widespread application of the system in judicial practice. When applying the housework compensation system, it should be distinguished from the other two divorce relief systems, with the "principle of fairness" as the main applicable principle; courts should consider both the sacrifices made by the disadvantaged party due to marriage and the benefits obtained from the marriage; at the same time, special circumstances should avoid repeated calculations. This paper uses empirical analysis and other research methods to analyze the implementation effects of the legal system in practice and explores the legal improvement of related legal systems.

The Legal System Construction of the Right of Response under the Civil Code System

In the era of self-media, news infringement cases are frequent, and the right to respond provides a solution to balance the freedom of media expression with the interests of citizens' personality rights. The right of reply system in various countries is expanding in response to the changes in media forms, but China has not established a right of reply system. Based on Article 1028 of the Civil Code, the right of reply in the era of self-media is defined as providing relief for citizens' reputation, urging media responsibility, alleviating court pressure, and optimizing social supervision. Based on the characteristics and functions of this right, drawing from the legislative experiences of foreign countries such as Germany and the United States, further arrangements are made for China's right of reply system in terms of the subject of rights, subject of obligations, conditions for exercise, and methods of exercise, mainly limiting public power organs and their officials as the subject of rights, including self-media as the subject of obligations, distinguishing response content into facts and opinions as conditions for exercise, and choosing equal and effective response methods based on different media forms. Regulating the right of reply according to the principle of proportionality, exploring the injunctive relief system of personality rights as a remedy for the infringement of rights including the right of reply.

Analgesic Properties of Next-Generation Modulators of Endocannabinoid Signaling: Leveraging Modern Tools for the Development of Novel Therapeutics.

Targeting the endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system for pain relief is an important treatment option that is only now beginning to be mechanistically explored. In this review, we focus on two recently appreciated cannabinoid-based targeting strategies, treatments with cannabidiol (CBD) and α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6) inhibitors, which have the exciting potential to produce pain relief through distinct mechanisms of action and without intoxication. We review evidence on plant-derived cannabinoids for pain, with an emphasis on CBD and its multiple molecular targets expressed in pain pathways. We also discuss the function of eCB signaling in regulating pain responses and the therapeutic promises of inhibitors targeting ABHD6, a 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-hydrolyzing enzyme. Finally, we discuss how the novel cannabinoid biosensor GRABeCB2.0 may be leveraged to enable the discovery of targets modulated by cannabinoids at a circuit-specific level. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cannabis has been used by humans as an effective medicine for millennia, including for pain management. Recent evidence emphasizes the therapeutic potential of compounds that modulate endocannabinoid signaling. Specifically, cannabidiol and inhibitors of the enzyme ABHD6 represent promising strategies to achieve pain relief by modulating endocannabinoid signaling in pain pathways via distinct, nonintoxicating mechanisms of action.

The Challenges Facing China's International Commercial Court System Under the "Belt and Road" Vision and China's Response

In order to provide all-round judicial guarantee for the high-quality development of the "Belt and Road", China established the China International Commercial Court in 2018 and achieved remarkable results after six years of construction. In recent years, with the increasing number of commercial disputes related to the Belt and Road Initiative, such as international trade, international logistics and international project contracting, the construction of China's international commercial courts is faced with difficulties related to insufficient international vision, backward jurisdiction rules, lack of appeal relief channels, difficulties in cross-border recognition and enforcement of judgments, and inflexible convergence of multiple dispute resolution methods. In view of this, the China International Commercial Court should be based on an international perspective, expand its jurisdiction to improve the jurisdiction rules, implement "two final trials" to reconstruct the appeal relief system, transform "factual reciprocity" to "constructive reciprocity" to ensure the cross-border recognition and enforcement of judgments, and constantly optimize the interface mechanism of litigation, arbitration and mediation has become an important way to solve the problem. It will help build a new situation of international commercial court.

Analysis and Solution of the Governance Dilemma of Infringement of Car-Hailing Platforms under Sharing Economy

In the current era of rapid development of the Internet, the sharing economy based on the Internet, which combines individual idle resources through the "P2P" mode with the demand side, has emerged at the historic moment and caused various commercial activities. As the leading industry in the sharing economy, online ride-hailing not only mobilizes the social transport capacity and maximizes the economic dividend, but also causes many legal problems due to the lag of laws and regulations. This paper takes the basic legal relationship of online ride-hailing as the starting point, analyzes the infringement disputes arising in the supervision, and puts forward some suggestions for improving online ride-hailing from the relief system and the distribution of legal responsibilities.

ANALYZING RETRIEVAL METHOD USING CLASSIFICATION AND CLUSTERING PROCESS OF REMOTE SENSOR SATELLITE IMAGES

Today, remote sensors and satellite images are utilized across enormous regions. As visual tools, they are very important in cities, agriculture, disaster relief, and tracking systems. Pattern recognition, classification, and clustering are examples of machine learning techniques that can be used to acquire and retrieve the images. This is because they can accurately categorize and classify the images into clusters, which will help search engines discover the image that was given as a question. In our study, we look at Naïve Bayes, SVM Linear and Non-Linear, and Random Forest as classification methods, and Agglomerative Hierarchy and BIRCH as clustering methods. In this study, the fast recovery method and high accuracy rate of image retrieval by classifiers from machine learning were compared with clustering techniques from transfer learning. Using the UC Merced dataset, this research demonstrates that the accuracy classifier as SVM linear is 64.6%, SVM non-linear is 77.7%, random forest is 66.8%, and naïve bayes is 60.3%, and clustering of Agglomerative is 96.5% and BIRCH is 92.8%. The work that was mentioned is one of a kind because the clustering methods work better than the classification methods when they are used. It's unsupervised learning whose scores are above 90% for all classes.

Experimental and theoretical investigations into overpressure during confined space explosions of methane-hydrogen mixture

This study aimed to deeply explore combustion and explosion behaviors within confined spaces fueled by methane-hydrogen blends. By experimenting in a 55 m³ chamber, it examined how different hydrogen mixing ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 30%) affect flame spread and overpressure buildup at an equivalence ratio of 1.1. Results showed that two main flame patterns emerge during venting: mushroom clouds and jet flames. Higher hydrogen percentages cause mushroom clouds to form earlier and grow larger; notably, a 30% blend produces a cloud 12% quicker than a 10% blend, reaching a maximum radius of about 2.7 m. Three types of overpressure were identified: Popen (venting structure opening), Pext (external explosion), and Phel (Helmholtz oscillations). Both Pext and Phel rise with increasing hydrogen content. At each blend level, Pext peaks at 1.87–6.42 kPa, while Phel ranges from 5.86 to 20.65 kPa. Pext plays a crucial role in peak overpressure during venting, particularly relevant for ventilation design considerations. To predict Pext, the study tested three engineering models and found that Taylor's spherical piston theory provided the closest match to experimental data, with a maximum error under 30% compared to other models. In summary, this research offers essential theoretical knowledge and practical evidence for designing safer ventilation and explosion relief systems for facilities handling methane-hydrogen mixtures in the process industry.

행정절차법상 ‘위반사실 등의 공표’에 관한 소고

Under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣, the “publication of violations, etc.” was enacted in 2022. Many individual laws stipulate the publication of violations, and each individual law has inconsistent party protection regulations, and there are even individual laws that do not have party protection regulations. Administrative law academia has consistently pointed out these problems, and such efforts have resulted in the publication of violations under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣. However, it would be reasonable to admit only when the public's public interest in preventing the spread of damage to important interests such as public health and safety is recognized because the announcement of the violation can cause significant damage to the party and even if the party's protection regulations are established. On the other hand, it is questionable whether it is reasonable to utilize the public announcement of violations for the public interest of managing the national treasury through voluntary redemption of subsidies. Therefore, it is thought that in the future, research on the publication of violations under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣ and existing individual laws should be conducted together. In addition, if you analyze the provisions of the publication of violations under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣, administrative power may be abused, and the procedural regulations are not yet complete in the enforcement decree and enforcement regulations for the protection of the parties. In particular, unlike the announcement of violations, preliminary measures such as the initiation of investigation of ingredients do not have the opportunity to give prior notice and submit opinions that can be received in the disposal process as a pre-disposal step, and such measures are reported to the media to guarantee the people's right to know, causing irreparable damage to the parties. Therefore, external experts should be involved in each publication stage to prevent abuse of administrative power, and the protection of the parties should be strengthened by quickly supplementing specific procedures for publication. In addition, the announcement of violations under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣ should be revised to include pre-disposal measures, and it is necessary to consider the introduction of a preliminary relief system as well as strengthening post-mortem remedies for damages.