Relevant National Standards Research Articles

A cross mapping study on basie data of human resource management in the field of clinical nursing

Objective To develop a kind of clinical nursing human resource mamagement basic data set fits to national and international standard. Methods CNHRMBDS was developed according to refereces and related standard, and then compared with related data set of nursing management. Results There were 179 data elements in the CNHRMBDS. It included all data elements related to human resources for health in China Hospital Basic Data Set Standard 1.0Version, China Public Health Information Classification and Basic Data Set Standard1.0 Version, and Community Health Information Basic Data Set Standard. Twenty-four data elements in the World Health Organization Human Resources for Health Minimum Data Set and 155 data elements in the American Nursing Management Minimum Data Set were found comparable to those in the CNHRMBDS. Conclusions The CNHRMBDS was found complete and able to meet relevant national and in-ternational standards. It should be further developed to be a national standard for health profession. Key words: Human resource; Nursing management; Cross mapping; Information system of nursing; Data elements

Design of secure operating systems with high security levels

Numerous Internet security incidents have shown that support from secure operating systems is paramount to fighting threats posed by modern computing environments. Based on the requirements of the relevant national and international standards and criteria, in combination with our experience in the design and development of the ANSHENG v4.0 secure operating system with high security level (hereafter simply referred to as ANSHENG OS), this paper addresses the following key issues in the design of secure operating systems with high security levels: security architecture, security policy models, and covert channel analysis. The design principles of security architecture and three basic security models: confidentiality, integrity, and privilege control models are discussed, respectively. Three novel security models and new security architecture are proposed. The prominent features of these proposals, as well as their applications to the ANSHENG OS, are elaborated. Cover channel analysis (CCA) is a well-known hard problem in the design of secure operating systems with high security levels since to date it lacks a sound theoretical basis and systematic analysis approach. In order to resolve the fundamental difficulties of CCA, we have set up a sound theoretical basis for completeness of covert channel identification and have proposed a unified framework for covert channel identification and an efficient backward tracking search method. The successful application of our new proposals to the ANSHENG OS has shown that it can help ease and speedup the entire CCA process.

Safety factor requirements for the offshore industry

The maintenance of structural integrity is a significant consideration in the safety management of offshore installations. Installations operating in the North Sea are primarily of welded construction and are subjected to severe environmental conditions, which induce significant fatigue loads. Thus, offshore installations are designed to resist structural failure from fatigue and extreme loading as well as other failure mechanisms, e.g., corrosion. Additionally, design to resist failure from accidental loading, such as fire and explosion and boat impact, is recognised as being particularly important. The need to maintain safety standards is of particular relevance on the United Kingdom continental shelf (UKCS) where there is an increasing ageing population of installations which have exceeded their original design lives and which subsequently require reassessment to ensure that structural integrity is maintained through the life cycle. The emphasis on safety highlights the need for appropriate structural integrity assessment procedures and the use of appropriate safety factors. A particularly important development has been the major international effort since 1993 to produce an ISO standard for offshore structures. This has entailed the harmonisation of relevant national codes and standards and the development of new procedures where appropriate, resulting in the derivation of revised safety factors for offshore structures. The subject of safety factors within the ISO arena and in terms of the general requirements for offshore structures is addressed in this paper.

Sensitivity and cost considerations for the detection and eradication of marine pests in ports

Port surveys are being conducted in Australia, New Zealand and around the world to confirm the presence or absence of particular marine pests. The most critical aspect of these surveys is their sensitivity—the probability that they will correctly identify a species as present if indeed it is present. This is not, however, adequately addressed in the relevant national and international standards. Simple calculations show that the sensitivity of port survey methods is closely related to their encounter rate—the average number of target individuals expected to be detected by the method. The encounter rate (which reflects any difference in relative pest density), divided by the cost of the method, provides one way to compare the cost-effectiveness of different survey methods. The most cost-effective survey method is site- and species-specific but, in general, will involve sampling from the habitat with the highest expected population of target individuals. A case study of Perna viridis in Trinity Inlet, Cairns, demonstrates that plankton trawls processed with gene probes provide the same level of sensitivity for a fraction of the cost associated with the next best available method—snorkel transects in bad visibility (secchi depth = 0.72 m). Visibility and the adult/larvae ratio, however, are critical to these arguments. If visibility were good (secchi depth = 10 m), the two approaches would be comparable. Diver deployed quadrats were at least three orders of magnitude less cost-effective in this case study. It is very important that environmental managers and scientists perform sensitivity calculations before embarking on port surveys to ensure the highest level of sensitivity is achieved for any given budget.

Festigkeitssteigerung geschmiedeter Fahrwerksteile

The production process decisively influences the service life and its scatter of forged parts. By aligning the forging process for strength and by taking account of additional after-treatment, the service life of a running-gear component, starting from a pre-series part, was increased by more than a factor of four without exhausting all possibilities offered by the shape and the production process. The service life nevertheless did not reach that of a part milled from a block of the same basic material. The various ways of increasing the fatigue strength by optimizing the forging process and the after-treatment, as well as their influence on the fatigue life are shown in this study. It is shown, how various defects typical of forged parts stemming from series-production affect the component's service life. Opportunities of improving the processes are presented. Beside the necessary methods of optimizing the process, the need for revising the relevant national standards concerning the surface quality and dimensional tolerances of forged parts is pointed out.

The global HazLoc impact of the IECEx scheme

The IECEx scheme is an international certification scheme intended to facilitate global trade in electrical equipment for use in hazardous (classified) locations. Such hazardous locations are also commonly referred to as explosive atmospheres, with the equipment for use in such locations or atmospheres commonly referred to as HazLoc equipment or Ex equipment. The scheme provides a structured system to achieve global acceptance for explosion-protected equipment designed for hazardous locations. Scheme members declare that they will abolish national differences for product requirements in their countries during the coming years. This international scheme will greatly impact the free trade explosion-protected apparatus needed for the petrochemical and chemical industry if the scheme members recognize and accept harmonized worldwide International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. The goal is to develop and maintain uniform product evaluation to protect users against products that are not compliant with the required level of safety. Markers for trade in explosion-protected apparatus are growing as a result of global market integration and industry mergers across national and regional boundaries. The abolition of differences in the relevant national standards is especially important for products used in hazardous locations. Furthermore, relationships between conformity assessment bodies, such as testing agencies, can help accelerate the merging of markets.

Standardisation of test methods for the mechanical properties of thin coatings

The need for standardisation is put in context, and the possibly conflicting views of the researcher and the test-house discussed. It will be shown that there is no conflict since both types of activity require reliable measurements which can only be obtained through the implementation of a proper quality system supported by internationally agreed standard test procedures. The work of relevant national and international standards committees is reviewed, and pre-normative and co-normative research needs are summarized. Prenormative research is, in general, well supported in Europe through the Standards Measurement and Testing Programme, while on a wider international scale the VAMAS organisation offers potential for this activity in the field of test methods for thin coatings. This review defines the needs for future work in this area, and it is surprising that many well established methods of test do not have appropriate standards. Examples of recent and current standards work are given, together with their validation by carrying out international intercomparisons. © 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.

An examination of the success of the EC directives to harmonize stock exchange disclosure requirements

This study examines the success of the EC initiative in coordinating stock exchange disclosure requirements by measuring the degree of harmony in the requirements of EC stock exchanges. The study results indicate that EC stock exchange disclosure requirements for nine of the 11 EC stock exchanges examined are largely coordinated in terms of the minimum conditions specified in EC directives. The results, however, also suggest that the successful implementation of EC directives does not necessarily eliminate all of the variation in the disclosure requirements between the different EC stock exchanges, only that it sets a lower bound below which the level of disclosure required by the relevant national standards may not fall. Disclosure requirements of EC stock exchanges are allowed to vary as long as they meet the minimum requirements.