Release Of Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Discrimination of β-cyclodextrin/hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) oil/flavonoid glycoside and flavonolignan ternary complexes by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis.

The goal of the study was the discrimination of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) oil/antioxidant ternary complexes through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (FTIR-PCA). These innovative complexes combine the characteristics of the three components and improve the properties of the resulting material such as the onsite protection against oxidative degradation of hazelnut oil unsaturated fatty acid glycerides. Also, the apparent water solubility and bioaccessibility of the hazelnut oil components and antioxidants can be increased, as well as the controlled release of bioactive compounds (fatty acid glycerides and antioxidant flavonoids, namely hesperidin, naringin, rutin, and silymarin). The appropriate method for obtaining the ternary complexes was kneading the components at various molar ratios (1:1:1 and 3:1:1 for β-CD hydrate:hazelnut oil (average molar mass of 900 g/mol):flavonoid). The recovering yields of the ternary complexes were in the range of 51.5-85.3% and were generally higher for the 3:1:1 samples. The thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Discrimination of the ternary complexes was easily performed through the FTIR-PCA coupled method, especially based on the stretching vibrations of CO groups in flavonoids and/or CO/CC groups in the ternary complexes at 1014.6 (± 3.8) and 1023.2 (± 1.1) cm-1 along the second PCA component (PC2), respectively. The wavenumbers were more appropriate for discrimination than the corresponding intensities of the specific FTIR bands. On the other hand, ternary complexes were clearly distinguishable from the starting β-CD hydrate along the first component (PC1) by all FTIR band intensities and along PC2 by the wavenumber of the asymmetric stretching vibrations of the CH groups at 2922.9 (± 0.4) cm-1 for ternary complexes and 2924.8 (± 1.4) cm-1 for β-CD hydrate. The first two PCA components explain 70.38% from the variance of the FTIR data (from a total number of 26 variables). Other valuable classifications were obtained for the antioxidant flavonoids, with a high similarity for hesperidin and naringin, according to FTIR-PCA, as well as for ternary complexes depending on molar ratios. The FTIR-PCA coupled technique is a fast, nondestructive and cheap method for the evaluation of quality and similarity/characteristics of these new types of cyclodextrin-based ternary complexes having enhanced properties and stability.

Release of Encapsulated Bioactive Compounds from Active Packaging/Coating Materials and Its Modeling: A Systematic Review

The issue of achieving controlled or targeted release of bioactive compounds with specific functional properties is a complex task that requires addressing several factors, including the type of bioactive, the nature of the delivery system, and the environmental conditions during transportation and storage. This paper deals with extensive reporting for the identification of original articles using Scopus and Google Scholar based on active packaging as a novel packaging technology that controls the release of antimicrobial agents encapsulated into carriers in the food packaging systems. For evidence-based search, the studies were extracted from 2015 to 2020 and screened using the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Following the review and screening of publications, 32 peer-reviewed articles were subjected to systematic analysis. The preliminary search indicated that the encapsulation of bioactives enhances their bioavailability and stability. From a theoretical viewpoint, mathematical models play an important role in understanding and predicting the release behavior of bioactives during transportation and storage, thus facilitating the development of new packaging material by a systematic approach. However, only a few studies could formulate parameters for mathematical models in order to achieve the specific release mechanism regulated for the quality and safety of foods. Therefore, this paper will cover all encapsulation approaches, active packaging, and mathematical modeling in the food industry into structural form and analyze the challenges faced by the complex nature of active packaging in real food systems.

Solid lipid nanoparticles cyclodextrin-decorated incorporated into gellan gum-based dry floating in situ delivery systems for controlled release of bioactive compounds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius. L): A proof of concept study in biorelevant media

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been explored as a source of natural antioxidant. However, quercetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, as its bioactive compounds, possessed poor aqueous solubility, limiting its efficacy. Here, we developed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) decorated with hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) incorporated into dry floating gel in situ systems to control the release of both compounds. Using Geleol® as a lipid matrix, SLNs were <200 nm in size with >80 % of encapsulation efficiency. Importantly, following the decoration using HPβCD, the stability of SLNs in gastric environment was significantly improved. Furthermore, the solubility of both compounds was also enhanced. The incorporation of SLNs into gellan gum-based floating gel in situ provided desired flow and floating properties, with <30 s gelation time. The floating gel in situ system could control the release of bioactive compounds in FaSSGF (Fasted-State Simulated Gastric Fluid). Furthermore, to assess the effect of food intake on release behavior, we found that the formulation could show a sustained release pattern in FeSSGF (Fed-State Simulated Gastric Fluid) for 24 h after being released in FaSGGF for 2 h. This indicated that this combination approach could be a promising oral delivery for bioactive compounds in safflower.

Pickering emulsions for functional food systems

Pickering emulsions are a valuable platform to efficiently encapsulate and deliver bioactive compounds in functional food systems. Research in the past decade highlights many technical and environmental advantages of emulsification using nanoparticle emulsifiers over conventional surfactants. In particular, nanoparticles are versatile and serve as a convenient platform onto which many modifications can be made to improve storage stability as well as controlled, targeted, and sustained release of bioactive compounds. However, these systems pose technical challenges alongside their benefits which can be overcome using various strategies. In this review, we discuss the recent and potential applications of Pickering emulsion systems in functional foods together with their encapsulation and delivery mechanisms.

3D Matrices for Enhanced Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Compounds in Wound Healing

Current trends in the development of wound dressings are oriented towards the use of biopolymer-based materials, due to their unique properties such as non-toxicity, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, properties that have advantageous therapeutic characteristics. In this regard, the present study aims to develop hydrogels based on cellulose and dextran (CD) and to reveal their anti-inflammatory performance. This purpose is achieved by incorporating plant bioactive polyphenols (PFs) in CD hydrogels. The assessments include establishing the structural characteristics using attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, the morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the swelling degree of hydrogels, the PFs incorporation/release kinetics and the hydrogels' cytotoxicity, together with evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of PFs-loaded hydrogels. The results show that the presence of dextran has a positive impact on the hydrogel's structure by decreasing the pore size at the same time as increasing the uniformity and interconnectivity of the pores. In addition, there is an increased degree of swelling and of the encapsulation capacity of PFs, with the increase of the dextran content in hydrogels. The kinetics of PFs released by hydrogels was studied according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, and it was observed that the transport mechanisms depend on hydrogels' composition and morphology. Furthermore, CD hydrogels have been shown to promote cell proliferation without cytotoxicity, by successfully culturing fibroblasts and endothelial cells on CD hydrogels (over 80% viability). The anti-inflammatory tests performed in the presence of lipopolysaccharides demonstrate the anti-inflammatory properties of the PFs-loaded hydrogels. All these results provide conclusive evidence on the acceleration of wound healing by inhibiting the inflammation process and support the use of these hydrogels encapsulated with PFs in wound healing applications.

Cyclodextrin-Calcium Carbonate Micro- to Nano-Particles: Targeting Vaterite Form and Hydrophobic Drug Loading/Release

Tailor-made and designed micro- and nanocarriers can bring significant benefits over their traditional macroscopic counterparts in drug delivery applications. For the successful loading and subsequent release of bioactive compounds, carriers should present a high loading capacity, trigger release mechanisms, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Hydrophobic drug molecules can accumulate in fat tissues, resulting in drawbacks for the patient's recovery. To address these issues, we propose to combine the advantageous features of both host molecules (cyclodextrin) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles in order to load hydrophobic chemicals. Herein, hybrid cyclodextrin-CaCO3 micro- to nano-particles have been fabricated by combining Na2CO3 solution and CaCl2 solution in the presence of an additive, namely poly (vinylsulfonic acid) (PVSA) or glycerol (gly). By investigating experimental parameters and keeping the Na2CO3 and CaCl2 concentrations constant (0.33 M), we have evidenced that the PVSA or gly concentration and mixing time have a direct impact on the final cyclodextrine-CaCO3 particle size. Indeed, by increasing the concentration of PVSA (5 mM to 30 mM) or gly (0.7 mM to 4 mM) or the reaction time (from 10 min to 4 h), particles with a size of 200 nm could be reached. Interestingly, the vaterite or calcite form could also be selected, according to the experimental conditions. We hypothesised that the incorporation of PVSA or gly into the precipitation reaction might reduce the nucleation rate by sequestering Ca2+. The obtained particles have been found to keep their crystal structure and surface charge after storage in aqueous media for at least 6 months. In the context of improving the therapeutic benefit of hydrophobic drugs, the developed particles were used to load the hydrophobic drug tocopherol acetate. The resulting particles are biocompatible and highly stable in a physiological environment (pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl). A selective release of the cargo is observed in acidic media (pH lower than 5).

Polymeric encapsulation of anti-larval essential oil nanoemulsion for controlled release of bioactive compounds

In the present study, polymeric encapsulation of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion was done for the controlled release of bioactive compounds. O/W nanoemulsion was prepared from lemongrass essential oil, non-ionic surfactant polysorbate80 and water by spontaneous emulsification method. Geranial and neral were found to be the major bioactive compounds, constituting 45.1 % and 31.1 % of total lemongrass essential oil. The optimized lemongrass oil nanoemulsion was formulated with the droplet diameter of 14.4 nm and polydispersity index of 0.111. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the nanoemulsion droplets were spherical in morphology and were in the size range of 10–100 nm. The optimized nanoemulsion was encapsulated with chitosan polymer by using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Encapsulation of essential oil nanoemulsion was optimized for the process parameters such as chitosan concentration and nanoemulsion concentration in order to obtain applicable encapsulation with enhanced release of lemongrass oil. The essential oil-loaded microcapsules were spherical and smooth in shape as revealed by phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the diameter of 0.53 ± 0.02 mm. Mosquito larvicidal activity of encapsulated essential oil nanoemulsion was better against malaria vectors Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies when compared to non-encapsulated nanoemulsion, due to the controlled release of the bioactive components. The results of this study will be helpful for future vector control strategies as we provided a practical combined technique of nanoemulsion formulation and polymeric encapsulation as potential delivery system of hydrophobic bioactive compounds against mosquito vector.

Impact of gamma irradiation pre-treatment before subcritical water extraction on recovery yields and antioxidant properties of rice bran extract

Gamma irradiation pre-treatment of defatted rice bran was carried out before protein extraction. The extracted content included rice bran protein (RBP), rice bran protein hydrolysate (RBPH) and rice bran hydrolysate (RBH). The extraction yields and protein recovery increased with irradiation for all extracts, especially RBH, of which the yield and protein recovery increased by 21.2% and 13.8%, respectively. The total phenolic content of RBP and RBH was found to be increased in the irradiation-processed extracts. Gamma irradiation could change the structure of rice bran, increasing the release of bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activities (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and MIC assays) increased significantly in irradiation-processed extracts. FTIR spectra confirmed that the extracts consisted of protein. The FTIR spectra of the chemical functional groups differed between RBP and RBH. In summary, gamma irradiation pre-treatment increased the extraction yield and total phenolic content and enhanced the antioxidant activity.

Ultrasound-Assisted Encapsulation of Citronella Oil in Alginate/Carrageenan Beads: Characterization and Kinetic Models

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of ultrasonication on citronella oil encapsulation using alginate/carrageenan (Alg/Carr) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The functional groups of microparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the beads’ morphologies were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The FTIR results showed that the ultrasonication process caused the C-H bonds (1426 cm−1) to break down, resulting in polymer degradation. The SEM results showed that the ultrasonication caused the presence of cavities or pores in the cracked wall and a decrease in the beads’ size. In this study, the use of ultrasound during the encapsulation of citronella oil in Alg/Carr enhanced the encapsulation efficiency up to 95–97%. The kinetic evaluation of the oil release of the beads treated with ultrasound (UTS) showed a higher k1 value of the Ritger–Peppas model than that without ultrasonication (non-UTS), indicating that the oil release rate from the beads was faster. The R/F value from the Peppas–Sahlin model of the beads treated with UTS was smaller than that of the non-UTS model, revealing that the release of bioactive compounds from the UTS-treated beads was diffusion-controlled rather than due to a relaxation mechanism. This study suggests the potential utilization of UTS for controlling the bioactive compound release rate.

High-Power Ultrasound in Gas Phase: Effects on the Bioactive Compounds Release from Red Bell Pepper during In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion.

High-power ultrasound in gas-phase (28.8 kW/m3 for 120 min at 17.5 ± 0.3 °C) has been evaluated as a pre-treatment to enhance the release of antioxidants and phenolic compounds from red bell pepper during digestion. The moisture content decreased (34 ± 4%) while both the antioxidant activity (between 4 ± 1% and 21 ± 1%) and the phenolic compounds content (37 ± 4%) increased after the treatment. Moreover, microstructural changes were observed in the treated sample, with the appearance of breaks in the plant tissue, cell shrinkage, and an increased number of cells per area unit (28 ± 2%). Bioaccessibility was determined by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The total release of antioxidants and phenolic compounds after gastrointestinal digestion was 22-55% higher and 45 ± 7% higher, respectively, in the sonicated sample, with cell swelling and a 9.2 ± 0.1% higher number of cells per area unit. Therefore, the ultrasound treatment caused microstructural changes in the red bell pepper tissue, which could help to explain the higher release of bioactive compounds.

Formulation of double emulsions of mango seed extract (Mangifera indica L.) 'Ataulfo' incorporated into a mango by-product flour drink: Release kinetics, antioxidant capacity, and inhibition of cyclooxygenases

The encapsulation and release of bioactive compounds obtained from by-products are aspects of exponential boom for several decades, as it seeks to maintain or enhance their activity. A double emulsion (W1/O/W2) was developed with mango seed extract (MS) 'Ataulfo', said extract contains gallic acid and pentagalloyl glucose as major compounds (80.16%). The double emulsion was subjected to release kinetics for 3 h in phosphate buffer (pH 6.9), presenting a release constant (k) of 35,350 ± 6,031 μg/mL/min, in addition to antioxidant capacity by the DPPH and FRAP method of 168,663 ± 4,273 and 39,718 ± 1,019 mMol/g of double emulsion respectively at 120 min of kinetics, the time of 120 min was determined as the latency time (l). The release behavior corresponds to zero-order kinetics since the release of the extract remains constant until the minimum concentration is reached to exert the antioxidant capacity mentioned above. The mechanism of release of the SM extract contained in the double emulsion is governed by diffusion (Fickian behavior), this was determined thanks to the equations of the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model, obtaining a regression adjustment (R2) of 0.9252 for said model and R2 of 0.8126 for zero-order kinetics. The double emulsion was added to a mango peel drink formulation, to which the antitopoisomerase activity was determined in strains of S. cerevisiae (JN394 and JN362a), however, no inhibitory activity was presented towards any strain. The cyclooxygenase inhibition (COX) assay was performed on the 120-minute released fraction and the MS extract, showing that this fraction only showed 18.97% inhibition in COX-II, however, the SM extract obtained an inhibition percentage of 38.14% in COX-II.

Development of Gelatin-Coated Hydrogel Microspheres for Novel Bioink Design: A Crosslinker Study.

The development of vascularized tissue is a substantial challenge within the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Studies have shown that positively-charged microspheres exhibit dual-functions: (1) facilitation of vascularization and (2) controlled release of bioactive compounds. In this study, gelatin-coated microspheres were produced and processed with either EDC or transglutaminase, two crosslinkers. The results indicated that the processing stages did not significantly impact the size of the microspheres. EDC and transglutaminase had different effects on surface morphology and microsphere stability in a simulated colonic environment. Incorporation of EGM and TGM into bioink did not negatively impact bioprintability (as indicated by density and kinematic viscosity), and the microspheres had a uniform distribution within the scaffold. These microspheres show great potential for tissue engineering applications.

Bioactive Compounds and in Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Properties in a Fruit-Smoothie Processed by High Hydrostatic Pressure

A fruit-smoothie was analyzed in order to evaluate the effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) on the release of Bioactive Compounds (BC) after different pressure and time treatments (500 and 600 MPa for 45 and 90 s), conditions commonly used in the food industry. Vitamin C, bioactive compounds (BC; phenolic compounds, carotenoids) and Dietary Fiber (DF) content, as well as, Antioxidant Capacity (AOX) and anti-inflammatory properties were analyzed in the samples. The vitamin C, BC content, and AOX was minor in the Non-HHP fruit-smoothie; while 500 MPa treatments showed greater increase of the content of BC and AOX. Regard to anti-inflammatory effect, it was observed that HHP fruit-smoothies caused a modulating effect in various inflammation markers; at 500 MPa for 45 s generated the modulation in the expression of NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-8, COX-1 and COX-2 markers. Therefore, it was possible to obtain valuable information about the effect of HHP on fruit-smoothie BC and its potential anti-inflammatory effect.

Anthocyanin Delivery Systems: A Critical Review of Recent Research Findings

Anthocyanins (ACNs) are polyphenolic, water-soluble pigments, and phytochemicals, which in recent years, have garnered the interest of consumers, researchers, and industries for their various potential preventative and/or therapeutic health benefits and applications in the food industry. ACN-based processed foods have emerged as functional foods with significant therapeutic potential against various health conditions. However, their wider application in food and pharmaceutical formulations is hindered by their inherent instability under different environmental conditions, such as pH, light, and temperature, rendering them non-functional due to loss of biological activity. The current review focuses on the frequently used bio-based encapsulation materials for ACN-based delivery systems and their formulation techniques. Various bio-based materials including pectin, gums, pectin, proteins, lipids, phospholipids, and their conjugates are being widely used for targeted delivery and controlled release of bioactive compounds and drugs. The incorporation of advanced technologies seems to be promising in the context of extraction, encapsulation, and storage of ACNs. However, more comprehensive studies are required for the application of encapsulated ACNs in various food products, and improvements in their stability under different processing conditions.

New Perspectives on the Delivery of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds through Gastric Restructuring of Foods.

All foods come from living organisms in which macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides are assembled into complex hierarchical structures. Many of the nutrients and bioactive compounds are contained within these structures, from which they must be liberated and converted into an absorbable form during digestion. It has been realized that the modification of these structures during digestion plays a key role in determining the bioaccessibility and rates of absorption of bioactive compounds. The concept of "food structure design" has been applied to developing food structures to control the perception of fat, salt, and sugar in food products, but the role of food structure as a variable in nutrient and bioactive delivery is relatively unknown. Understanding the architecture and structures of foods and how they interact within the physiological environment of the GIT could lead to new foods that provide optimal bio-accessibility and absorption of bioactive compounds. Recent work at our institute has demonstrated the importance of understanding the state and structures of food materials in the environment of the GIT, particularly in the stomach, and the critical role of 'modified' structures on the kinetics of the release of nutrients and bioactive compounds from the food matrix (e.g., the rate, extent and type of released nutrients), gastric emptying and subsequent digestion of foods in the small intestine. The use of dynamic in vitro digestion in combination with in-vivo studies has provided new insights into the structural dynamics of complex food systems and subsequent interactions of food components during the gastrointestinal transit.

Efecto del acondicionamiento y de la técnica secuencial ultrasonido-microondas sobre el rendimiento, propiedades funcionales y químicas del aceite esencial e hidrolatos extraídos de hojas de Tagetes elliptica Smith

Thermal regulation and ultrasound affect the physical, chemical, and antioxidant properties of essential oils and hydrosols extracted by microwaves from the leaves of Tagetes elliptica S. (chincho). The leaves were conditioned by dehydration or freezing, then pre-treated with ultrasound for 15 or 30 minutes at 40 Hz to finally obtain the essential oil (AECH) and hydrolat (HCH) through microwave extraction (500 W and 30 minutes). Yields, phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, leaf structure by optical microscopy, and chemical composition by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were evaluated. The conditioning of the leaves by freezing and sonication for 30 minutes obtained the best performance, 8.86±0.1% and 67.40 ± 4.8%, phenolic content of 39.4±0.1 mg EAG/mL and 346.2 ± 13.6 mg EAG/mL, and antioxidant capacity of 35.7 μmol EqT/mg and 0.25 μmol EqT/mg equivalent, for AECH and HCH, respectively in every case. Structural damage of the leaves was observed due to the effect of the conditioning-ultrasound-microwave treatments, achieving a more significant release of bioactive compounds. The main compounds of the essential oil were tagetenones (49.2%), followed by cis-miroxide (14.5%), dihydrotagetone (13.9%), tagetone (9.8%) and ocimene (2.4%); the main compounds in the hydrolate were cis-myroxide (44.66%), followed by cis- tagetone (23.84%), trans-tagetone (12.24%), linalool oxide (5.48%) and dihydrotagetone (4.04%). The significant contribution of the present study is the extraction techniques and chemical profile of tagetes elliptica extracts.

Zein and Spent Coffee Grounds Extract as a Green Combination for Sustainable Food Active Packaging Production: An Investigation on the Effects of the Production Processes

In this work, the effect of different production techniques was evaluated on the physical and antioxidant properties of bio-based packaging intended to prevent the premature oxidation of packaged foods. Spent coffee ground extract, rich in antioxidant molecules, obtained through high pressure and temperature extraction, was loaded on zein polymeric matrices. The techniques adopted in this work are particularly suitable due to their mild conditions to produce active packaging completely based on natural compounds: electrospinning, solvent casting, and spin coating. The novelty of this work lay in the investigation of the dependance of the properties of active packaging on the adopted production techniques; the results clearly indicated a strong dependence of the features of the films obtained by different production processes. Indeed, spin coated samples exhibited the best oxygen barrier properties, while a higher tensile strength was obtained for the casted samples, and the fastest release of active compounds was provided by electrospun mats. The films produced with different methods had different physical properties and the release of extract bioactive compounds can be tunable by varying the production technique, dependent on the variable to be considered. The products developed offer an alternative to traditional packaging solutions, being more eco-sustainable and promoting waste valorization.

Decrease of Greenhouse Gases during an In Vitro Ruminal Digestibility Test of Forage (Festuca arundinacea) Conditioned with Selenium Nanoparticles.

The Festuca arundinacea Schreb. is one of the most used forage grasses due to its duration, productivity, great ecological breadth, and adaptability. Livestock has been criticized for its large production of greenhouse gases (GHG) due to forage. The advancement of science has led to an increase in the number of studies based on nanotechnologies; NPs supplementation in animal nutrition has found positive results in the fermentation of organic matter and the production of fatty acids and ruminal microorganisms. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the in vitro digestibility of forage containing selenium (Se) nanoparticles (NPs), and to identify the specific behavior of the ruminal fermentation parameters of F. arundinacea Schreb. and (2) quantify the production of greenhouse gases (total gas and methane) (3) as well as the release of bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and selenium) after fermentation. Three treatments of SeNPs were established (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 ppm). The effects of foliar fertilization with SeNPs son digestion parameters were registered, such as the in vitro digestion of dry matter (IVDM); total gas production (Atotal gas) and methane production (ACH4); pH; incubation time(to); the substrate digestion rate (S); tSmax and the lag phase (L); as well as the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), total phenols, total flavonoids, and tannins in ruminal fluid. The best results were obtained in the treatment with the foliar application of 4.5 ppm of SeNPs; IVDMD (60.46, 59.2, and 59.42%), lower total gas production (148.37, 135.22, and 141.93 mL g DM-1), and CH4 (53.42, 52.65, and 53.73 mL g DM-1), as well as a higher concentration of total VFA (31.01, 31.26, and 31.24 mmol L-1). The best results were obtained in the treatment with the foliar application of 4.5 ppm of SeNPs in the three different harvests; concerning IVDMD (60.46, 59.2, and 59.42%), lower total gas production (148.37, 135.22, and 141.93 mL g DM-1), and CH4 (53.42, 52.65, and 53.73 mL g DM-1), as well as a higher concentration of total VFA (31.01, 31.26, and 31.24 mmol L-1). The F. arundinacea Schreb. plants fertilized with 4.5 ppm released-in the ruminal fluid during in vitro fermentation-the following contents: total phenols (98.77, 99.31, and 99.08 mgEAG/100 mL), flavonoids (34.96, 35.44, and 34.96 mgQE/100 g DM), tannins (27.22, 27.35, and 27.99 mgEC/100g mL), and selenium (0.0811, 0.0814, and 0.0812 ppm).

Cyclodextrins Increase Triterpene Production in Solanum lycopersicum Cell Cultures by Activating Biosynthetic Genes.

In this work, Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom suspension-cultured cells were used to analyze the effect of different elicitors including β-cyclodextrins (CD), methyl jasmonate (MJ), β-glucan (Glu) and 3-hexenol (Hex) separately and the combined treatments of CD + MJ, CD + glu and CD + Hex on triterpene compound production after 24, 72 and 96 h. Moreover, we studied the changes induced by elicitors in the expression of key biosynthetic genes to elucidate the regulation of the triterpene biosynthetic pathway. The relative abundance of the triterpene compounds identified in the extracellular medium after elicitation (squalene, fucosterol, avenasterol, β-sitosterol, cycloartenol and taraxasterol) was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and the expression level of genes in treated-cells was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results showed that, in CD-treated cells (CD, CD + MJ, CD + Glu, CD + Hex), specialized metabolites were accumulated mainly in the extracellular medium after 72 h of elicitation. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the highest triterpene levels in CD-treated cells (CD, CD + MJ, CD + Glu, CD + Hex) were highly correlated with the expression of cycloartenol synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and squalene epoxidase genes at 24 h of treatment, whereas the expression of sterol methyltransferase was increased at 72 h. According to our findings, CD acts as a true elicitor of triterpene biosynthesis and can promote the release of bioactive compounds from the tomato cells into the extracellular medium. The results obtained provide new insights into the regulation of the triterpene metabolic pathway, which might be useful for implementing metabolic engineering techniques in tomato.

Bioprocessing of pineapple waste biomass for sustainable production of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity

The effect of temperature, moisture content and pH during solid-state fermentation (SSF) of MD2 pineapple peel with Rhizopus oryzae (MUCL 28168) was evaluated on the release of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity. Applying a central composite design, it was found that temperature had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the total phenolic content and DPPH antioxidant activity while for the ABTS radical elimination activity, the factor that presented a significant effect was the pH (p < 0.05); as this factor increases, the antioxidant activity enhances. The optimal conditions for fermentation process were 80% of moisture content, pH 5.5, temperature 37.3 °C and 24 h of process to maximize phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and cinnamic acid were identified in the extracts by HPLC analysis. These results permit to conclude that SSF of pineapple peel is an effective bioprocess for the release of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity.Graphical abstract